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单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,SoilCarbon SequestrationImpacts on Global Climate Changeand FoodSecurity,Tutor:Prof.ZHENG,Speaker:DongXiaogang,Date:2012-05-10,R.Lal,etal.2004,Science304,1623,土壤碳固定,对,对全球气候,变,变化和粮食,安,安全的影响,2.Soil Carbon Sequestration,3.Soil Carbon Sequestration for Mitigating,Climate Change,4.Soil Carbon Sequestration and Global Food Security,5.Conclusions,1.Background,Content,The globalsoilcarbon(C)pool of2500gigatons(Gt)includes about 1550 Gt ofsoilorganic carbon(SOC)and950 Gt ofsoilinorganiccarbon(SIC).,1.Background,The soil Cpoolis 3.3 times the size oftheatmospheric pool(760 Gt)and4.5 timesthe size of thebiotic pool(560Gt,fig.S1).,25000,亿,亿吨的全球,土,土壤碳库由15500,亿,亿吨的土壤,有,有机碳和9500亿吨,的,的土壤无机,碳,碳组成。,土壤碳库的,容,容量是大气,碳,碳库的3.3倍，是生,物,物碳库的4.5倍。,Fig.1.Processes affecting soil organiccarbon(SOC)dynamics.,The SOC poolrepresentsa dynamicequilibrium ofgains andlosses(Fig.1).,土壤碳库处,于,于收支动态,平,平衡。,Severe depletion ofthe SOC pool degrades soil quality,reduces biomass productivity,andadverselyimpacts water quality,and thedepletionmaybe exacerbatedby projected globalwarming.,The depletion is exacerbated when the outputof Cexceeds,the inputand when soil degradationis severe.,当输出超过,输,输入和土壤,退,退化严重时,土,土壤碳库的,耗,耗竭将加剧,。,。,土壤碳库的,严,严重耗竭使,得,得土壤质量,退,退化，生物,产,产量降低，,影,影响水质量,，,，预测的全,球,球变暖可能,会,会加剧土壤,碳,碳库的耗竭,。,。,The estimates of historicSOClossrangewidely,from 44 to537 Gt,with acommon range of55 to 78Gt(,3,).,以往的土壤,有,有机碳的损,失,失量的估算,值,值变化范围,广,广大约从440到5370亿吨，,而,而共识的损,失,失量是550到780亿吨。,2.Soil Carbon Sequestration,Carbon sequestrationimplies transferring atmospheric CO,2,intolong-livedpools andstoring it securelyso it isnot immediatelyreemitted.Thus,soil Csequestration meansincreasingSOCand SIC stocksthroughjudiciouslanduseandrecommended management practices(RMPs).,土壤碳固定,意,意味着将大,气,气中的CO,2,转移到长期,存,存在的土壤,库,库中并安全,地,地储存它，,因,因此使碳不,能,能立即释放,到,到大气中。,因,因此土壤碳,固,固定意味着,通,通过精确的,土,土地使用和,推,推荐的管理,措,措施(RMPs)增加,了,了土壤有机,和,和无机碳库,的,的容量。,The SOC sequestration iscaused bythosemanagement systemsthatadd high amounts ofbiomass tothesoil,cause minimalsoildisturbance,conserve soil andwater,improvesoilstructure,enhanceactivity and speciesdiversityof soil fauna,andstrengthenmechanisms ofelementalcycling(Fig.2,table S2).,土壤有机碳,的,的固定是由,向,向土壤中增,加,加高生物量,，,，使土壤受,到,到最小的扰,动,动，保持水,土,土，提高土,壤,壤结构，增,强,强土壤动物,的,的种类和多,样,样性的活性,，,，增强元素,循,循环而实现,的,的。(Fig.2,table S2),2.Soil Carbon Sequestration,Fig.2.,具有高的土,壤,壤碳固定潜,能,能的态系统,有,有:农田，,放,放牧的草地,，,，退化的或,沙,沙漠化土地,灌溉的土,壤,壤放牧的草,地,地的生态系,统,统的土壤碳,固,固定潜力不,包,包括在全球,的,的土壤碳固,定,定中，这是,因,因为它部分,的,的被覆盖在,其,其它生态系,统,统下以及具,有,有很大的不,确,确定性。