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2013年理工新书(红色标题为2013年新增文章)注： +表示A级文章；*表示B即文章；其他为C级文章；二、2013年（理工A）完形填空 A级+第十三篇：Better Solar Energy Systems: More Heat, More Light（A级）+第十四篇：Sharks Perform a Service for Earths Waters（A级） +第十五篇：Liquefaction Key to Much of Japanese Earthquake Damage（A级）第十三篇 Better Solar Energy Systems：More Heat，More Light Solar photovoltaic thermal energy systems or PVTs, generate both heat and electricity, but until now they havent been very good at the heat-generating part compared to a stand-alone solar thermal collector. Thats because they operate at low temperatures to cool crystalline silicon solar cells, which lets the silicon generate more electricity but isnt a very efficient way to gather heat. Thats a problem of economics. Good solar hot-water systems can harvest much more energy than a solar-electric system at a substantially lower cost. And its also a space problem: photovoltaic cells can take up all the space on the roof, leaving little rooms for thermal applications. In a pair of studies, Joshua Pearce, an associate professor of materials science and engineering, has devised a solution in the form of a better PVT made with a different kind of silicon. His research collaborators are Kunal Girotra from ThinSilicon in California and Michael Pathak and Stephen Harrison from Queens University, Canada. Most solar panels are made with crystalline silicon, but you can also make solar cells out of amorphous silicon, commonly known as thin-film silicon, They dont create as much electricity, but they are lighter, flexible , and cheaper:. And, because they require much less silicon, they have a greener footprint. Unfortunately, thin-film silicon solar cells are vulnerable as some bad-newsphysics in the form of the Staebler-Wronski effect. That means that their efficiency drops when you expose them to light - pretty much the worst possible effect for a solar cell, Pearce explains, which is one of the reasons thin-film solar panels make up only small fraction of the market. However, Pearce and his team found a way to engineer around the Stacbler-Wronski effect by incorporating thin-film silicon in a new type of PVT. You dont have to cool down thin-film silicon to make it work. In fact, Pearces group discovered that by heating it to solar-thermal operating temperatures, near the boiling point of water, they could make thicker cells that largely overcame the Staebler-Wronski effect. When they applied the thin-film silicon directly to a solar thermal energy collector, they also found that by baking the cell once a day, they boosted the solar cells electrical efficiency by over 10 percent.+第十四篇Sharks Perform a Service for Earths Waters（A级）鲨鱼有益于地球水系It is hard to get people to think of sharks as anything but a deadly enemy. They are thought toattack people frequently. But these fishperform avaluable service for earths waters and for human beings. Yet business and sport fishing3are threatening theirexistence. Some sharks are at risk of disappearing fromEarthWarm weather may influence both fish and shark activity. Many fish swim near coastal areasbecause of their warm waters. Experts say sharks may follow the fish into the same areas,where people also swim. In fact, most sharks do not purposely charge at or bite humans. They are thought to mistake a personfor a sea animal, such as a seal or sea lion. That is why people should not swim in the ocean when the sun goes down or comes up. Those are thetimes when sharks are looking for food. Experts also say that bright colors and shiny jewelry may cause sharks to attack.A shark has an extremely good sense of smell4. It can