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单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,Unit 3,翻译的过程,描述翻译过程的不同模式,传统的两阶段模式,奈达的三阶段模式,传统的翻译模式,翻译的过程常常被翻译实践者简练地概括成理解与表达。理解包括分析原文,弄懂原文的确切意思;表达就是要在译入语中把原文的意思说出来。,这种方法简单,但弱点是不能揭示在翻译中句子或语篇深层的转换过程。,奈达的翻译模式,The Theory and Practice of Translation,分析理解原文,通俗讲,分析原文就是要弄懂原文的意思。但是“意思”(meaning)一词很难把握。,所指意义(referential meaning,以语言所指 的客观世界为基础的意义),关联意义(associated meaning,包括所有人、社会文化因素引发的意义),结构意义(structural meaning,包括语言本身结构产生的意义),所指意义(referential meaning),指词或短语所指称的事物的语义特征,是词最基本的意义,如,电脑、球拍、跑、跳等。所指意义比较容易表达,因为它比较稳定,不太容易变化。,Put the disk into Drive A.,Take three tablets a day.,关联意义(associated meaning),指从语言所存在的大环境中滋生出来的,是社会的、文化的意义。因此,很难保持稳定。,Work while you work and play while you play.This is the way to be happy and gay.,gay 高兴,invitation 应召 妓女,Martin Luther King,Five score years ago,Lincoln,Four scores and seven years ago,关联意义不像所指意义那么稳定,一个用语在不同的语境中会意外地产生出关联意义来,有时甚至可能产生出多个意义相反的关联意义来。,son of bitch 骂人的话,And how are you doing,you son of bitch?,一般来说,在以信息为主的语篇中没有很多关联意义,此时,所指意义占主导地位。因此,科技报告、仪器操作手册等语篇主要承载所指意义,翻译时以反映所指意义为主。,但表达情感或宣传广告之类的语篇中会有不少关联意义。因此,在翻译文学、政治演说、商业广告时,译者就必须仔细分析原文,看出所指意义之外的附加意义,并考虑是否并如何在译文中反映出这类意义。,结构意义(structural meaning),一个事件可以用不用的方式表达,不同的表达效果也不同,所以句子的语言结构并非形同虚设。,Although,he attempts what no English novelist has ever attempted,although,he extends the language before all precedent,I feel that his novel is trivial.,另外,句子简洁与否也构成意义。,Once upon a time there was a princess.And the princess lived in a castle with her father and mother.Her father and mother were King and Queen of the country.One day the King took the princess away on his horse and they rode over the hills and then they came to a great city.,头脑中图像的形成,分析的结果是对原文的理解,我们在分析阶段看到的仍然是语言的线性结构,看到的是文字。在经过分析并理解原文的意思之后,更重要的是要在头脑中形成一个图像。,a beautiful dancer,许渊冲 翻译中的图像,译入语表达,在这一阶段译者要将所有分析理解的内容用译入语表达出来,即用线性结构的文字表达。,分析过程中会发现不同层次的意义,译者要做的就是把分析出来的各层意义在译入语中重现。这时一般应以译入语为归依,将分析理解过程中形成的图像或抽象概念根据正确的关系重新组合,再用地道的译入语表达出来。,On one of those sober and rather melancholy days in the latter part of autumn,when the shadows of morning and evening almost mingle together,and throw a gloom over the decline of the year,I passed several hours in rambling about Westminster Abbey.There was something congenial to the season in the mournful magnificence of the old pile;and as I passed its threshold,it seemed like stepping back into the regions of antiquity,and losing myself among the shades of former ages.,The Westminster Abbey,by Washington Iving,译文1:在晚秋暗淡而悲哀的一天,当曙光和夜色几乎混而为一,而将这年终酝酿成一片凄凉的时分,我在那威治明士德院里徘徊,消磨了数小时的光阴,在这古屋悲壮的外观上,有种情调是正和那气候相称的;当时,在我跨进门槛的时候,仿佛是走回到古代的境地之中,把自己消失在前朝黑洞洞的影子里。