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单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,Unit 6 How long have you been,collecting shells?,1,have/has,是助动词,been,是,be,的过去分,词,表示从过去开始一直持续到现在的动作，,并有可能持续下去,时态现在完成进行时,（一）,构成形式：,have/has been+Ving,for+,一段时间,have/has been+doing sth,+since+,过去的时间点,since+,从句,(,一般过去时,),2,与过去时的比较：,1.I,watched TV,for three hours.,我看了三小时的电视（我现在没有看电视了）,2.I,have been watching TV,for three hours.,我看了三小时的电视（我现在仍然在看电视）,3,例句,1,我已经学了年的英语了,I,have been learning,English,for 5 years,.,例句,2,他已经集邮,10,年了,H,e has been collecting,stamps,for 10 years,.,He,has been collecting,stamps,since 10 years ago,.,He,has been collecting,stamps,since 1999,.,画线部分提问：,How long,has he been collecting stamps?,4,（二）,引导时间的介词,for,与,since,的区别,for,since,表示时间的,持续,for+,时间,段,表示“自,从,过去某一时间点,以来,”,since+,时间,点,强调,一段时间,强调,动作或状态,一直延续,到现在,(for,与,since,引导的短语用,how long,提问,),5,时间状语,for,与,since,引导的短语,for,five minutes,ten days,five years,since,May 1,2003,8:00,he was seven years old,seven years ago,6,1.since的用法(1),conj,(引导时间状语从句，从句中常用过去时，主句用一般时态或完成时),自从以来；以后,egIt was years since l had seen her自从我见到她(到那时)又过去好几年了。It is just a week since we arrived here我们到这儿刚好有一周了。,7,(引起原因状语从句，通常置于句首),既然；因为,egSince he says so，it must be true既然他这么说，那一定是真的。(2),prep,.,自以来,egI have lived here since childhood自小我就住在这儿。He hasnt been home sincel9931993年以来他还没有回过家,。,8,(3),adv,(,与完成时态连用,),从那以后；后来,eg,He left the city in 1985 and has returned only once since,他,1985,年离开这座城市，自那以后只回来过一次。,以前,(4),构成短语,：,ever since,从那以后,(,一直,)long since,很久以前；早已,9,2.,favorite,n.“最爱的物品”，adj.“最喜爱的”作形容词,比较级和最高级形式。,eg:My favorite food is dumpling我最喜欢的食物是饺子。,10,3.,stop,表示“停止，结束，阻止”The light turned redI have to stop 红灯亮了，我不得不停下来。(1)stop作,名词,，意为“车站，站点”。eg：I get off at the next bus stop我在下一站下车。,11,(2)stop作,动词,，意为“停止”，常用于stop,doing,sth.结构中，表示“停止做某事”，指停止正在做的事。,eg,：The students stop talking学生停止了讲话。(动名词talking作宾语),12,(3)stop,to do,sth.则表示“停下来去做某事”，指停止原来的事去做另外一件事。,eg,：The students stop to talk学生们停下来(开始)讲话。(不定式to talk作目的状语)We should stop to have a rest我们应该停下来休息一会儿。,13,(4),stop sb.(from)doing sth.,表示“叫某人停止做某事，阻止某人做某事”。,eg,：What can stop me(my)going?有什么能阻止我去呢?Nothing shall stop us from studying什么都不能阻止我们学习。,14,4.have to do sth.表示“不得不做某事”，指客观条件的“不得不”eg:I have to finish the work by myself 我不得不自己完成这项工作。5.run out of 意为“从地方跑出来；用光”eg:Class is overThe students run out of the classroom 下课了，学生们从教室里冲了出来。,15,【,课文解析,】,1.How long have you been in class today?,你今天上了多长时间的课？,(,或你在课堂多长时间？,)(1)how long“,多长”或“多长时间”。,对长度或时间段提问。,-How long have you learned English?,你学英语多长时间了,?-For two years.,两年了。,16,(2)in class在上课；在课堂上，其反义词为out of class“在课外”。