跨文化交际ppt课件

,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,1,Cultural Shock or Acculturation,5,Historical development,2,Aspects of Intercultural communication,3,Cross-cultural Communicative competence,4,Basic concepts,1,Contents,Cases,6,Cross-cultural communication,1Cultural Shock or Acculturati,2,Basic concepts,What is culture?,What is communication?,What is Cross-cultural communication?,2Basic conceptsWhat is culture,3,What is Communication?,It,comes from the Latin word “communicare”, it means to give or to exchange. Now, the most common meaning of “communication” is to give or exchange information or ideas.,Communication is our ability to share our ideas and feelings. (the basis of all human contact),Communication is a dynamic, systematic process in which meanings are created and reflected in human interaction with symbols. (Griffin,2006:54),3What is Communication?It come,4,交际,传理,交通,通信,传播,沟通,交流,Communication,Various Chinese Translations of Communication,Communication,4交际传理交通通信传播沟通交流CommunicationVa,5,Types of Communication,human communication,(,人类交际）,animal communication,(,动物交际）,human-animal communication,（人类与动物的交际）,human-machine communication,（人机交际）,machine-to-machine communication,（机器交际）,5Types of Communicationhuman c,6,Linear Model of Communication,Sender,Receiver,Channel (message),encoding,decoding,noise,Is this an effective model of communication?,Mode of Communication,6Linear Model of Communication,大家有疑问的，可以询问和交流,可以互相讨论下，但要小声点,7,大家有疑问的，可以询问和交流可以互相讨论下，但要小声点7,8,Interactive Model of Communication,Sender,Receiver,Sender,Receiver,encoding,decoding,noise,Feedback is,essential,to good communication,decoding,encoding,message / channel,message / channel,8Interactive Model of Communic,9,Elements of communication,Context (location, time, light, temperature, seating arrangements),Participants (relationship, gender, culture),Messages (meanings, symbols, encoding,and decoding),Channels (sound, sight, smell, taste, touch),Noise (external noise, internal noise,semantic noise),Feedback,(Griffin,2006:94),9Elements of communicationCont,10,Characteristics of communication,1) Communication is dynamic,2) Communication is interactive,3) Communication is irreversible,4) Communication takes place in both a physical and social context.,(Griffin,2006),10Characteristics of communica,11,What is Cross-cultural Communication?,Cross-cultural communication is communication between people whose cultural perceptions and symbol systems are distinct enough to alter the communication event.,Cross-cultural communication refers to any communication between two members of any cultural communities. (,Samovar and Porter, 2004:47,),11What is Cross-cultural Commu,12,Cross-cultural Communication Vs Intercultural Communication,Cross-cultural communication,the similarities and differences in value orientations, affective dispositions, communicative styles etc.,(psychological process),Intercultural communication,the penetration by a member of one culture into another culture (practical significance),In Chinese :“,跨文化交际学”或 “跨文化交流学”,12Cross-cultural Communication,13,Historical development,The establishment of the Foreign Service Institute (1940s-50s);,The body of work by anthropologist Edward T. Hall (1950s);,The launching of cross-cultural organizations (1970s-80s);,The increase of cross-cultural coursework in colleges and universities (1970s-80s);,The growth of a body of work in cross-cultural communication theory and research(1980s-present),(Dijk,1998:145),13Historical developmentThe es,14,Interdisciplinary orientation,These fields include:,anthropology,cultural studies,psychology,communication,14Interdisciplinary orientatio,15,Classical Works in the Field,In 1940,Franz Boas,Race, Language and Culture.,In 1957, firstly “Cross cultural studies” by Robert Lado in his,Linguistic Across Cultures,(,跨文化语言学,）,. He discussed the cultural comparison in three aspects: form, meaning and distribution(,顾嘉祖，,4,）,.,In,1959,the,Silent Language,by Edward T. Hall initiated the cross-cultural studies.,R.Oliver , 1962,，,Culture and communication,A.G.Smith, 1966,Culture and communication,In 1970s, ICA (International Communication Association) accepted,Cross-cultural Communication as a branch discipline. as a discipline,),Journals,: International and Intercultural Journal of Intercultural Relations.,15Classical Works in the Fiel,16,A Monumental Figure,Edward Twitchell Hall, (1914 2009) , American anthropologist and cross-cultural researcher.,Hall introduced a number of new concepts, including proxemics, polychronic and monochronic time, and high and low context culture,s.,The Silent Language,(1959),The Hidden Dimension,(1966),Beyond Culture,(1976),16A