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9 Composer germson红色为重点 蓝色为次要 黑色为最次，但三篇都要求会背+第十五篇 “Liquefaction” Key to Much of Japanese Earthquake DamageThe massive subduction zone1 earthquake in Japan caused a significant level of soilliquefaction2 that has surprised researchers with its 1 severity, a new analysis shows.Weve seen localized3 examples of soil liquefaction as extreme as this before, but the distance and 2 of damage in Japan were unusually severe, said Scott Ashford, a professor of geotechnical engineering4 at Oregon State University5. Entire structures were tilted and sinking into the sediments, Ashford said. The shifts in soil destroyed water, drain and gas pipelines6, crippling the utilities and infrastructure these communities need to 3 . We saw some places that sank as much as four feet.Some degree of soil liquefaction7 is common in almost any major earthquake. Its a phenomenon in which soils soaked with water, particularly recent sediments or sand, can lose much of their 4 and flow during an earthquake. This can allow structures to shift or sink or 5 . But most earthquakes are much 6 than the recent event in Japan, Ashford said. The length of the Japanese earthquake, as much as five minutes, may force researchers to reconsider the extent of liquefaction damage possibly occurring in situations such as this8.With such a long-lasting earthquake, we saw 7 structures that might have been okay after 30 seconds just continued to sink and tilt as the shaking continued for several more minutes, he said. And it was clear that younger sediments, and especially areas built on 8 filled ground, are much more vulnerable.The data provided by analyzing the Japanese earthquake, researchers said, should make it possible to improve the understanding of this soil 9 and better prepare for it in the future. Ashford said it was critical for the team to collect the information quickly, 10 damage was removed in the recovery efforts9.Theres no doubt that well learn things from what happened in Japan10 that11 will help us to reduce risks in other similar 11 , Ashford said. Future construction in some places may make more use of techniques known to reduce liquefaction, such as better compaction to make soils dense, or use of reinforcing stone columns.Ashford pointed out that northern California have younger soils vulnerable to liquefaction -on the coast, near river deposits or in areas with filled ground. The young sediments, in geologic terms, may be those 12 within the past 10,000 years or more. In Oregon, for instance, that describes much of downtown Portland, the Portland International Airport and other cities.Anything 13 a river and old flood plains is a suspect12, and the Oregon Department of Transportation has already concluded that 1,100 bridges in the state are at risk from an earthquake. Fewer than 15 percent of them have been reinforced to 14 collapse. Japan has suffered tremendous losses in the March 11 earthquake, but Japanese construction 15 helped prevent many buildings from collapse -even as they tilted and sank into the ground.