资源描述
,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,Click to edit Master title style,心房选择性钠通道阻滞剂在房颤,治疗,中的应用,心肌细胞的动作电位和离子通道,Phase 0 (rapid depolarization,phase),Phase 1 (early rapid depolari,-,zation phase),:,Opening of fast Na channels,,,Closure of K channels,Phase 2 (plateau phase),:,Ca entry through L-type Ca channels,Phase 3 (terminal phase of rapid repolarization),:,Reopening of K channels,Phase 4,:,resting membrane potential,Equilibrium potential for K,Ferrari R, Opie LH, 1992 Atlas of the myocardium Raven Press Ltd.,钠通道的特性,L Belardinelli, MD.,in,out,in,Na,+,/Ca,2+,Exchanger,Ca,2+,Ca,2+,Ca,2+,Ca,2+,Na,+,Na,+,Na,+,Na,+,Na,+,Na,+,Na,+,Resting,closed,Na,+,Activated,Inactivated,Na,+,Na,+,Na,+,Ca,2+,Ca,2+,Na,+,= 140 mM,10mM,Ca,2+,Na,+,离子通道调控有三类模式:电压门控性通道、配体门控性通道、机械敏感性通道。另外,缝隙连接、离子泵和交换体等也有离子通道功能,钠内流被许多通道控制,其中经,电压门控性通道的钠内流产生动作电位,钠通道:由,和,亚基构成,其中,亚基是完成通道功能的主要部分,,亚基由,SCN5A,基因编码,,,SCN5A,突变,使得钠通道失活加速、恢复减慢或功能丧失,晚钠电流(,late I,na,,,INaL,),Belardinelli L et al.,Heart.,2006;92(suppl IV):iv6-14.,Sodiumcurrent,0,Late,Peak,INaL,是持续存在于动作点平台期的内向钠离子流,正常时,,INaL,不存在或十分微弱,仅占峰钠电流的,1%,在缺血缺氧等时,INaL,明显增加,增强的,INaL,有潜在致心律失常作用,包括引发早期后除极、延迟后除极和,T,波电交替等,进而引发严重的室性心律失常,雷诺嗪、胺碘酮、利多卡因属于晚钠电流阻滞剂,有效抑制,INaL,房颤的发生与离子通道的关系,目前广泛接受的学说是,Moe,等,(1959),的,多个子波折返激动假设,和,Scherf,等,(1953),的,异位局灶自律性增强假设,产生折返激动前提:,(1),缓慢传导,; (2),单向阻滞,(,结构性的或功能性的,) ;,和,(3),折返波阵面前方的心肌组织已恢复其兴奋性,孤立性房颤,心脏一般无病理改变,房颤发生或是由于心房肌细胞离子通道的功能异常,心房肌功能性异常,或是由于未识别的非病理性结构性异常所致,继发于心脏病房颤,心房肌纤维肥大和心房纤维化,后者可能是对炎症或退行性变过程的反应,也是房颤的主要组织学改变,房颤时心房不应期和传导速度不均性增加,不应期离散和传导延缓与房颤诱发和维持有关,其中心房组织结构性改变是房颤不应性离散原因之一,房颤有自我保持的趋势(,房颤导致房颤,),房颤持续时间长与,ERP,进行性缩短有关,谓,电生理重构,多子波折返学说:房颤持续取决于小折返环数量。小折,返环数量与波长有关,波长,=CV(cm/s,),X ERP,(,s,),,波长越短,折返环数量越多,越易促进房颤发生与维持,阵发性房颤心房,ERP,短且缺乏生理性频率适应性,持续性房颤与心房多种离子通道电流及基因改变所致电,重构有关,表现为心房,ERP,进行性缩短和传导速度(,CV,)下降,房颤的发生与离子通道的关系,心房肌细胞离子通道功能性变化成为维持房颤的功能性,基质,也可能是启动机制,钠离子通道:,决定传导速度(,CV,)的关键因素,心房肌,0,位相上升幅度及速度是决定,CV,主要因素,,房颤时,Ina,mRNA,表达减低,,INa,内流减少,,CV,减慢,折返波长缩短,,小折返环数量增加,促进房颤持续,,增加房颤易感性,钙离子通道:房颤早期钙超负荷,使,INa,内流减少,,1-2,周后钙通道密度下降,,mRNA,表达减低,,ICa,内流减少,,ERP,缩短,,APD,缩短,心房肌接受高频激动能力增大,钾离子通道:种类多,变化较复杂。一般认为,IKr,、,IKs,、,IKur,、,IKach,、,IKATP,的激活增加钾外流,导致,APD,和,ERP,缩短。但房颤病人中,Ito,、,IKr,、,IKs,、,Ikur,密度下降,可能是由于其他离子通道的影响所致,房颤的发生与离子通道的关系,Vaughan Williams Classification of Antiarrhythmic Agents,Fuster et al., JACC 2001, page 1-70,CTAF,Roy et al., NEJM, 2000,20,40,60,80,100,Days of Follow-up,100,200,300,400,500,Amiodarone,Propafenone,Sotalol,SR,(%),25%,Maintenance of Sinus Rhythm,Efficacy of Class IC and III to Prevent Persistent AF,传统的钠通道阻滞剂的作用特点,能减慢心肌传导速度、阻断折返激动,防止触发型心律失常,选择性:,主要对异常的自律性和传导有抑制作用,使用依赖性及频率依赖性:,主要阻断开放状态通道,心率越快,,阻滞越重。