瘤胃的重要性课件

Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,2004 Cargill Incorporated.All Rights Reserved,Rumen Health Signs and Importance,瘤胃健康表现和重要性,Whats Going On In There Anyhow?,在那里都发生了什么？,Presented by Mike Jerred,Bulk-Limiting vs.Acid-Limiting Rations,体积限制性与酸度限制性日粮,Rumen pH,瘤胃pH,Add Acid,加酸,Add Base,加碱,Buffered,Zone,酸-碱缓冲区,Bulk-Limiting,体积限制,Acid-Limiting,酸性限制,6.0,6.2,Why is Rumen Health Important,？,为什么瘤胃健康非常重要？,It impacts:,它影响：,Lameness,跛蹄,Fiber Digestibility,纤维消化率,Productivity,生产性能,Reproduction,繁殖性能,Longevity,生产寿命,WHY DO WE CULL COWS?,为什么要淘汰牛？,NAHMS,1996.Part I:Reference of 1996 Dairy Management Practices,Adapted from,Zinpro,:“Identifying,Treating,and Preventing Claw Disorders”,2003,Adapted from,Zinpro,:“Identifying,Treating,and Preventing Claw Disorders”,2003,DOES LAMENESS AFFECT REPRODUCTION?,趾蹄疾病影响繁殖性能吗？,Numerous Studies Conducted in the United Kingdom,Mexico and United States Indicate That Cows That Are Lame Have Between 11 and 28 More Days Open,在英国、墨西哥和美国的许多研究表明患有趾蹄疾病的奶牛的空怀期要比正常奶牛长11-28天,Adapted from,Zinpro,:“Identifying,Treating,and Preventing Claw Disorders”,2003,Adapted from Hoof Care for Dairy Cattle,1992.J.E.Nocek,LAMENES,趾蹄病,Environment/Management,环境/管理,Stress,应激,Trauma,外部损伤,Exercise,运动,Trimming,修蹄,Weakened Claws(Hooves),蹄鞘软化,Breakdown in Supportive Connective Tissue,支持性结缔组织分解,Poor Quality Horn Formation,角质形成差,Metabolic Disorders,代谢疾病,Milk Fever,产褥热,Ketosis,酮病,Genetics,遗传,Vaso,-Constriction/Dilation,血管收缩/扩张,Nutrition,营养,Excessive Grain,过量饲喂谷物饲料,Finely Chopped Forage,牧草切割过短,Improper Feeding Management,饲养管理不善,Incorrect Ratio of Concentrate to Forage,不适当的精粗比,Increased Lactic Acid Production,大量乳酸生成,Lowered pH,pH,降低,Infectious Diseases,传染病,Metritis,子宫炎,Mastitis,乳房炎,Retained Placenta,胎衣滞留,Death of Gram Negative Bacteria,革兰氏阴性细菌死亡,Molds/,Mycotoxins,霉菌/黄曲霉,Endotoxin,Release,释放内毒素,Histamine,产生组胺,DC-12,LAMENESS:,趾蹄病,CAUSES AND SEQUENCE OF EVENTS,诱因和病情发展,When Particle Size Is Too Small:,当饲料颗粒太小时：,Feed intake fluctuates.,饲料采食量波动,Cud-chewing stops.,反刍停止,Rumen microbial populations shift.,瘤胃微生物区系改变,Manure gets loose.,粪便趋稀,Manure shows grain.,粪便中出现未消化的谷物,Straw,bedding or soil are consumed.,采食秸杆，垫草或土壤,Butterfat drops.,乳脂率下降,Body condition leaves.,体况下降,Feet get sore.,蹄发炎、疼痛,Acidosis occurs.,发生酸中毒,Milk production falls.,产奶量下降,Health degenerates.,健康状况下降,Cows get culled and some die.,奶牛被淘汰和死亡,Rumen pH Scale.,瘤胃,pH,数值范围,OK,（,安全,）,:,pH 6.2,Suspect,（,密切关注,）,:,pH 5.9 to 6.2,Dangerous,（,危险,）,:,pH 5.9,What is Pro-Rumen Nutrition?,什么是促瘤胃营养？