词汇：subduction /sbdkn/ n俯冲 sediment /sedimnt/ n沉积；沉淀物liquefaction /likwifækn/ n液化 infrastructure /Infr,strkt/ n基础设施geotecnical /diuteknikl adj岩土技术 compaction /kmpækn/ n压紧的vulnerable /vlnrbl/ ad易受伤害的注释：1. subduction zone：俯冲带。亦称下降带、潜没带、消亡带。板块构造说认为，当大洋板块移动并与大陆板块相遇时，由于大洋板块岩石密度较大，地位也低，便俯冲到大陆板块之下，这一俯冲部分叫做俯冲带。俯冲带两侧板块会聚边界称会聚边缘（convergent boundary)。俯冲带上面反映震源活动的地带称“贝尼奥夫地震带（Benioff seismic zone)。2. soil liquefaction：土壤液化。土壤液化现象是指由于孔隙水压力上升，有效应力减小所导致的土壤从固态到液态的变化，饱水的疏松的粉、细砂土在振动作用下突然破坏而呈现液态的现象。3. localized：小范围的4. geotechnical engineering：岩土工程。5. Oregon State University：俄勒冈州立大学，建校于1858年，位于美国俄勒冈州科瓦利斯，全校设11个学院，80多个专业，尤以农科和工程最为突出。2008年俄勒冈州立大学的核能工程专业在全美大学中排名第9名。6. water, drain and gas pipelines：自来水管道、排水管道和煤气管道。water, drain and gaspipelines” 即“water pipelines, drain pipelines and gas pipelines。7. some degree of soil liquefaction：某种程度的土壤液化8. to reconsider the extent of liquefaction damage possibly occurring in situations such as this：本句的意思是：重新审视类似这次（持续时间长的）地震中因土壤液化而可能造成的毁坏的规模。9. recovery efforts：重建工作10. that well learn things from what happened in Japan：我们将从日本的地震中学到很多东西。该句是同位语从句，说出前半句no doubt的内容。11. that：that引导的是定语从句，修辞前半句中的things。12.suspect：被怀疑对象。文中指的是那些疑似危险的土壤。练习：1.Ainternal B. different C. difficult D. widespread2.Avolume B. length C. extent D. width3.Afunction B. repair C. build D. remove4.Adurability B. strength C. ability D. property5.Aascend B. compact C. collapse D. recover6.Ashorter B. longer C. simpler D. stranger7.Awhen B. what C. how D. which8.Aoccasionally B. frequently C. specially D. recently9.Adevelopment B. phenomenon C. formation D. composition10.Aunless B. until C. after D. before11.Afindings B. locations C. events D. sources12.Adelivered B. deposited C. destroyed D. detached13.Anear B. from C. inside D. over 14.Aprevent B. accelerate C. predict D. detect15.Astyles B. sites C. costs D. standards答案与题解：1.D前文说到日本的俯冲带地震是massive（巨大的），而且砂土液化到达一个significant level。根据上述描述，选widespread（分布广泛的）修饰severity是正确的。其他三个选项与severity搭配后，意思接不上。2.C 本句由but连接并列的两个分句组成。第一个分句说以前也发生过地震引发的砂土液化的现象，但涉及范围较小。第二个分句通过but语气一转，说这次地震造成的破坏是罕见的。很显然，选extent(程度)与distance（距离，范围）合用说明破坏的程度和范围是符合上下文的意思的。3.A 在“The shifts in soil destroyed water, sewer and gas pipelines, crippling the utilities and infrastructure these communities need to”中，these communities need to.”是定语从句，指代utilities和infrastructure的关系代词which在定语从句中起宾语作用，被省略了。need后面的动词不定式的逻辑主语是which，也就是utilities and infrastructure。从意思上看，这些社区需要这些公用事业设备和基础设施起功能作用（function)。选function是对的。其他选项都不合适。4.B 浸了水的砂土，特别是新近的沉积土、沙土等失去的不会是durability（耐用性）和ability（能力），也不会是泛泛的property（性质），而是strength（强度）。5.C 浸了水的砂土强度降低或消失。砂土随水流动，就会引发建筑物移位（shift）或下沉(sink)。再发展下去，建筑物就会倒塌（collapse)。collapse是答案。若选择ascend（上升）、compact(压实)或recover（复原），意思与上文接不上。6.A 地震持续的时间一般为数十秒。这次日本地震的时间长达5分钟。