主要用于快速型心律失常,电压依赖性:,细胞膜去极化程度越重,阻断钠通道作用越强,钠通道阻滞剂分为,Ia,、,Ib,和,Ic,三类,Ia,类:,奎尼丁、普鲁卡因胺、双异丙吡胺等。抑制钠通道开放,延,缓钠通道激活后恢复,使,APD,及,ERP,延长,有利于阻断折返,降低,自律性。也直接阻滞,(,奎尼丁,) KACh,通道或间接阻滞,M2,胆碱受体继,而阻滞,KACh(,双异丙吡胺、普鲁卡因胺,),作用,减低外向钾电流,Ib,类:,利多卡因、慢心律、苯妥英钠等。抑制钠通道,促进钾外,流,缩短,APD,,但,ERP/APD,比值增大,相对延长有效不应期,Ic,类:,氟卡尼,(flecainide),、恩卡尼,(encainide),、莫雷西嗪,(Moracizine),、心律平等。抑制钠通道作用最强,,ERP,延长,传导,减慢,自律性降低,很少有单独作用于一种离子通道的药物:不同抗心律失常药物的作用部位存在交集,不同药物合用时,对离子通道的阻断致效应产生复杂的电学结果,致心律失常的风险随之增加,针对房性心律失常药物往往对心室肌也存在作用:胺碘酮,由于其阻断钾通道的效应,使心房不应期延长,在治疗房颤同时,也使心室不应期延长,,QT,间期延长,导致,TDP,传统的钠通道阻滞剂的缺点,延长心房的,ERP,而不影响心室,,选择性作用于心房肌的通道,对于心室肌通道无影响,对心房肌组织重构具有有益作用,无明显器官毒副作用,与其它心脏药物无配伍禁忌和不良影响,良好药代动力学特性,起效快,半衰期长,不影响或能够提高患者的远期生存率,理想的治疗房颤药物,心律失常的靶向治疗,传统的抗心律失常药属于非选择性、无靶向药物,容,易诱发恶性室性心律失常,靶向治疗指心脏何处有心律失常,就对该部位有选择,性作用的药物治疗。已成为各种疾病治疗的新趋势,心律失常靶向治疗分两种,特异性治疗:指某离子通道只在心房或心室存在,治,疗心脏某部位的心律失常时应用对这一通道有阻滞作,用药物。例如,Ikur,通道仅在心房肌,,Ikur,通道阻滞剂能,特异性治疗房性心律失常,对心室肌无作用,选择性治疗:指某种通道在心房和心室肌都存在,但,某种药物阻断这种离子通道时,仅选择性阻滞心房或,心室肌上的该通道,对其他部位该通道无作用,例如,雷诺嗪具有选择性阻滞心房肌细胞的晚钠电流,选择性作用于心房肌药物,如维纳卡兰,选择性作用于缺血心肌药物,如,HMRl883,,,HMRl098,clamikalant,等,选择性抑制自律性升高的药物,如,Ivabradine,选择性调节钙通道药物,如,JTV519,选择性作用于缝隙连接药物,如,Rotigaptide,单纯性阻滞,IKr,容易造成心电学的不均一,发生致心律失常作用,故而非最佳选择。多非利特和伊布利特等阻断,IKr,为主,不可避免出现致心律失常副作用,IKr,和,IKs,共同抑制剂阿齐利特,(Azimilide),,无逆频率依赖性且致心律失常副作用小,正在临床实践中证实,新型靶向性抗心律失常药物分类,b-,Blocker,Antiarrhythmic Agents,New,Class III Agents,Novel Drugs,Tedisamil,Azimilide,Dronedarone,AdenosineAgonist,SAC Blockers,ARDAs,Na+/Ca2+Inhibitor,Na+/H+ Inhibitors,Substrate,therapies,Amiodarone,Sotalol,Class III,Quinidine,Flecainide,Class I,C,Multi-channel blockers,Connexin,modulators,ARDAs,(,Vernakalant,AVE0118),Ranolazine,“,Antiarrhythmic” Drugs for AF,Savelieva and Camm, Europace 2008;647-665,b-,Blocker,ACEI,ARB,Statins,PUFAs,Pirfenidone,Dofetilide,Disopyramide,Propafenone,Class I,A,Savelieva and Camm, Europace 2008;647-665,Novel “,Antiarrhythmic” Drugs for AF,正处于临床研究中的抗心律失常药物,药物,作用位点,对房颤的作用,研发情况,公司,Dronedarone,6,IKr,,,IKs,,,INa,+,,,L,型,Ca,2+,通道,维持窦律,期,Sanofi-Aventis,Celivarone,7,IKr,,,IKs,,,INa,+,,,L,型,Ca,2+,通道,抗血管紧张素,维持窦律,II,期,Sanofi-Aventis,AVE 0118,9,IKur/Ito/IKAch,复律,II,期,Sanofi-Aventis,Vernakalant,11,INa/IKur,复律,维持窦律,/,期,Cardiome harma,Ranotazine,IKr,,,IKs,,,late INa,+,,,ICa,2+,预防心肌梗死后房颤,FDA,批准,(,仅用于抗心绞痛,),CV therapeutics,NIP-141,IKAch,维持窦律,临床前研究,Nissan Pharma,NIP-142,IKAch,维持窦律,临床前研究,Nissan Pharma,Rotigaptide,17,缝隙连接,不明,II,期,(,用于室性心律失常,),Wyeth/zealand pharma,Azimiide,IKr/IKs,维持窦律,III,期,Proctor&Gamble,心房选择性阻滞剂,指选择性阻滞心房肌特殊通道和对心房肌阻滞作用强于心室肌的药物,包括心房选择性多通道阻滞剂(,AZD7009,)、心房选择性钠钾通道阻滞剂(,RSD-1235,)和心房选择性钾通道阻滞剂(,AVE0118,),心房肌和心室肌细胞间电生理特性的差别,引发了房颤治疗新策略,心房选择性钠通道阻滞,心房选择性钠通道阻滞剂,钠通道阻滞剂的心房选择性机制包括相比心室,心房的静息膜电位去极化显著,半失活电压更负。