,It considers both physical and chemical effects on rumen function.,考虑饲料的物理和化学特性对瘤胃功能的影响,It seeks to keep the rumen healthy.,探寻保障瘤胃健康的途径,It attempts to take full advantage of microbial activity in the rumen as a source of nutrition for the cow.,最大限度促进瘤胃微生物活动和生长为奶牛提供更高质量的营养物质,Elements of Pro-Rumen Nutrition,促瘤胃营养元素,Rumen Health(rH Index).,瘤胃健康（,rH,指数）,Taking care of the rumen“bugs.”,关注瘤胃微生物,Synchronized degradation.,同步的营养物质降解,Carbohydrates,碳水化合物,Proteins,蛋白质,Prediction of microbial synthesis(protein).,估测菌体蛋白生成,The Rumen Health Index.,rH,瘤胃健康指数,rH,To develop a system that allows formulation for maximum use of energy while maintaining proper conditions in the rumen(pH).,开发在维持适当的瘤胃内环境(,pH),的条件下最大限度地提高日粮能量水平的系统,Objective,目的:,Factors Affecting Rumen Health Index,影响瘤胃健康指数的因素,Chewing,Time,咀嚼时间,Alkaline,Molecules,碱性分子,+,=,rH,Ammonia,氨,Bases&Buffers,碱&缓冲剂,NPN,非蛋白氮(尿素),RDP (Ruminally-Degraded Protein),瘤胃可降解蛋白,Acid in Ingredients,原料中酸,Type of NFC,非纤维性碳水化合物的类型,NFC Digestion Rate,非纤维性碳水化合物消化速度,Positive Factors,有利因素,Negative Factor,不利因素,Rumen Health Index,瘤胃健康指数,(Urea),Particle Size,饲料颗粒大小,Particle Structure,饲料颗粒结构,NDF Concentration,NDF,浓度,Acid Production,产酸,+,Acid Intake,食入酸,-,Factors Affecting Rumen Health Index,影响瘤胃健康指数的因素,Chewing,Time,咀嚼时间,Alkaline,Molecules,碱性分子,Acid Production,产酸,+,Acid Intake,食入酸,+,-,=,rH,Positive Factors,有利因素,Negative Factor,不利因素,Rumen Health Index,瘤胃健康指数,Factors Affecting Rumen Health Index,影响瘤胃健康指数的因素,Chewing,Time,咀嚼时间,Positive Factors,有利因素,Dependent on,依赖于,:,1)Particle Size,饲料颗粒大小,2)Particle Structure,饲料颗粒结构,3)NDF Concentration,NDF,浓度,More chewing means more saliva.,咀嚼次数越多意味唾液分泌越多,More saliva means more buffers.,唾液越多意味越多的缓冲剂,Factors Affecting Rumen Health Index,影响瘤胃健康指数的因素,Chewing,Time,咀嚼时间,Alkaline,Molecules,碱性分子,Acid Production,产酸,+,Acid Intake,食入酸,+,-,=,rH,Positive Factors,有利因素,Negative Factor,不利因素,Rumen Health Index,瘤胃健康指数,Factors Affecting Rumen Health Index,影响瘤胃健康指数的因素,Alkaline,Molecules,碱性分子,Positive Factors,有利因素,Act as bases,counteracting acid production.,起碱的作用、抑制酸的产生,NH,3,NH,4,+,NaHCO,3,H,2,CO,3,+Na,+,Ammonia,氨,Sodium Bicarbonate,小苏打,CO,2,+H,2,O,+H,+,+H,+,Factors Affecting Rumen Health Index,影响瘤胃健康指数的因素,Rumen Health Index,瘤胃健康指数,Chewing,Time,咀嚼时间,Alkaline,Molecules,碱性分子,Acid Production,产酸,+,Acid Intake,食入酸,+,-,=,rH,Positive Factors,有利因素,Negative Factor,不利因素,Factors Affecting Rumen Health Index,影响瘤胃健康指数的因素,Acid Production,产酸,+,Acid Intake,食入酸,Negative Factor,不利因素,Factors Affecting Rumen Health Index,影响瘤胃