Monumental FigureEdward Tw,17,Proxemics,(,人际距离学）,It refers to a description of how people behave and react in different types of culturally-defined,personal space,. Four categories of distance include:,Friends,and relatives,social distance,public distance,17Proxemics (人际距离学）It refers t,18,Time systems (Hall, 1976),Monochronic Time (M-Time),Polychronic Time (P-Time),美国人类学家霍尔（,Edward Hall,）在（,Beyond Culture,）一书中首次区分了两种不同的时间观念,即,“,单向计时制,”,（,monochronic time,）和,“,多向计时制,”,（,polychronic tim,e),18Time systems (Hall, 1976)Mon,19,Monochronic Time (M-Time),It schedules one event at a time. In these cultures time is perceived as a,linear,structure just like a ribbon stretching from the past into the future.,e.g. American,“,单向计时制重视日程安排、阶段时间和准时,”,认为,“,时间是线性的、可分割的，就象一条道路或带子向前伸展到未来，向后延伸到过去,”,。,美国人特别强调把时间分割成不同的时段来安排活动,强调守时,严格按照日程一次做一件事情（,do one thing at a time,）,19Monochronic Time (M-Time),20,Polychronic Time (P-Time),P-time schedules,several activities,at the same time. It is more flexible and more humanistic.,People from P-time system emphasize the involvement of people more than schedules. They do not see appointments as ironclad commitments and sometimes break them (Hall, 1976:73).,e.g. Chinese, Latin American, Arab and most Asian cultures,20Polychronic Time (P-Time),21,Aspects of Cross-cultural Communication,High and Low Context Cultures,Verb and Non Verbal Communication,21Aspects of Cross-cultural Co,22,High and Low context cultures,The idea of context in culture was an idea put forth by an anthropologist by the name of,Edward T Hall,.,Hall broke up culture into two main groups:,High and Low context cultures,.,He referred to context as the stimuli, environment or ambiance surrounding the environment.,22High and Low context culture,23,High-context Culture:,In high-context messages, meaning is not necessarily contained in words. Information is provided through gestures, the use of space, and even silence. Meaning is also conveyed through status (age, sex, education, family background, title, and affiliation) (Hall, 1959:97).,High-Context cultures assume the individual is,knowledgeable,about the subject and has to be given very little background information.,High-context cultures include,Chinese, Japanese, Middle Easterners, etc.,23High-context Culture:In high,24,Low-context Culture:,In low-context messages, the majority of the information is vested in the,explicit,code.,low-context cultures assume that the individuals,know very little,about what they are being told, and therefore must be given a lot of background information.,Low-context cultures include,English, North American, German, etc.,24Low-context Culture:In low-c,25,verbal,non-verbal,language,others,body language,others,speaking,writing,sound,spoken language,written language,informal,formal,paralinguistics,sign language,gestures,flag,codes,human communication,Diagram of human communication,25 verbalnon-verballang,26,Verbal Communication,Paralanguage (,伴随语言,),: refers to voice,characteristics,and vocal,qualities,.,Paralinguistics,is the study of such aspects of speech as,tone, volume, pitch and tempo, pause and the like,which are together with verbal information.,Our voice may be one of,the most informative,elements in building up our images.,26Verbal CommunicationParalang,27,(1) Pitch,P,itch decides hesitation or emphasis.,When one is,excited, his/her voice would be high in pitch, quick in rate, and there will be no pauses between sentences;,When one is,sad or depressed, his/her voice traits would surely be the opposite.,27(1) Pitch Pitch decides,28,(2) Volume Control,The English always speak in lower voice than Chinese when they make speech or a lecture, or talking with each other, or phoning. But Chinese often speak in loud voice in the aforesaid occasions.,American are more skilled in regulating their voice volume and use very many different volume levels depending on the size of the audience and the physical environment.,28(2) Volume Control The,29,(3) Silence,Silence can be,longer,between friends or intimates than the strangers who have to converse.,Chinese pay more attention to the function of silence in the talking, and think that the pauses and silence have,rich meanings,.,Silence may have many possible meanings: agreement-disagreement, thoughtful-ignorance, consideration-inconsideration, secrecy, coldness, submission, boredom and so on.,29(3) Silence Silence can,30,Nonverbal Communication,Nonverbal codes,refer to communicative messages which are,not,in,word,form.,More than,55%,messages are communicated nonverbally!,30Nonverbal CommunicationNonve,31,Definition,Nonverbal communication involves all,nonverbal stimuli in a communication setting,that