find small amounts of substances in water, such as blood, body liquids and chemicalsproduced by animals. These powerfulsenses help sharks find their food. Sharks eat fish, anyother sharks, and plants that live in the ocean.Medical researchers want to learn more about the sharks body defense, and immunesystems against disease. Researchers know that sharks13recoverquickly from injuries. They study the shark in hopes of finding a way to fight human disease.Sharks are important for the worldsoceans. They eat injured and diseased fish. Their hunting activities mean that the numbers of other fish in ocean waters do not become toogreat. This protects the plants and other forms of life that exist in the oceans.+第十五篇 “Liquefaction” Key to Much of Japanese Earthquake Damage（A级） The massive subduction zone1 earthquake in Japan caused a significant level of soil liquefaction2 that has surprised researchers with its widespread severity, a new analysis shows.Weve seen localized3 examples of soil liquefaction as extreme as this before, but the distance and extent of damage in Japan were unusually severe, said Scott Ashford, a professor of geotechnical engineering4 at Oregon State University5. Entire structures were tilted and sinking into the sediments, Ashford said. The shifts in soil destroyed water, drain and gas pipelines6, crippling the utilities and infrastructure these communities need to function. We saw some places that sank as much as four feet.Some degree of soil liquefaction7 is common in almost any major earthquake. Its a phenomenon in which soils soaked with water, particularly recent sediments or sand, can lose much of their strength and flow during an earthquake. This can allow structures to shift or sink or collapse. But most earthquakes are much shorter than the recent event in Japan, Ashford said. The length of the Japanese earthquake, as much as five minutes, may force researchers to reconsider the extent of liquefaction damage possibly occurring in situations such as this8.With such a long-lasting earthquake, we saw how structures that might have been okay after 30 seconds just continued to sink and tilt as the shaking continued for several more minutes, he said. And it was clear that younger sediments, and especially areas built on recently filled ground, are much more vulnerable.The data provided by analyzing the Japanese earthquake, researchers said, should make it possible to improve the understanding of this soil phenomenon and better prepare for it in the future. Ashford said it was critical for the team to collect the information quickly, before damage was removed in the recovery efforts9.Theres no doubt that well learn things from what happened in Japan10 that11 will help us to reduce risks in other similar events, Ashford said. Future construction in some places may make more use of techniques known to reduce liquefaction, such as better compaction to make soils dense, or use of reinforcing stone columns.Ashford pointed out that northern California have younger soils vulnerable to liquefaction -on the coast, near river deposits or in areas with filled ground. The young sediments, in geologic terms, may be those deposited within the past 10,000 years or more. In Oregon, for instance, that describes much of downtown Portland, the Portland International Airport and other cities.Anything near a river and old flood plains is a suspect12, and the Oregon Department of Transportation has already concluded that 1,100 bridges in the state are at risk from an earthquake. Fewer than 15 percent of them have been reinforced to prevent collapse. Japan has suffered tremendous losses in the March 11 earthquake, but Japanese construction standards helped prevent many buildings from collapse -even as they tilted and sank into the ground.