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单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,.,*,Chapter 2 The Arthrology,Section 3,Joints of limbs,主讲人 冯 娜,.,【目的与要求】,1.,掌握,肩关节、肘关节、腕关节、髋关节、膝 关节和踝关节的构成、特点及运动。,2.,掌握,髋骨与脊柱间的韧带连结，骨盆的组成与分部。,3.了解胸锁关节、肩锁关节、骶髂关节的构成，足弓的构成及功能。,.,The General Description,Owing to the erect standing of human being,the upper limb has been,freed,and,more movable,from weight bearing and become a laboring organ.The joints of the upper limb are chiefly for the,mobility,in action,whereas the joints of the lower limb are for the,stability.,.,.,Joints of upper limb,),Joints of the girdle of the upper limb,1.Sternoclavicular joint,胸锁关节,*Composition,:clavicular notch of sternum,and the first costal cartilage,sternal end of clavicle.,*Feature,:,Articular capsule:strong,*Movements,(,poly-axial,joint),Interclavicular lig.,anterior,sternoclavicular,lig.,costoclavicular lig.,.,2.Acromioclavicular joint,肩锁关节,(,plane joint),3.Coracoacromial ligament,喙肩韧带,Coracoacromial arch,喙肩弓,Coracoid process,acromion,.,),Joints of free upper limb,1.Shoulder joint,肩关节,(ball-and-socket),Composition,:head of humerus and glenoid cavity of scapula,Feature,:,Type of joint:,Capsule,:,Thin and loose,.,Accessory structures,:,Glenoid labrum,盂唇,Coracohumeral ligament,喙肱韧带,Movements,of shoulder joint,flexion and extension;,adduction and abduction;,medial and lateral rotation;circumduction.,.,头大盂小囊松薄,最易发生前下脱,.,2.,Elbow joint,肘关节,(compound joint),Composition:,lower end of,humerus,upper ends of radius and ulna,1.Humeroulnar joint,肱尺关节,2.Humeroradial joint,肱桡关节,3.Proximal radioulnar joint,桡尺近侧关节,Feature,:,Type of joint:,compound joint,Capsule,:thin and loose anteriorly and posteriorly.,.,Ligaments,:,1.Radial collacteral ligament,桡侧副韧带,2.,Ulnar collacteral ligament,尺侧副韧带,3.,Annular ligament of radius,桡骨环状韧带,Movements:,flexion and extension,pronation and supination,.,Dislocation,.,medial epicondyle of the humerus,lateral epicondyle,of the humerus,tip of the olecranon,.,3.Joints between radius and ulnar,1)Proximal radioulnar joint,桡尺近侧关节,2)Distal radioulnar joint,桡尺远侧关节,3)Interosseous membrane of forearm,前臂骨间膜,.,.,4.Joints of hand,1),Radiocarpal joint,桡腕关节,(wrist joint),Composition,Joint formed by the distal end,of radius,articular disc below,ulnar and scaphoid,lunate,and triquetrum of carpus.,Feature,Type of joint:ellipsoid joint,Capsule:,lax,strengthened,by surrounding ligaments,Movements:flexion,extension,adduction,abduction,circumduction,.,2)Carpometacarpal joints,Carpometacarpal joint of thumb,拇指腕掌关节,Composition,:trapezium and base of the first metacarpal,Type of joint:saddle joint,Movement,:flexion,extension,adduction,abduction,and opposition,3)The others,:,自学,.,.Joints of Lower limb,)Joints of pelvic girdle,1.Sacroiliac joint,骶髂关节,Composition,:auricular surface of sacrum and ilium,Feature,:,Capsule:very tight and strengthened by ligaments,.,2.Vertebro-pelvic ligaments,1),Iliolumbar,ligament,髂腰韧带,2),Sacrotuberous ligament,骶结节韧带,3),Sacrospinous ligament,骶棘韧带,These two ligaments convert,the sciatic notches the,greater,and,lesser,sciatic foramen,坐骨大、小孔,.,3.Pubic symphysis,耻骨联合,4.Obturator membrane,闭孔膜,obturator canal,闭膜管,.,5.Pelvis骨盆,1)Composition,:,2)Terminal line,界线,:formed by promontory of sacrum,arcuate line,pecten pubis,pubis tuberosity and upper border of pubic,symphysis.,3)Two portions,Greater pelvis,Lesser pelvis,.,4)Lesser pelvis 小骨盆,(1)pelvic inlet,骨盆上口,(terminal line):,(2)Pelvic outlet,骨盆下口,:,formed by tip of coccyx,sacrotuberous ligament,ischial tuberosity,ramus of ischium,inferior ramus of pubis,lower border of pubic symphysis,(3)Pelvic cavity,(4)Pubic arch,subpubic angle,subpubic angle,.,骨盆的性差,男性,女性,骨盆形状 窄而长 宽而短,骨盆上口 呈心形 椭圆形,骨盆下口 狭小 宽大,骨盆腔 呈漏斗形 圆筒形,骶骨 窄长，宽短，,曲度大 曲度小,骶骨岬 突出 突出,明显 不明显,耻骨下角,70 75 90,100,男性,女性,7075,90100,.,),Joints of free lower limb,1.,Hip joint 髋关节,Composition,:,acetabulum and femoral head,Feature,:,(1)Articular capsule,Strengthened and thick,intra-capsular fracture,extra-capsular fracture,.,Acetabular labrum,髋臼唇,transverse acetabular,ligament,髋臼横韧带,Ligament of head of,femur,股骨头韧带,Iliofemoral lig.,髂股韧带,Pubofemoral lig.,耻股韧带,Ischiofemoral ligament,坐股韧带,Zona orbicularis轮匝带,Ligament of,head,of femur,Acetabular labrum,Transverse acetebular,lig.,Ischiofemoral lig.,(2),Accessory structures,Iliofemoral lig.,Pubofemoral lig.,.,Movements of hip joint:,flexion and extension,adduction and abduction rotation and circumduction,Clinical application,.,2.,Knee joint 膝关节,1),Composition,:,lower end of femur,upper end of tibia,and patella,2)Feature,:,Articular capsule:,thin and loose,3),Accessory structures,Patellar lig.,髌韧带,Patellar lig,.,Tibial collateral,lig.,Fibular collateral ligment,腓侧副韧带,Tibial collateral ligment,胫侧副韧带,Anterior cruciate ligment,前交叉韧带,Posterior cruciate ligment,后交叉韧带,Posterior,cruciate lig.,Anterior,cruciate lig.,.,Suprapatellar bursa 髌上囊,alar folds,翼状襞,.,Medial meniscus,内侧半月板,(C-shaped),Lateral meniscus,外侧半月板,(O-shaped),3),Movements,:flexion and extension;flexed knee joint can do some rotated movements.,lateral,Medial,从内向外，一氧化碳(CO),.,knee injury(thre
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