变复数和音标

可数名词变复数变化规则如下： 1 一般情况下，在名词后直接加s遇到清音, 读/s/；遇到浊音, 读/z/. 遇到以t结尾的词，与t结合在一起读/ts/；遇到以d结尾的词，与d结合在一起读/dz/。如：book-books, bag-bags, cat-cats, bed-beds2 以s. x. sh. ch结尾的名词，在后面加es，读作/iz/, 并要和前面的辅音连读。 如：bus-buses, box-boxes, watch-watches，brush-brushes3 以辅音字母加y结尾的词，把y变成i, 再加es，ies读作/iz/；如：family-families（家庭）, strawberry-strawberries（草莓）4 以“f或fe”结尾的词，把f或fe变成v，再加es，ves读作/vz/；如：knife-knives leaf-leaves thief-thieves5 以o 结尾的词,黑人Negro英雄hero爱吃土豆.西红柿，加es, 读作/z/.6 无规则变化： 男人 manmen女人 woman-women牙齿 toothteeth脚 footfeet鹅 goosegeese绵羊 sheepsheep梅花鹿 deerdeer儿童childchildren fish(种类)fisheschicken(整只鸡)chickenspeople当“人，人民”讲，本身就是复数词；当people后加上s时，即peoples表示“民族”例如：There are 56 peoples in China. 中国有56个民族。动词过去式变化规则规则动词的过去式变化规则：1. 直接在词尾加-ed. 如：want-wanted need-needed work-worked clean-cleaned2. 以不发音的字母e结尾的, 在词尾加-d. 如：like-liked live-lived use-used move-moved3. 以辅音字母+y结尾的动词，变y为i, 再加ed. 如study-studied carry-carried hurry-hurried marry-married4. 重读闭音节结尾且末尾只有一个辅音字母的，双写此辅音字母，再加-ed. 如：stop-stopped不规则动词的过去式大体上归纳有以下六条：1. 以t结尾的动词，过去式与原形相同。如：put-put cut-cut2. 以d结尾的动词，变d为t。 如：build-built lend-lent send-sent spend-spent3. 以n结尾的动词，在后面加-t. 如：mean-meant burn-burnt learn-learnt4. 以ow/aw结尾的词，变成ew. 如blow-blew draw-drew know-knew grow-grew5. 含有双写字母的词，将双写改为单写，在词尾加-t. 如：keep-kept sleep-slept feel-felt smell-smelt6. 含有元音字母o/i的词，将o/i变成a. 如sing-sang give-gavesit-sat drink-drank begin-began发音规则：在清辅音后面发/t/：ask-asked help-helped finish-finished pass-passed reach-reached在浊辅音和元音后面发/d/：call-called move-moved enjoy-enjoyed welcome-welcomed answer-answered borrow-borrowed在/t/ /d/后面发/d/: want-wanted start-started need-needed 动词-ing形式音标拼读练习（一）音标拼读练习（二）元音字母a,e,i,o,u在开,闭音节中常见的读音：a: /e/ wake, lake, cake, date, name, plate, plane, make, late, hate, face, gate, fate, rate,Jane,Kate, / bag, cat, lack, fat, fan, dad, hat, bad, flag, mad, rat, can, /:/ fast, class, last, glass, plant / / watch, wash, wante: /i:/ we, she, he, me, Chinese /e/ pen, bed, ten, hen, seven,wet, i: /a/ bike, ride, five, nine, white, side, Nike, kite, ice, fine, nice, mine, wide, write, wine, pipe / / fish, big, sit, his, it, this, kick, pig, fix, kid, lip, littleo: / nose, vote, those, home, code, hope, joke, woke, no, go, so / / hot, lost, lot, fox,box, sock,clock, not, pop,dog, frog, job, top,Bob/ / come, dose, above, love, brother, mother,u: / ju:/use, cute, amuse, /u:/ blue, rude, true, clue / / bus, sun, duck, lunch, up, cup, hurry, jump, us, fun, run, cut, mud, truck, gun, hug,音标拼读练习（三）1. 元音音素：/i:/ E i:green ri:nsee si:/ /it tbig b little ltl/e/ bed bed headhed letter let/ apple pl map mp cat kt/:/ park p:k startst:t far f:/ / mother m up pluck lk/ :/ door d: horse h:s sport sp:t/ / hot ht watch wt body bd/u:/ school sku:l blue blu: moon mu:n/ / book bk good d look lk/ :/bird b:dword w:d her h:/about bat later let mother m/e/A e day delate let/a/hi ha night nat like lak/boy b soil sl enjoy nd/ old ld most mst hope hp/a/out at loud ladhow ha/ here h near n idea ad/sure poor p tour t/e/air ehair he wear we音标拼读练习（四）2. 