所以本题要填入的词应该是shorter，说明大多数地震的持续时间比它短。7.C 从意思上看，选how是正确的。when structures、what structures或which structures意思明显不通。8.D 第三段第二句出现“particularly recent sediment。recent sediment浸水后就失去了强度。这提示了本题要选recently，因为建立在新近填就的土壤上的建筑物是最易受到伤害的。9.B 分析日本大地震得出的数据不会令科学家获得有关soil development（土壤发展）、soilformation（土壤形成）soil composition（土壤构成）这些方面的知识。若选phenomenon，意思就是科学家的研究分析有助于他们了解到土壤浸水后的这类现象，以便做好防备，对付未来可能发生的同类现象。上下文意思很连贯，因此phenomenon是正确的选项。1O.D 选unless、until或after都不合逻辑。本题句子的意思是：重建工作首先要清理废墟，这样地震现场就被破坏了。所以科学家要赶在重建工作开始之前收集好地震资料。before是答案。11.C 本句的意思是：科学家无疑会从日本大地震中学到不少东西，从而有助于减低今后发生类似的地震时的风险。四个选项中只有events合适。similar events指的是“类似的地震事件”。若选findings（调查结果）、locations（地点）或sources（来源），句子的意思就不对。12.B 本句解释“young”这个词在地质学中的含义。句中的those指代sediments。young sediments指那些年代少于或略超过一万年的sediments。deposit是“沉积”，与句子意思匹配，是答案。其他三个选项，词义离题很远，只是词形与deposit有点相似，起干扰作用而已，它们不是答案。13.A 上一段说，younger soils是非常脆弱的。本句的anything指的是soils。哪些地方的soils是疑似高危对象呢？如果指soils from/inside/over river and old flood plains是不合常理的。正确的选择应该是near，靠近河流和原洪泛区的土壤才是危险地区。因此near是答案。14.A 加固危桥的目的是为了防止坍塌。选项prevent是答案。15.D 在3月11日的日本大地震中，震区的建筑物倾斜、下沉，但没有倒塌。建筑上的什么因素起到了防塌的作用呢？当然不会是construction styles（建筑风格）、construction sites（建筑工地）或construction facilities（建筑设备）。日本的construction standards（建筑标准）才是防塌的关键因素。因此standards是答案。*Free Statins With Fast Food Could Neutralize Heart Risk Fast food outlets could provide statin drugs fret of l so that customers can reduce the heart disease dangers of fatty food, researchers at Imperial College London2 2 in a new study. Statins reduce the 3 of unhealthy LDL chotesterol3l in the blood. A wealth of trial data4 has proven them LO be highly effective at lowering a persons heart attack 4 . In a paper published in the American Journal of Cardiology5. Dr Darrel Francis and colleagues calculate that the reduction in heart attack risk offered by a statin is 5_ to offset the increase in heart attack risk from 6 a cheeseburger and drinking a milkshake Dr Francis,from the National Heart and Lung Institute at Imperial College London, who is the senior author of the study, said: Statins dont cut out all of the 7 _effects of cheeseburgers and French fries. Its better to avoid fatty food altogether But weve worked out that in terms of your 8 of having a heart attack, taking a stalin can reduce your risk to more or less the same 9 as a fast food meal increases it .“Its ironic that people are free to take as many unhealthy condiments in fast food outlets as they 10 ,but statins, which are beneficial to heart health have to be prescribed. It makes sense7 to make risk-reducing statins available just as easily as the unhealthy condiments that are 11 free of charge .It would cost less than 5 pence per 12 -not much different to a sachet of sugar8 , Dr Francis said.When people engage in risky behaviours like driving or smoking ,they re encouraged to take 13 that lower their risk ,like 14 a seatbelt or choosing cigarettes with filters . Taking a statin is a rational way of 15 some of the risk of eating a fatty meal. 