is generated by both the source and his or her use of the environment and that has potential message value for the source or receiver. (Samovar and Porter, 2004),31DefinitionNonverbal communic,32,Where are they from?,muumuu,jeans,32Where are they from?muumuuje,33,Kimono,Sari (Saree),33KimonoSari (Saree),34,General Appearance and Dress,Concern with how one appears is universal.,We,make inferences,(often faulty) about another,s,“,intelligence, gender, age, approachability, financial well-being, class, tastes, values, and cultural background,”,from attractiveness, dress, and personal appearance.,34General Appearance and Dress,35,Body Language,Body language refers to all nonverbal codes which are associated with,body movements,.,Body language includes,gestures, head movements, facial expressions, eye behaviors, postures,and other displays that can be used to communicate.,35Body LanguageBody language r,36,Gestures,Gestures are an important component of non-verbal communication. It must be emphasized that,gestures vary in meaning from culture to culture,.,Non-verbal Communication,36GesturesNon-verbal Communica,37,1.the ring gesture:,In America, it means OK. Its great.,In Japan it means money;,In France it means zero or worthless;,In Tunisia,突尼斯 “,Ill kill you.”,37,38,2.the single finger beckon:,In America it simply means:come here.,In Yugoslavia and Malaysia it is only used for beckoning animals.,In Indonesia and Australia it is used for beckoning prostitutes.,38,39,3.The thumbs-up sign:,In Britain it means OK and is also used as a sign for hitch-hiking.,In Greece it is an insult.,In Chinese it means OK or praising.,39,40,Cross-cultural Communicative Competence,Integration,of communicative competence and cultural competence.,40Cross-cultural Communicative,41,Communicative Competence,Grammatical Competence,mastering the linguistic code of a language (sentence level),Discourse Competence,forming a meaningful whole out of a series of utterances.,(inter-sentential relationships),41Communicative Competence Gra,42,Sociolinguistic Competence,knowledge of the socio-cultural rules (appropriateness of utterances),Strategic Competence,verbal and nonverbal communication strategies that may be called into action to,compensate,for breakdowns in communication due to insufficient competence.,42Sociolinguistic Competence,43,Cultural Competence,Awareness of ones own cultural worldview;,Attitude towards cultural differences;,Knowledge of different cultural practices and worldviews;,cross-cultural skills.,43Cultural CompetenceAwareness,44,Ethnocentrism,Stereotyping,Prejudice,Discrimination,Racism,Lack of Knowledge, Motivation, & Skill,Obstacles to Cross-cultural Competence Within People,44 EthnocentrismObstacles t,45,Ethnocentrism,It is the tendency to use the categories of ones own culture to evaluate the actions of others, or the belief that ones culture is primary to all explanations of reality.,If people believe that their cultural is,the only true culture, they will discriminate against people who manifest cultural norms that fail to correspond to their values and behaviors.,45EthnocentrismIt is the tend,46,Stereotyping,Stereotypes are a form of generalization about some group of people, or a means of organizing images into,fixed,and,simple,categories that are used to stand for,the entire collection,of people.,It is found in nearly,every,intercultural situation.,The reason for the pervasive nature of stereotypes is that human beings have a psychological need,to categorize and classify,.,46StereotypingStereotypes are,47,They are barriers to intercultural communication.,Stereotypes fail to specify individual characteristics.,They assume that all members of a group have exactly the same traits.,They are oversimplified, over generalized, and/ or exaggerated.,They are based on half-truths, distortions, and often untrue premises; but often taken as “truth”.,47 They are barriers to interc,48,In the past:,American stereotype on Japanese:,Fuji Mountain, Sakura, Geisha,Japanese stereotype on Americans:,chewing gum,At present:,American stereotype on Japanese:,Economic hole, workaholic,Japanese stereotype on Americans:,the white foreigners speaking English,48In the past:,49,Prejudice,It refers to negative attitudes towards other people that are based on faulty and inflexible stereotypes. It is an,unfair,biased, or,intolerant,attitude towards another group of people.,“Those Germans did it once, so I can never trust any of them ever again.”,“Dont pay the Mexicans very much. They dont have any education and will work for almost nothing.”,49PrejudiceIt refers to negat,50,Discrimination,It refers to the behavioral manifestations of the