,CommonRMPsthatleadto SOC sequestrationaremulchfarming,conservation tillage,agroforestryand diverse croppingsystems,covercrops(Fig.3),and integrated nutrient management,including the use ofmanure,compost,biosolids,improved grazing,andforest management.,通常导致土,壤,壤有机碳固,定,定的RMPs措施是：覆,盖,盖农业，保,护,护性耕作，,混,混农林和多,样,样性种植系,统,统(Fig.3)，和包括由,粪,粪肥、堆肥,、,、生物固体,、,、改善的放,牧,牧模式和林,地,地管理的使,用,用的综合养,分,分管理。,2.Soil Carbon Sequestration,Fig.3.Importantrecommended management practices are no-tillfarming,covercrops,manuringandagroforestry.,(A:Long-term no-till plots B:Agroforestry),The rate of SICsequestrationas secondary carbonates is low(5 to 150kg C/ha per year)and isaccentuated bybiogenicprocessesand leaching ofcarbonates into thegroundwater(11,12),especially in soils irrigated with water containinglow carbonates.,作为处于次,要,要地位的碳,酸,酸盐，土壤,无,无机碳的固,定,定的速率是,很,很低的(每,年,年5到150kgC/ha)，土,壤,壤无机碳作,为,为生命必须,的,的过程和碳,酸,酸盐向地下,水,水的淋洗过,程,程被重视，(11,12)特别是,在,在含有低碳,酸,酸盐的水中,的,的土壤灌溉,区,区。,2.Soil Carbon Sequestration,土壤无机碳,的,的固定,3.Soil Carbon Sequestration for Mitigating ClimateChange 土壤,碳,碳固定对气,候,候变化的缓,解,解,Estimatesof the total potential ofC sequestration inworldsoils vary widely from alowof 0.4 to0.6 Gt C/year(9)toa high of0.6to 1.2 GtC/year(13).,Thus,thepotentialis finitein capacity andtime.Nonetheless,soilC sequestrationbuysus time untilthe alternatives tofossil fuel take effect.,Someissues relatedto this strategy areas follows:,全球土壤碳,固,固定总的潜,力,力的估算值,是,是非常广泛,的,的，从低的0.4 to 0.6Gt C/year(9),到,到高的0.6 to1.2 Gt C/year(13)。,因此，这种,固,固定的潜力,在,在容量和时,间,间上是有限,的,的。尽管如,此,此，直到我,们,们能找到化,石,石燃料的替,代,代品时，土,壤,壤碳固定为,我,我们争取了,时,时间。,(1).Agricultural chemicals,农化用品,MostRMPsinvolve C-basedinput.,Item(1 Kg),Need C(Kg),N,0.86,P,2,O,5,0.17,K,2,O,0.12,Lime,0.36,Herbicides,4.7,Fungicides,5.2,Insecticides,4.9,However,inputsareneeded notfor soil Csequestrationper se,but forincreasingfoodproduction andensuringsustainable useof soil and water resources.,(1).Agricultural chemicals,然而输入不,仅,仅是为了土,壤,壤碳固定自,身,身，也是增,加,加了粮食生,产,产，确保水,土,土资源使用,的,的可持续。,(2).Nutrients required,养分需求,It isestimatedthatsequestrationof 1Gt ofC inworld soils would require 80million tons(Mt)ofN,20 Mtof P,and15 Mtof K.,In comparison,the globalfertilizer usein 2000 was 136 Mt(17).,据计算，世,界,界土壤中10亿吨的碳,固,固定需要8000万吨,的,的N，2000万吨的P，1500万吨的K,。,。与此相比,，,，2000,年,年全球肥料,的,的施用量为1.36亿,吨,吨（17）,。,。,One ton ofcereal residuecontains12 to20 kg N,1 to4 kgP,7to 30kg K,4 to 8 kg Ca,and2 to4 kgMg.,Annually,3 Gtof residues ofgraincrops areproducedglobally(tableS3),
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