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,*,English,Grammer,Personal Information,Class:Class Six,2009,StuNo:,Name:Cindy,EnglishGrammerPersonal Informa,Postponement,Fronting,Inversion,Word order,PostponementFrontingInversionW,Postponement,Fronting,Inversion,Postponement,Fronting,&,Inversion,Fronting,With inversion,Fronting,without,inversion,End focus,&,end weight,Postponement,of key words,Postponement PostponementFront,Postponement,the placement of a clause element(or part of a clause element)further to the right in the sentence than one would normally expect to find it.Postponement typically applies to long and heavy clause elements/modifiers),in agreement with the principle of end weight.,E.g.,A fascinating account is given,in the book of the authors adventures during his travels in South America.,(post modifier of subject noun phrase given at the end of the sentence);,The police found in his possession,an automatic pistol,forged passports,and bank notes from two robberies,.,(S-V-A-d-O instead of the more common S-V-d-O-A,).,Postponement the placement,End focus,We will start with the principles of,“end focus”,and,“end weight”,which are closely related to postponement as a device for achieving emphasis.,End focus:,As an information unit,the sentence normally consists of two parts:old information+new information.,Old information,(also called“give/known information”)is already known to the hearer,and this is usually expressed by the subject.,New information,usually expressed by the predicate,is the message to be conveyed,and the focus or the most important part of the message usually occupies the end position in the sentence.That is what we call,information focus,or,end focus.,E.g.,Mr Smith is a friend of my fathers.,In this sentence,“,Mr Smith,”is,Old information,while“,a friend of my fathers,”is,New information,.And“,my fathers,”is,Information focus,.,End focusWe will start with th,End weight,End weight:,It manifests itself in the fact that the construction of the subject is usually shorter and less complicated than that of the predicate where the new information lies,.,E.g.,1)He,smokes,.,He,smokes cigarettes,.,2)He,rests,.,He,took a rest,.,3)They,pushed the car.,They,gave the car a push,.,The second sentence of each group above seems more natural than the first one.It seems that the multi-word structure of predicate in the former sentence sounds better conformed to usage.,End weight End weight:It ma,Postponement of key words,Because of the principles between,End Focus,and,End Weight,the end position in a sentence is normally reserved for highlighting key words.Hence,postponement becomes a grammatical device for achieving emphasis.,E.g.,he gave me,a book,.,He gave a book to,me,.,In the first sentence,prominence is given to,“a book”,and it is used in answer to,“what did he give you?”,.While in the second prominence is,“me”.,and the second in answer to,“Who did he give a book to?”,Thus,whether the indirect object precedes the direct object or in versa depends on which object is to be highlighted.This shows the importance of final placement in the ordering of words.,Postponement of key words B,Now try to put the two sentences into one.,The cross-examination was expertly handled.,It lasted only half an hour.,If it is to answer the question of,How long did the cross-examination last?,the answers can be:,The cross-examination,which was expertly handled,lasted only half an hour.,Expertly handled,The cross-examination,lasted only half an hour.,The expertly handled cross-examination,lasted only half an hour,.,The cross-examination,in expert hands,lasted only half an hour.,The cross-examination,an expertly handled affair,lasted only half an hour.,Now try to put the two sentenc,Instead,if it is to answer the question of,How was the cross-examination handled?,the answers can be:,The cross-examination,which lasted only half an hour,was expertly handled.,The cross-examination,lasting only half an hour,was expertly handled.,The half-hour cross-examination,was expertly handled,.,The cross-examination,a half-hour affair,was expertly handled.,From the examples we can see the importance of final placement in the ordering of words.,Instead,if it is to answer th,Fronting,Fronting involves the movement of a clause element to a position before the subject.Typically t,he effect of fronting is the fronted element receives special emphasis,often because it contrasts with something mentioned earlier.,E.g.,Something had to give.And,give,it did,.,(,Fronting of Predicate).,This,she realized without being told.,(,Fronting,of Object),Fronting Fronting involves the,Inversion,In a few cases fronting causes inversion(fronting of negative or restrictive element,fronting of obligatory adverbial or adverbial particle,fronting of,so,+adjective/adverb,fronting of-,ing,or past participle clause).,Inversion used about a word order whereby the whole verb phrase or an auxiliary occurs in front of the subject.,E.g.,Very strange,it seemed.,What do you make of that?,demanded,the Chief Constabl