完形填空 A级+第十三篇：Better Solar Energy Systems: More Heat, More Light（A级）+第十四篇Sharks Perform a Service for Earths Waters（A级）鲨鱼有益于地球水系+第十五篇：Liquefaction Key to Much of Japanese Earthquake Damage（A级）第十三篇 Better Solar Energy Systems：More Heat，More Light Solar photovoltaic thermal energy systems or PVTs, generate both heat and electricity, but (1) now they havent been very good at the heat-generating part compared to a stand-alone solar thermal collector. Thats because they operate at low temperatures to cool crystalline silicon solar cells, which lets the silicon generate more (2) but isnt a very efficient way to gather heat. Thats a problem of (3). Good solar hot-water systems can harvest much more energy than a solar-electric system at a substantially lower (4). And its also a space problem: photovoltaic cells can take up all the space on the roof, leaving little rooms for thermal applications. In a pair of studies, Joshua Pearce, an associate professor of materials science and engineering, has devised a (5) in the form of a better PVT made with a different kind of silicon. His research collaborators are Kunal Girotra from ThinSilicon in California and Michael Pathak and Stephen Harrison from Queens University, Canada. Most solar panels are made with crystalline silicon, but you can also make solar cells out of amorphous silicon, (6) known as thin-film silicon, They dont create as much electricity, but they are lighter, flexible , and cheaper: And , because they (7)much less silicon, they have a greener footprint. Unfortunately, thin-film silicon solar cells are (8) as some bad-newsphysics in the form of the Staebler-Wronski effect. That means that their efficiency (9) when you expose them to light - pretty much the worst possible effect for a solar cell, Pearce explains, which is one ofthe (10)thin-film solar panels make up only small fraction of the market. However, Pearce and his team found a way to engineer around the Stacbler-Wronski effect by incorporating thin-film silicon in a new (11) of PVT. You dont have to cool down thin-film silicon to make it work. In fact, Pearces group discovered that by beating it to solar-thermal operating temperatures, near the boiling (12) of water, they could make thicker cells that largely (13) the Staebler-Wronski effect. When they applied the thin-film silicon directly to a solar thermal energy (14), they also found that by baking the cell once a day, they (15) the solar cells electrical efficiency by over 10 percent.词汇：photovoltaic n. 光电的 silicon n. 硅thermal adj. 热的，热量的 amorphous adj. 非晶形的crystalline adj. 晶体的 footprint n. 足迹注释：1.solar photovoltaic thermal energy systems ：太阳能光伏热能系统2.they ：指代solar photovoltaic thermal energy systems.3.stand-alone ：单机的4.crystalline silicon solar cells ：晶体硅太阳能电池5.whih：指前半句中的to cool crystalline silicon solar cells 这件事6.room：空间7.solar panels：太阳能电池板8.amorphous silicon ：非晶硅9.thin-film silicon ：薄膜硅10. Staebler-Wronski Erfect：SWE效应. 在光的照射下. 非晶硅氢的导电性短时间内显著衰退，这种特性被称为SWE 效应。