词汇：statin/stzetin/n降胆固醇药物outlet/lautlit/n销售点cholesterol/kaIestraul/n胆固醇 offset/ofset，v抵消，补偿cheeseburger/tli:ziba:g/n芝士汉堡包milkshake/milkeik/n奶昔condiment/1kDndimant/n调味品sachet/lszetlit/n小袋，小包rational/reranl/ odj合理的注释：1 Fast food outlets could provide statin drugs:句中的could是一种委婉表达建议的用词，意为“可以”2 Imperial College London:帝国理工学院。该学院于1907年由城市和行会学校、皇家矿业学校 以及皇家科学学院合并组成。学院于2007年7月正式脱离伦敦大学成为一所独立大学。提供本科和研究生教育，共有四个学院，工程学院、医学院、自然科学院和生命科学院3 LDL cholesterol.低密度脂蛋白胆固醇。LDL是low density lipoprotein（低密度脂蛋白）的缩写形式。4 a wealth of trial data：大量的试验数据。a wealth of意为“大量的，许多”。5 American journal of cardiology：美国心脏病学杂志6 French fries：炸薯条7 It makes sense.：make sense意为“说得通，合情合理”。8 a sachet of sugar:-小袋糖。快餐店般备有袋糖，供饮咖啡或热奶的顾客免费取用。练习：1 A change B charge C chain D chance2 A trust B decideC suggestD calculate3 A number B amount C volume D product4 A frequency B treatment C diagnosis D risk5 A severe B enough C weak D active6 A buying B preparing C eating D cooking7 A unhealthy B strong C different D doubtful8 A examination B suffering C determination D possobiity9 A degree B dimension C angle D range10 A use B hate C reject D like11 A transported B provided C preserved D converted12 A cook B patient C customer D visitor13 A measures B care C advantages D turns14 A buying B wearing C cleaning D changing15 A increasing B finding C lowering D taking答案与题解：1、B 本文介绍说，吃汉蜗包等快餐食品容易引发心脏病，而服用statin能降低心脏病发作的风险，一正一负正好抵消。statln价格便宜，文章建议陕餐店像免费供应调味品那样免费供 应statlnfree of charge是同定搭配，意为“免费”选择charge是对的。2、C 本题要选suggest，因为其他三个选项在意思上都不合适、此外，本句主句的谓语动词用了could( provide)，委婉地含有“建议”的意思。所以suggest是个不一的选择二3、 B 与降低unhealthy “LDL” cholesterol搭配的一定是amount（量），而不可能是number （数字）、volume（体积）或product（乘积）4、D从上下文判断，要降低(lower)的当然是risk，lower frequency（降低频率）、lower treatment（降低治疗）或lower diagnosis（降低诊断）与上下文的意思都不匹配。5、B 本句表达的意思是：Dr Darrel Francis在他的论文中说，经过计算一粒stain降低心脏病发作的风险足以抵消吃一个奶酪汉堡包和喝一杯奶昔所增加的患心脏病的风险一所以本题的答案是enough。6、 C 顾客不可能在快餐店里preparing cheeseburger或cooking cheeseburger，而buying cheeseburger不会增加心脏病风险：所以，只有eating cheeseburger才合乎上下文的意思。7、A 从上下文判断，被cut out（去除）的effects -定是unhealthy effects，所以，unhealthy effects是本题的答案。8、D 本句中的in terms of意为“就而言”，要与后半句“一正一负相互抵消”的意思相匹配，所以只能是“就患心脏病的可能性而言”。possibiliry是答案。9、 A 本句的意思与第五题的意思相同，即statin降低心脏病发作的风险与快餐增加的心脏病的风险在程度(degree)上大致相当。如果选择其他三个选项，意思变成了，“尺寸 ( dimension)f、角度(angle)上或范围（range)上大致相当”，就说不通了。10、D 填词所在的句子的意思告诉我们，具有讽刺意味的一点是：顺客可以随心所欲地免费享用不健康的调味品。as one likes是固定用法，意为“随某人所愿，随某人所喜欢”。所以，like是答案。其余二个选项用在本句中都不合适。11、 B transported（运输）、preserved（保存）或converted（转换）填于句子中，意思都不顺。只有填入provided（提供）符合句意。provided是答案。12.、C 到快餐店去就餐的人当然是customer。13、 A为了降低开车和吸烟的风险，人们被鼓励要采取一些安全措施。作者借此说明为了降低食用快餐的风险，我们也要采取措施。根据这层意思，选择measures是正确的。take measure的意思是采取措施”。其他三个选项都不合适：take care是“注意，小心”take advantage是“利用”，Lake turns是“轮流，依次”。14、 B本题很明显要选Wearing，因为上下文的意思是“系上安全带”buying a seatbelt. cleaning a seatbelt 和I changing a seatbelt都与上下文的意思相去太远。15、 C通篇文章都在阐述Statin能降低患心脏病的风险.所以，lowering(降低)是答案。