,eg:,We should read more books out of class.我们在课外应该多读些书。,I,have been in class for one hour.我上了一个小时的课。,17,2.Alison was the first one to start艾丽森是第一个开始(滑)的。“,be the first/second+,n.+to do,”表示“是第一/二个做某事的”。,eg:,He is the last one to leave here.他是最后个离开这里的。She was the first one to get to the school她是第一个到校的。,18,3.Id like to collect stamps because they are interesting我喜欢集邮，因为它们特别有趣。(1),would like to do,表示“想要做某事”。,eg,：Would you like to come to join my birthday party?你愿意来参加我的生日晚会吗?,19,(2)collect意为“收集，搜集”，常用作及物动词，,后跟名词或代词作宾语,。,eg,：I like collecting all kinds Of Chinese stamps very much我非常喜欢收集各种中国邮票。,20,4Thanks for sending me the snow globe of the monster 非常感谢您送我怪兽雪花球形玻璃器。(1)thanks for相当于thank you for意为“为感谢你”，,后多跟名词短语或动名词,。,eg,：Thanks for your last letter.谢谢你的上封来信。,21,(2),send sb.,s,th.,相当于,send sth.to sb.,表示“送给某人某物”,eg:,He sent me a present for my birthday.He sent a present to me for my birthday我过生日他送了我一件礼物。,22,5.By the way，whats your hobby?顺便提一下，你的个人爱好是什么?(1)这是一个特殊疑问句的简单句，,by the way,在句中作插入语。介词短语by the way意思是“且说，顺便提一下，还有”，常用来介绍一般性的话题，或在脑子里突然想起的事情。例如：We,are waiting for,you，by the way，dinner will be at eight我们正在等着你，还有晚饭是八点开。,23,(2)名词,hobby,表示“爱好”是,可数名词。,复数：,hobbies,eg,：Your hobby is reading 你的爱好是看书。One of my hobbies is astronomy 我的爱好之一是天文学。,24,6,It made me think about differences in food cultures between China and western countries,它使我想起了中国和西方国家在饮食文化方面的差异。,(1)make,使役动词,“使；让”，,后面接不定式作宾语补足语时，不带,to,，类似的还有,let,和,have,。,eg,He,made,the students,laugh,他把同学们逗笑了。,Aunt Li tried to,make,us,stay,for supper.,李大婶要留我们吃晚饭。,25,(2),think about,考虑；回想，想起；认为,eg,think about a plan,考虑一项计划,I always think about her when it snows,每当下雪的时候，我总是想起她。,We need to think about the plan,我们需要考虑一下这个计划。,26,(3)介词,between,二者之间,eg:,There is a fence between his garden and our garden 在他的花园和我们的花园之间有一道栅栏。Youre to sit between Moira and me 你坐在莫伊娜和我之间。,27,【词语辨析】,1.every和each(1),each,一定数目中的“每一个”；“个别”意义较重，表示各有不同，更强调个人或个别。eg,:,Each one has his weakness 每人都有每人的弱点。(2),every,数目不确定的许多人或物中间的“每一个”；“总合”意义较重，表示“大家一致”。eg,:,Every one of us is here 我们都到了。(3),each,可作主语、同位语、定语和状语，而every只能作定语。,28,2.raise 和rise(1),rise,（rose，risen）v.“上升”，（一定是不及物的）n.“上升，上涨”give rise to=lead to引起，例：The food shortage gave rise to the serious problems.食品的短缺引起了严重的问题。,29,(2),raise,vt.及物动词.,“使上升,筹集,”，,eg:,“举起”raise ones hand,“提出”raise a question,“抚养，相当于bring up,/,raise children,“筹集”raise funds,30,3.have to与must have to与must都有“必须”的意思，但有其不同之处：(1),have to,有时态和人称变化，带有客观因素，意思是“不得不”；must无时态和人称变化，后面接不带to的不定式，带有主观因素，意思是“必须，一定”。eg：I have to go nowIts dark
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