11. pretty much ：几乎12. the worst possible effect ：最可能坏的效应13. engineer around ：精心地设计以克服或绕过14. solar-thermal operating temperatures ：太阳热能操作温度练习：1. A unless B when C if D until2. A electricity B magnetism C ultraviolet D radioactivity3. A dynamics B geology C economics D biology4. A reward B cost C bill D pay5. A decision B solution C suggestion D qualification6. A roughly B probably C commonly D specially7. A retrieve B merge C exchange D require8. A vulnerable B necessary C important D renewable9. A works B counts C rises D drops10. A restrictions B advances C reasons D strengths11. A size B shape C type D brand12. A area B point C place D extent13. A overcame B promoted C improved D postponed14. A transformer B adaptor C transmitter D collector15. A boosted B defined C wasted D lower答案：1. A unless B when C if D until2. A electricity B magnetism C ultraviolet D radioactivity3. A dynamics B geology C economics D biology4. A reward B cost C bill D pay5. A decision B solution C suggestion D qualification6. A roughly B probably C commonly D specially7. A retrieve B merge C exchange D require8. A vulnerable B necessary C important D renewable9. A works B counts C rises D drops10. A restrictions B advances C reasons D strengths11. A size B shape C type D brand12. A area B point C place D extent13. A overcame B promoted C improved D postponed14. A transformer B adaptor C transmitter D collector15. A boosted B defined C wasted D lower答案与题解：1.D 文章介绍最近科学家已经完善了太阳能光伏热能系统,现在新型的太阳能系统能将太阳能转换为更多的电能和热能。第一段说明以往晶体硅太阳能电池在收集热能方面效率很低。四个选项中，只有选用until 才符合上下文的意思。“until now they ( 太阳能光伏热能系统）havent been very good at the heat-generating part compared to a stand-alone solar thermal collector.该句意为：与太阳热能单机集热器相比直到现在，传统太阳能光伏热能系统在转换热能方面效率一直不是很高。2. A 本句说明了以往的太阳能光伏热能系统在转换热能方面效率低的原因, “to cool crystalline silicon solar cells( 冷却晶体硅太阳能电池) ” 能产生更多的电能，但不利于收集热能。electricity 是答案。3. C 从上一段和本段的意思判断，收集热能效率低下不会是一个动力学(dynamics）问题，地质( geology) 问题或生物学( biology ) 问题。它是一个经济上的问题。答案是economics.4. B 本句说，good solar hot-water systems 在收获能量方面比solar-electric system 要好得多。从经济学的角度上分析，成本就降低了。所以，选cost 是对的。其他选项reward ，bill和pay均不符合句意.5. B 上一段说光伏电池系统有两个问题. 即经济问题和空间问题。Joshua Pearce 采用另外一种硅制造PVT来解决上述问题。通过上述分析可以看出，他寻求的是一种解决问题的办法( solution ) ，而不是一个决定( decision) 、一个建议( suggestion ) 或一种资格( qualification）。6.C amorphous silicon ( 非晶硅) 即为thin-fi1m silicon ( 薄膜硅) 。选择roughly/probably/wrongly ( known as thin-film silicon ) 表达的意思都不合逻辑。选commonly才合理。“amorphous silicon，commonly known as thin-film silicon”意为“非晶硅，通常被称为薄膜硅。7. D 新型的太阳能电池采用薄膜硅制造，电能的转换量虽然不如晶体硅太阳能池，但薄膜硅太阳能电池用硅量小，比较环保。本题应选用require ，理由是：require much less silicon 与上下文的意思很连贯，而retrieve much less silicon ( 提取少得多的硅) merge much less silicon ( 混合少得多的硅) 或exchange much less silicon ( 交换少得多的硅) 都讲不通，意思离题太远。8.A bad-news physics 是解题的关键词。既然是bad-news physics，所连用的形容词应该是负面意义的词。四个选项中只有vulnerable ( 易受攻击的) 符合这个条件， 所以是答案。9.D 本段第一句说明vulnerable 的具体情况。既然是vulnerable ，efficiency 一定是drops，不会是rises。efficiency works(效率起作用)或efficiency counts（效率有重要意义)都离题太远。10. C 薄膜硅太阳能电池效能低下，这是因。导致该产品市场占有份额很小，这是果。 选reasons 为答案很合理。11.C 为了克服SWE. 效应Pearce 和他的团队悉心改进光伏太阳热能系统的结构。作者要写的应该是a new type of PVT( 一种新型PVT) ，不会是a new shape/size/brand PVT( 一种新形状的/新尺寸的/新品牌的PVT)。12.B 从上下文判断，答案应该是point。将thin-film silicon 加热到solar-thermal operating temperatures 就是加热到near the boiling point of water ( 临近水的沸点) 。其他选项area，place 和extent 均不切题.13. 从上下文判断，采用加热thin-film silicon 的方法，就能消除SWE 效应。四个选项中只有overcame 表达了这层意思。14.D 答案是collector，因为solar thermal energy collector( 太阳能集热器) 与上下文的意思接得上，意为“当把薄膜硅直接应用于太阳能集热器时” 其他选项均与上下文不符。15. A 文章最后一段介绍研究人员克服SWE 效应，提高了将太阳能转换为电能的效率。 所以，将最后一句的“by 10 percent”理解为“提高”而不是“降低”10%才合乎逻辑。答案是boosted。+第十四篇Sharks Perform a Service for Earths WatersIt is hard to get people to think of sharks as anything but a deadly enemy1. They are thought to1people frequently. But these fish2 perform a2service for earths waters and for human beings. Yet business and sport fishing3 are threatening their3Some sharks are at risk of disappearing from4Warm weather may influence both fish and shark activity. Many fish swim near coastal areas5their warm waters. Experts say sharks may follow the fish into the same areas,6people also swim. In fact, most sharks do not purposely charge at or bite humans. They are thought to