,译文2:时方晚秋,气象肃穆,略带忧郁,早晨的阴影和黄昏的阴影,几乎连接在一起,不可分别,岁云将暮,终日昏暗,我就在这么一天,到西敏大寺去信步走了几个钟头。古寺巍巍,森森然似有鬼气,和阴沉沉的季候正好相符;我跨进大门,觉得自己好像已经置身远古世界,忘形于昔日的憧憧鬼影之中了。(夏济安译),analyze the source text,form pictures or concepts,reconstruct in target language,from linear to picture back to linear again,Unit 4,翻译技巧概述,许渊冲教授的数学公式:,1,加词,2+1=2(加词不加意),2,减词,2-1=2(减词不减意)3,换词,2+2=3+1(变换符号不变换意思)4,移词,1+2=2+1(前后移位)5,分译,4=2+2(一分为二)6,合译,2+2=4(合二为一)7,深化,1,:,2=2,:,4(具体化)8,浅化,2,:,4=1,:,2(抽象化)9,等化,2+2=2*2(寻求灵活对等),10,一分为四,4=1+1+1+1(莎士比亚戏剧中的“woe”译成 “悲欢离合”),11,合四为一,1+1+1+1=4(“管它冬夏与春秋”译成“I dont care what season it is”),解包袱法(unpacking),wonderful books,以-ful结尾的形容词指示着英文中形容词和名次之间的关系,New Yorker杂志上称克林顿为the first black president,克林顿是第一个黑人总统?,克林顿是第一个与黑人关系紧密的总统(加词),翻译时加词会比较危险,一旦解读错误,加词就必错无疑。,Clinton is the first woman president.,克林顿与女人有婚外关系?,克林顿在政治上特别注重妇女利益,因为有风险,所以贪图简便。,opinion leader 意见领袖,能影响或左右舆论的人,名词和名词或形容词和名词之间的关系复杂,译者在使用各种技巧之前必须先将这些关系像解包袱一样解开,然后理顺。,(1)We want to buy,quality steel,.,我们要买,高质量的钢材,。,(2)I am pleased to be here to offer a U.S.business perspective on one of todays great,quality challenges,:building a high skills/high wage workforce.,我很高兴能来介绍一下美国商界对我们今天,在素质方面所面临的挑战,的看法,这项挑战就是如何建立一支高技术、高薪金的劳动队伍。,(3)The president now is on a,poverty tour,.,总统目前正在访问贫困地区。,(本句应解读为The president is touring the poor areas.),(4)noise abatement procedures,抑制噪声的措施,(本句应解读为the procedures abate noise),(5)satellite communications ground station equipment repairer,卫星通讯地面站设备修理人员,(6)She is on her,listening,tour of New York.,她正在纽约巡回访问,,广泛听取意见,。,(7)criminal law,criminal lawyer,criminal attack,criminally insane,刑法,专门处理刑事案件的律师,构成犯罪的攻击,刑事法庭鉴定为患有精神病,(8)This is a,thought-provoking,different explanation.,这个解释完全不同,但却很能给人启发。,(9)Tom is sometimes,favorably,compared with Jack.,人们有时把吉姆和杰克相比,认为吉姆更好。,(10)The areas could be,profitably,rehabilitated.,重建这些地区是有利可图的。,(11)The,consensus,strategies for managing the worlds forests,sustainably,.,既能获得各方同意,又能使全球森林得以持续生长的管理策略。,(12)Men tend to enjoy public,referentially orientated,talk,while women enjoy intimate,affectively orientated,talk.,男人喜欢公开谈论有具体内容的话题,而女人则喜欢私下交流感情。,(13),Of,humble parentage,he began his working life in a shoe factory.,由于,出身低微,他的第一份工作是在一家制鞋厂。,(14),With,the tree now tall,we get more shade.,由于,树长高了,我们就有了更多的树荫。,opinion leader 意见领袖,Q:,包袱的解与不解?,
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