郧阳师专英语系综合英语教研室

,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,*,Unit 5,Book I,郧阳师专英语系综合英语教研室,Language Structures,Warm-up Exercises:,Use indirect speech to convert the following sentence.,A passage from a book about William Shakespeare:William Shakespeare(1564 1616)probably wrote 37 plays-18 published during his lifetime.,=The book says that William Shakespeare was born in 1564 and he died in 1616.It tells us that he probably wrote 37 plays,of which 18 were published during his lifetime.,Direct&Indirect Speech,There are two ways of relating what a person has said:direct and indirect.In direct speech we repeat the original speakers exact words:,He said,“I am writing a letter.,In indirect speech we give the exact meaning of a remark or a speech,without necessarily using the speakers exact words:,He said that he was writing a letter.,Statements in Indirect Speech,1)When the reporting verb is in the present,present perfect,or future tense,there is no change of tense in the words reported.,E.g.:He says,“Im very happy.,=He says that he is very happy.,2)But indirect speech is usually introduced by a verb in the past.Verb in the indirect speech normally go back one tense from what was said originally.,E.g.:He said,“I am a student,and had studied for three years.,=He said he was a student and had studied for three years.,Present Time=Past Time:,Direct,simple present,present progressive,present perfect,present perfective progressive,Indirect,simple past,past progressive,past perfect,past perfective progressive,Past Time=The Time before Past:,Direct,Simple past,Past progressive,Past perfect,Past perfective progressive,Indirect,Past perfect,Past perfective,progressive,Past perfect,Past perfective progressive,Supplement,When the simple past or past progressive is used in the direct speech which is an unreal conditional sentence,the verb tense may not change.,The simple part or past progressive is used in the time adverbial clause,the verb tense may not change when it is converted into indirect speech.,Exceptions(I),However,in some occasions,although the reporting verb is in the past form,the form of the verb in the indirect speech may not change.,a)If the reported content are facts,truths,present habitual behaviours or mottoes,for example,He said:“The word laser is an acronym.,=He said that the word laser is an acronym.,b)If the verb in the direct speech is in subjunctive mood,for example,“I suggest the meeting be put off till next week.he said.,=He suggested the meeting be put off till the next week.,Exception(II),c)If the state or action of the verb is still going on while reporting,for example,“Im twenty,she said.,=She said she is twenty.,d)When the predicative containing modal verbs,for example,He said,“It must be pretty late.I really must go.,=He said it must be pretty late,and he really must go.,Other Rules,3)The change of the personal pronouns,determiners,time adverbial and place adverbial.,a)Personal pronouns:except for reporting ones original words,usually the first and second personal will change into the third personal,or the second change into the first,the determiners will do some corresponding change.,I=he or she;we=they;my=his or her;our=their.,b)Demonstrative pronoun:this=that/it;,these=those/they/them,c)The changing principles of time adverbial in indirect speech:,The tense and form of time adverbial and verb both changed.,No change in time adverbial,the tense and form of the verb may change but sometimes may not,it depends on the concrete time point.,Whether the time adverbial will change or not depends on the situation,suppose the time of reporting is the time of speaking(the same year,the same month,the same day,etc.),it may not change.For example,Mr.Blake said,“We started learning Chinese last month.,=Mr.Blake said they had started learning Chinese last month.,Time Change,the same month,today,this morning/afternoon,etc.,yesterday,the day before yesterday,tomorrow,the day after tomorrow,next week/month,etc.,last week/month,now,the previous month,that day,that morning/afternoon,etc.,the day before/the previous day,two days before,the following/next day,two days after/in two days time,the next week/month,etc.,the week/month before,then,d)Place adverbial“here usually will change into“there,but if the place where speaker spoke the sentences is the place where the reporter reporting,we still use“here in the indirect speech or use some detailed site to instead of“here.,Questions in Indirect Speech,While reporting questions,except for paying attention to the changing principles mentioned above,we have to notice the word order and the different requirement of changing in different kinds of question.,Reporting General/Tag/Alternative Questions:,1)While reporting general or tag questions,we usually use whether or if to lead the question,but if it is an alternative question,we may only use whether.For examples:,“Does he really mean it?=I wondered whether/if he really meant it.,“Is this book yours or his?=She asked me whether t