*Chicken Soup for the Soul：Comfort Food Fights Loneliness Mashed potatoes, macaroni and cheese, may be bad for your arteries 1 according to a study in Psychological Science, theyre good for your heart and 2 The study focuses on “comfort food” and how it makes people feel For me 3 ,food has always played a big role in my family,” says Jordan Troisi, a graduate student at the University of Buffalo, and lead author on the studyThe study came out of the research program of his coauthor Shira GabrielIt has 4 non-human things that may affect human emotionsSome people reduce loneliness by bonding with their 5 TV show, building virtual relationships with a pop song singer or looking at pictures of loved onesTroisi and Gabriel wondered if comfort food could have the same effect 6 making people think of their nearest and dearest. In one experiment, in order to make 7 feel lonely, the researchers had them write for six minutes about a fight with someone close to themOthers were given an emotionally neutral writing assignment. Then, some people in each 8 wrote about the experience of eating a comfort food and others wrote about eating a new food 9 ,the researchers had participants 10 questions about their levels of loneliness Writing about a fight with a close person made people feel lonelyBut people who were generally 11 in their relationships would feel less lonely by writing about a comfort foodWe have found that comfort foods are consistently associated with those close to ussays TroisiThinking about or consuming these foods later then serves as a reminder of those close othersIn 12 essays on comfort food, many people wrote about the 13 of eating food with family and friends. In another experiment, 14 chicken soup in the lab made people think more about relationships, but only if they considered chicken soup to be a comfort foodThis was a question they had been asked long before the experiment, along with many other questions, so they wouldnt remember it. Throughout everyones daily lives they experience stress, often associated with our 15 with others, Troisi saysComfort food Can be an easy remedy for loneliness 词汇： mashed /mt/ adj被捣成糊浆的 macaroni/ macaroni/ n通心粉 cheese / ti:z / n奶酪 artery/ artery / n动脉 assignment / sainmnt / n指定作业 reminder / reminder/ n起提醒作用的东西 remedy /remedy/ n治疗方法，药物 virtual/v:tul/ adj虚拟的注释： 1. comfort food：爽心食品 2. graduate student：研究生 3. The University of Buffalo：布法罗大学，建校于1846 年，位于水牛城（ Buffalo City) ，属于纽约州立大学，因此称为纽约州立大学水牛城分校。4. lead author：首席作者 5. their nearest and dearest：他们最接近和最亲爱的人 6. levels of loneliness：孤独程度 7. only if: 只有（在情况下）8. Throughout everyones daily lives：在每一个人的日常生活中。through 有“贯穿”的意思。