prejudice, it can be thought of as prejudice “in action”.,Racism,50DiscriminationIt refers to,51,Lack of Knowledge, Motivation & Skill,To overcome all the previous obstacles, it requires a commitment both to learning about other cultures and to understand ones own.,A willingness to explore various cultural experiences without prejudgment is necessary.,An ability to behave appropriately and effectively with culturally different others without invoking prejudice and stereotyped assumptions.,51Lack of Knowledge, Motivati,52,Form of Address,Greeting,Initiating Conversation and Conversation Topic,Visiting,Parting,Cultural shock or Acculturation,when east meets west,52Form of AddressCultural shoc,53,Individualistic and Collectivist Culture,Individualistic Culture,(liberalism):,individuals tend to,define themselves,by the extent to,which they are,different from,rather than similar,to other.,People are,encouraged to display,self-confidence and,assertiveness,disclosure of personal,thoughts and feelings.,Collectivist culture,(Confucianism): places little value on individual identity and great value on group identity.,Going,ones own way is,not valued; uniformity and conformity are stressed.,53Individualistic and Collecti,54,A case in point,Authorial identity in academic writing,Individualistic VS. Collectivistic,Visible invisible,the use of I, We etc.,54A case in point,55,55,56,Form of Address,Surname + Title,Title + Surname,Surname + Title,Title + Surname,Given Name,Given Name,Given Name,56Form of AddressSurname + Tit,57,Focus,The use of persons title:,In China:,Surname + Title:,张局长,李经理,严校长,In America:,only a few occupations or titles:,Doctor, Professor,Nurse, Judge,Mayor,The ranks in the armed force: Captain,Usage:,Singly/+ surname,57FocusThe use of persons tit,58,58,59,59,60,Focus,Family, relatives or close neighbors:,In China:,二哥,三姐,四婶,王大伯,In America:,Given names,Exceptions:,Parents,grandparents,older relatives,60FocusFamily, relatives or cl,61,The proper topics to start conversations:,Initiating Conversation and Conversation Topic,Hobbies,A local or national event,Holidays,Jobs,The weather,Films/books,61The proper topics to start c,62,Some topics that Chinese should be careful about discussing:,Age,Money,Health,62Some topics that Chinese sho,63,Such questions about money should be avoided:,How much do you earn?,How much is the dress/mobile phone?,The issue can only be approached indirectly:,Xiao He:,Thats a beautiful plant stand! Where did you,buy it?,Jennifer:,At the plant shop on Siming Road.,Xiao He:,Oh, Id love to buy one myself. Was it very,expensive?,Jennifer:,Not really. In fact, I thought it was quite,reasonable. I paid five,yuan,for it.,63Such questions about money s,64,Business related,Visiting,characteristics,arranged in advance,straight to the point,socially related,characteristics,depending on individual preference, but usually with an advance notice,64Business relatedVisitingchar,65,Gifts,65Gifts,66,Showing Hospitality in Different Ways,66Showing Hospitality in Diff,67,Meals,To show hospitality:,The quantity and variety of the meal,far more than can be eaten at the time,relate the meal size more accurately to the peoples appetite,At the table,constantly put the best piece of food on the visitors plate,leave the guests to help themselves and do not keep urging them to eat more,67MealsTo show hospitality:The,68,Two different responses to different ways of hospitality:,An English guest,:,Each time a new dish arrived his parents would lean over and load my plate with tasty morsels. As they had taken all the trouble to cook it I just had to polish it off. As soon as my plate was empty they would put more on. Of course, I felt duty-bound to eat that too.,A Chinese guest,:,Can you imagine how many dishes I had? One a stew with meat and vegetables. The meat was over done and too hard to eat; green vegetables were no longer green. They never put food on your plate but just ask you to help yourself. If you, as a guest, are shy or modest, waiting for the food to be put on your plate, you will remain half-starved.,68Two different responses to d,69,Two major concerns:,Parting,How long is it appropriate to stay?,What to say when you decide to leave?,69Two major concerns:PartingHo,70,“Well, its been lovely to see you, but I must be going soon. I hope well be able to get together again before long”,“Thank you for a lovely evening. I must not hold you any longer.”,It is common for the guest to,indulge in a couple of minutes small talk,while preparing for leaving.,The host will,see the guest to the door,and say something like “Thank you for coming.”,70“Well, its been lovely to s,71,Thanks for Your Attention!,71,