循序渐进的动作电位,3,期心房细胞复极,有助于实现心房选择性钠通道阻滞。心房动作电位的这种特征,致使在快速激活时的舒张间期逐步缩减或消失,进而削弱了钠通道阻滞剂与钠离子通道的解离能力,导致产生钠通道阻滞的累积效用,迄今的心房选择性钠电流阻滞剂,都可抑制,IKur,和优先延长心房的动作电位时程。心房动作电位时程延长可减少或消除舒张间期,尤其选择快速起搏频率时,因此已被证明具有增强依赖性阻滞钠通道能力,还有许多因素可能改善心房选择性钠通道阻滞剂抗房颤的疗效与安全性,包括药物协同阻滞峰值钠电流、晚钠电流和,IKur,心房选择性钠通道阻滞剂,雷诺嗪,可从钠通道快速解离,具明确,INaL,阻滞作用;对快速性房性心律失常有潜在治疗作用,普罗帕酮,从钠通道缓慢解离,虽可延长心房动作电位,但不具备心房选择性,利多卡因,可缩短动作电位,几无心房选择性,胺碘酮可,从钠通道快速解离,长期使用可选择性延长心房动作电位,决奈达隆与雷诺嗪联用,增加心房肌,ERP,和复极后不应期,对乙酰胆碱介导持续性房颤有效,稳心颗粒,21,based on studies conducted in atrial and ventricular coronary-perfused (Cor-perfused) and superfused (Tissues) preparations, isolated myocytes, and in vivo,A semiquantitative assessment of atrial selectivity of INa blockers,Burashnikov, Alexander; Antzelevitch, J of Cardiovasc Pharm. 52(2):121-128, 2008.,Singh B N , Aliot E Eur Heart J Suppl 2007;9:G17-G25,决奈达隆,阻断心脏,K,电子流和,Na,电子流,使复极时间及动作电位间期延长,有效阻断,77%,的,L-Ca,通道离子内流,减少,97%,延迟整流钾离子通道,IKr,房颤,/,房扑,严重,CHF,(不限,AF),疗效,安全性,ADONIS(n=625),EURIDIS(n=612),ERATO(n=174),ATHENA(n=4628),ANDROMEDA(n=627),DIONYSOS(n=472),维持窦律,控制室率,发病率,/,死亡率,DAFNE(n=270),诀奈达隆的循证医学研究,雷诺嗪(,Ranolazine,),在组织和分离标本中证实具有与胺碘酮相似离子通道作用(减少,IKr,,,IKs,,,INa-L,,,ICa2+,),动物实验:雷诺嗪是功能依赖性钠通道阻滞剂,有高度心房选择性,心房兴奋受抑,复极化后不应期延长,在保留冠状动脉灌注的右房标本,雷诺嗪较利多卡因更有效终止由乙酰胆碱诱发持续性房颤。并可有效预防房颤的诱发和复发,作为一种失活态钠通道阻滞剂在有效浓度下对心室肌峰,INa,电流几乎无效,一个大型随机对照试验(,MERLIN-TIMI 36,)表明在,ACS,患者中使用后房颤、室上速、室速发生率明显下降,Ranolazine blunts sotalol-induced action potential prolongation in dogs,Antzelevich C et al. Circulation 2004;110:904-10.,Control,d-Sotalol,+ Ranolazine 5 uM,+ Ranolazine 10 uM,50 mV,1 sec,Transmembrane action potentials (superimposed),26,Ranolazine specifically induces prolongation of the ERP and development of post-repolarization refractoriness in atria,Burashnikov, Alexander; Antzelevitch, J of Cardiovasc Pharm. 52(2):121-128, 2008.,(PRR, the difference between ERP and APD75 in atria and between ERP and APD90 in ventricles; ERP corresponds to APD75 in atria and APD90 in ventricles).,CL = 500 ms. C, control.,*P 0.05 versus control. P 0.05 versus APD75 values in atria and APD90 in ventricles; (n = 5-18),B, Ranolazine prolongs late repolarization in atria but not ventricles, and acceleration of rate leads to elimination of the diastolic