练习： 1A but B if C though D while 2 A personality B movement C emotions D will 3 A privately B usefully C awfully D personally 4 A looked for B looked at C looked after D looked up 5 A favorite B trustful C boring D annoying 6 A with B on C by D at 7 A professors B participants C assistants D scientists 8 A group B class C section D part 9 A Previously B Formally C Initially D Finally 10 A remember B explain C rewrite D complete 11 A sad B secure C shy D angry 12 A your B our C his D their 13 A accident B harm C experience D model 14 A eating B exchanging C buying D keeping l 5A expressions B estimation C cooperation D connections 答案与题解： l. A本句前半句说土豆泥、通心粉等对血管有害（ bad) ，后半句说这些食物对心脏有利 (good) 。很明显，前半句与后半句意思相反，所以要选转折连接词but加以连接。 2. C 根据常识判断，吃土豆泥不会对personality （性格） .movement （移动）或will （意志力）产生有利影响。随后的文章，多处提到吃爽心食品（ favorite food ）有助于排解孤独感。所以选emotions 是正确的。 3.D本题的答案是personally0 For me personally （就我个人而言）与下文的意思很连贯。 privately （私下地）、usefully （有用地）或awfully （可怕地）与下文的意思搭不上，所以不会是答案。 4. B 本题的答案是looked at0。“looked at non-human things” 相当于“studied （研究） nonhuman things”，与上下文的意思很匹配。looked for（寻找）、looked after （照顾）和looked up（查找）与下文的意思搭配不上。 5.A本句的意思是：人们为了排解孤独感，常常把自己和电视剧、流行歌曲歌手等等联系起来。选项中有四个形容词，应该选哪一个形容词去修饰TV shows 呢？应该选褒义的形容词： favorite （喜爱的）或trustful ( 可信任的）。但对电视剧来说谈不上信任的问题。favorite 最合理，是本题答案。 6. C 上一句说到，人们为了排解孤独感，常常把自己和喜爱的电视剧、流行歌曲歌手等等联系起来。于是Troisi 和Gabriel 想，通过吃爽心食品让他们想起亲近的人，是不是也能产生同样的排解孤独感的效果呢？四个介词中只有by的词义是“通过”。其余三个介词在含义上都不合适。 7.B 选professors（教授）、assistants（助手）或scientists（科学家）不合常理，科学家选实验对象时不会选他们。participants ( 参与者）是本题的答案。 8.A本题应该选group，指每一组的参与者。用class （班级）, section （部门）或part （部分）在意义上显然都不合适。 9. D 本段叙述试验的几个步骤。第一步要一部分受试者描写与亲人的争斗，其他受试者写情感上中性的话题。第二步（文中用then 加以连接）将上述两组受试者中的每一组再一分为二，一些人描写吃爽心食品的经历，另一些人描写吃新食品的经历。接下来应该是第三步了。从四个选项中寻找，只有Finally 最合适，原来第三步就是最后一步了。 1O.D 实验的最后一步是受试者被要求书面回答10个问题。complete 是答案。要求他们 remember（记住）、delete （删除）或rewrite （重写） questions 都不合乎逻辑。 11. B 与亲近的人争吵会引发孤独感，但是，一般说来，人们的关系若是通常处于什么状态，通过写出他们吃爽心食物的经历会降低他们的孤独感呢？一定不会是sad、shy或angry ，答案应该是secure （稳定的）。 12.D 修饰essays 的所有格代词在人称与数上要与they 一致，所以their 是答案。 13. C “eating food with family and friends” 是一种experience （经历），不会是一个accident （事故）、harm （危害）或model （）。很明显， experience 是本题的答案。 14.A 文章中几次提到吃爽心食物有助于缓解孤独感。所以本题选eating 是很自然的。其他三个选项， exchanging （交换）、buying （买）或keeping （保留）若填入句子中，与后面的宾语chicken soup in the lab 连用，意思上说不通。 15.D 本题的答案是connections。其他三个选项在意思上都不合适。 译文：心灵鸡汤：爽心食品排解孤独感 土豆泥，通心粉和奶酪可能对动脉血管有害，但是，据心理科学一项研究表明，它们对心脏有利并且能抑制不利情绪。其研究对象是爽心食品，目的是探究人们对爽心食品的感觉。 “就我而言，食品在我的家庭一直是比较关注的问题”，Jordan Troisi如是说。他是布法罗大学的研究生并且是本次研究的首席作者。该研究出自于他与Shira Gabriel合作的一个研究项目。它关注的是可能影响人类情感的物质的东西。有些人用诸如绑定喜爱的电视节目，和流行音乐歌手建立虚拟的关系或浏览亲人的照片来排遣孤独。Troisi和Gabriel想知道爽心食品是否能通过使人们想到他们最亲近和最爱的人，同样达到排遣孤独的效果。 在一个实验中，为使参与者感觉孤独，研究者让他们用六分钟的时间描写一次与最亲近的人吵架的经历。而要求另外一些人写一个情感中性的作业。然后，每一组的一些人描写食用爽心食品的经历；而其他的人描写食用新食品的经历。最后，研究者让参与者书面回答关于孤独程度的问题。 描写与亲人吵架的经历使人感到孤独。但是，一般来说，人们的关系若处于稳定状态，通过描写他们吃爽心食品的经历会排遣一些孤独感。Troisi说道：“我们已经得出这样的结论：爽心食品与我们的亲人密切相连，想一想或之后真正食用这种食品会提醒人们注意到他们的亲人。”在所有关于爽心食品的文章中，许多人都描述了与家人和朋友共同进餐的经历。 在另外一个实验中，在实验喝鸡汤令人想到和其他人的关系，但是，这只有在他们把鸡汤认为是爽心食品的时候才会发生。参与者被要求回答这个问题和许多其他问题是在这个实验很久以前，因此他们不会记得。 “在每一个人的日常生活中，都会经历紧张，而这往往与人际关系有关，爽心食品可能是排遣孤独的便利食品”。Troisi如是说。
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