mistake a person7a sea animal, such as a seal or sea lion. That is why people should not swim in the ocean when the sun goes down or comes up. Those are the8when sharks are looking for food. Experts also say that bright colors and shiny jewelrymay cause sharks to attack.A shark has an extremely good sense of smell4 It can find small amounts of substances in water, such as blood, body liquids and9produced by animals. These powerful10help sharks fred their food. Sharks eat fish, any11sharks, and plants that live in the ocean.Medical researchers want to learn more about the sharks body defense, and immune12against disease. Researchers know that sharks13quickly from injuries. They study the shark in hopes of finding a way to fight human disease.Sharks are important for the worlds14They eat injured and diseased fish. Their hunting activities mean that the numbers of other fish in ocean waters do not become too15This protects the plants and other forms of life that exist in the oceans.词汇:purposely adv.故意地，蓄意地 immune adj.免疫的charge v.（向）冲（过去） jewelry n.珠宝seal n. 海豹注释：1It is hard to get people tO think of sharks as anything but a deadly enemy：要让人们相信鲨鱼不是(人类的)死敌不是一件容易的事。anything but意为“决不，远非”，如：His performance in London is anything but a success(她在伦敦的演出完全不成功。)2these fish：这些鱼(指鲨鱼)。fish单复数同形，如：0ne fish，two fish，many fish(见第二段第一句)。3sport fishin9：捕鱼运动。4sense of smell：嗅觉练习:1. A attack B meet C love D visit2. A terrible B eatable C valuable D possible3. A source B existence C friends D fish4. A Space B Sky C Land D Earth5. A because B since C because of D by reason that6. A whose B which C that D where7. A to B for C like D with8. A times B places C seas D oceans9. A sciences B mathematics C chemicals D physics10. A feelings B senses C touches D tastes11. A those B these C another D other12. A systems B processes C ideas D circles13. A recover B reform C return D rely14. A rivers B oceans C forests D mountains15. A weak B little C few D great答案:1. A attack B meet C love D visit2. A terrible B eatable C valuable D possible3. A source B existence C friends D fish4. A Space B Sky C Land D Earth5. A because B since C because of D by reason that6. A whose B which C that D where7. A to B for C like D with8. A times B places C seas D oceans9. A sciences B mathematics C chemicals D physics10. A feelings B senses C touches D tastes11. A those B these C another D other12. A systems B processes C ideas D circles13. A recover B reform C return D rely14. A rivers B oceans C forests D mountains15. A weak B little C few D great答案与题解：1A本题应选择attack，因为第一句说到：人们认为鲨鱼是a deadly enemy，也就是说鲨鱼会对人类造成伤害。第二句是对deadly enemy的具体说明。其他的三个选项meet，love，visit都不合适，love与上下文意思相反，meet和visit与上下文意思不符。2C空格2所在的句子由but连接，所以该句子表达的意思一定与第二句相反。第二句对鲨鱼的评价是负面的，填入空格2的词应该是正面的。四个选项中只有valuable符合这一条件，所以是答案。3B第三句说到鲨鱼有益于“waters and human beings”，第五句又说到鲨鱼濒临灭绝的危险。根据上下文的意思，threatening(威胁)到它们的应该是existence(生存)。其他的三个选项source，friends，fish都不合适，与上下文意思没有联系。4D如果鲨鱼消失，从什么地方消失呢?当然从earth(地球)上消失。从space(宇宙空间)、sky(天空)中消失，或从land(陆地)上消失，都有悖常理。5C四个选项的意思都是“因为“，但是从用法上分析，because、since和by reason that之后要接句子，because of之后接名词或名词短语。their warm waters是名词短语，所以要选用because of。6D“people also swim”明显是定语从句，其先行词是表示地点的名词area，所以要选关系副词where。7B从上下文判断，本句的意思是：鲨鱼将人错认为是海洋动物。而“将错认为是”的英语表达是mistakefor，所以本题的答案是选项B。8A本段的意思是：鲨鱼并非故意袭击人类。人们认为，由于鲨鱼将人错认为是海狮等海洋动物，在饥饿时才袭击人类。日出和日落时，正是鲨鱼饥肠辘辘的时候，人们不应该出海游泳。空格8填入的词应该与时间有关，所以times是答案，而与地点有关的选项(places seas和oceans)与上下文意思脱节。9C本段第一、二句是说，鲨鱼的嗅觉特别灵敏，能嗅到海水中存在的极为微量的气味。作者举了三个物质：血、体液和化学品。空格9要填入表示物质的名词。四个选项中惟一表达物质的词是chemicals(化学品)。所以chemicals是答案，而其它三个选项与学科有关，脱离了上下文的意思，不是本题的答案。10B在第一、二句意思的基础上，作者进一步说明，灵敏的嗅觉有助于鲨鱼找到食物。所以本题的答案是选项D的senses，因为feelings
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