interval, resulting in a more positive takeoff potential in atrium and contributing to atrial selectivity of ranolazine. The diastolic interval remains relatively long in ventricles.,27,Ranolazine produces a much greater rate-dependent inhibition of the maximal action potential upstroke velocity (Vmax) in atria than in ventricle,Burashnikov, Alexander; Antzelevitch, J of Cardiovasc Pharm. 52(2):121-128, 2008.,A, Normalized changes in Vmax of atrial and ventricular cardiac preparations paced at a cycle length (CL) of 500 ms.,*P 0.05 versus control. P 100,I,K1, 100,0,100,200,300,400 ms,I,Kur,I,Kr,I,to,I,KACh,0 mV,Fedida et al. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2005,Fedida et al. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2005,Fedida. Curr Op Invest Drugs 2007,I,Na,IC,50,= 43 M at -80 mV, 1 Hz,I,Na,IC,50,= 9 M at -80 mV, 20 Hz,Vernakalant concentration (M),Fractional current,1,10,100,1000,0.0,0.2,0.4,0.6,0.8,1.0,Plasma Levels in Patients,1 Hz,20 Hz,Vernakalants Frequency-Dependent Block of Na Currents Targets AF,Effects of Vernakalant on Atrial Tissue from Humans with Atrial Fibrillation,Control,(n=7),10 M,(n=7),APD,20,(ms),25 4,34 6*,APD,90,(ms),229 13,243 16*,ERP (ms),239 11,259 11*,Resting potential (mV),-76 1,-74 1,dV/dt,max,(V/s),244 38,219 32,Ravens et al. European Society of Cardiology 2007,Data collected at 60 bpm; * P0.01,Vernakalant Prolongs Atrial Refractory Period: Human EP Study,*,P0.05 vs. baseline,Dorian et al. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2007,4 mg/kg,100 bpm pacing,*,0,10,20,30,40,AERP,VERP,Change from Baseline (msec),Data collected at 60 bpm; * P3 hours to 45 days *Includes: CRAFT, ACT I, ACT III, ACT II and ACT IV,转复时间,ACT,为,11 min,,,ACT,为,8 min,。短程房颤(,3 h7 d,)转复律分别为,78%,和,71%,。长程房颤(,845 d,)转复律只有,8-9%,平均转复时间为,12 min,平均转复时间为,14 min,快速:平均转复时间,10min,维持窦律时间超过,24h,有效性不受性别,年龄,伴随疾病,节律控制影响,Consistent Conversion Rates,CRAFT: Dosing was 2+3 mg/kg; data represents % converted at 60 min post last dose; AF duration 3-72 hours,ACT I, III & IV: AF 7 days,ACT II: Post CABG and valvular AF study; AF duration 3-72 hours * P=0.0015,ACT IV: A placebo group was not included in the ACT IV study * P0.0001,*,*,*,*,短期,/,长期房颤转窦律百分比,房颤转窦律时间,Circulation. 2008; 117:1518-1525,静脉注射维纳卡兰与胺碘酮转复新近发生房颤,-AVRO,研究,小 结,多种离子通道的改变参与房颤的发生与维持,其中钠离子通道起重要作用,某些离子通道在心房和心室的分布存在差异,有可能通过选择心房特异性离子通道阻滞剂治疗房颤,基础研究证实某些药物对心房钠通道有选择性阻滞作用,有可能成为有前途的治疗房颤的药物,动物试验和初步临床结果证实上述药物治疗房颤的疗效,尚待进一步基础研究和大规模临床试验证实,
展开阅读全文