辅音音素/p/ picture pkt please pli:zpeople pi:pl/b/ boat bt big b boy b/t/ take tek today tdeto tu:/d/dog dday de daddy ddi:/k/cae kek kite katcome km/ go good d glass l:s/f/fine fan fun fn from frm/v/ very ver video vdvase v:z/s/six sks kissks sayse/z/zoo zu:zero zrclothes klz/ thank k thing think k/them m they e father f:/sure shop p ship p/ television tel,vnpleasure ple measure me/t/chicken tknchild taldcheap ti:p/d/ job dbjeep di:p change tend/tr/tree tri: train tren trade tred/dr/ dress dresdream dri:m drop drp/ts/ cats kts gets ets lots lts/dz/ reads ri:dz cards k:dzbirds b :dz/m/ my ma many men may me/n/ no n not nt know n/bring br think kgoing g/h/ hat hthave hv hello hel/ w/ window wndwhat wtwill wl/j/ yes jesyellow jel yesterday jestd/l/ life laflittle ltlleave li:v/r/ red redread ri:dremember rmemb音标拼读练习（五）常见的元音字母组合发音：ar /:/ car far star scarf market hard park arm farmar/ :/ warm quarter quarrelai /e/ tail rainy train wait main nail faintair/e/ air chair hair fair stairsay/e/ day may today play say way stay lay Mayay/ / Sunday Monday Tuesday Wednesday Friday al/ :/ talk walk chalk all/ : l / ball tall small wall mall call fall aw/ :/ draw pawse/i:/ he she meer& or/ / farmer teacher barber leader player speakerdoctor actor authorer/ :/ her term serveere/e/ there whereea/i:/ sea tea eat teacher read please meat speak dream ea/e/ head bread feather weatherear/ / ear hear near dearear/e/ bear pearear/ :/ learn earn earth heard ee/i:/ bee three tree see need feed week sleep green sheep meet feel feet thirteenir/ :/ bird shirt skirt sir girl circle thirty thirteen thirstyor/ :/ for short forty force horse store sportor/ :/ work world wormoor/ :/ door flooroa/ / road boat coat goat soapoo/u:/ too zoo cool school room moon afternoon spoon oo/ / good foot look book cookies classroomou/ a /out loud cloudy house mouth about mountain ow/ a / cow how now brown down flowerow/ / slow know snow blowur/ :/ nurse turn burn murder turtle Thursday hurt fur音标拼读练习（六）常见的辅音字母组合发音：tr/tr/ tree train try truck street straightdr/dr/ dress draw dry drink driver dream hundrudph/f/ phone photo elephantch/t/ China chicken child chair Chinese chain tch/t/ match watch wh/ w/ what where when why which white wheelwh /h/ who whose whomth/ thank three thirty thirsty Thursdy birthday thirteenth/ this that these those they then there father mother brother feather weather sh/ shoe shop sheep ship short shirt shoulder shecl: clock close clean classs click bl: black blood blue blowgl: glad glue glassfl: fly flag flewpl: play please plane platebr: brown bread brain brave bridgecr: crop cry craft cream crabfr: frog from fridge free frankgr: grass green gray grand gradest: student stop still stupid stampsk: skate skill skysp: spoon speed space spoil sport spell