2018版高考英语大一轮复习语法专题讲析专题四 介词及介词短语

专题四介词及介词短语考点一常见介词的用法常用介词如in，on，for，with，against，of，beyond，out of，across等含义较多，应全面把握。1against有“违背，违逆；反对；对不利；倚；靠；碰撞；预防；衬托”之意。2014湖南Vacations help us perform better at work，improve our sleep quality and cushion us against depression.假期帮助我们在工作中表现得更好，提高我们的睡眠质量和缓解忧愁。2beyond可表示范围，限度，意为“超出，为所不及”。常用短语：beyond words/description/imagination/belief/ones reach/ones control，意为“无法用语言形容/无法用语言描述/想象不出来/无法相信/够不着/无法控制”。2014浙江“I came to thank you，”she said，surprising me beyond speech.“我是来感谢你的。”她说。(听到这)让我惊讶地说不出话来。3by可表示程度或增减的幅度，还可作“按；以计；依据”讲。As far as I know，workers are generally paid by the month.据我所知，工人们的工资通常按月来付。4for有“就而言；从来看；达，计；为”之意。The biggest concern for most of us is the quality of public education.我们大多数人最关心的是大众教育的质量问题。2016四川The mother continued to care for the young panda for more than two years.这位母亲持续照顾熊猫幼崽两年多。 5off有“在离不远处；在沿海的海面”之意。2014重庆She drove so fast at the turn that the car almost went off the road.她在转弯处开得如此快，以至于车差点偏离公路。6across有“横跨”之意。Do you think this shirt is too tight across the shoulders?你觉得这件衬衫在肩膀这个地方是不是太紧了？7on/upon有“刚就；一就”之意，后接名词或动词ing形式。2014山东Upon graduation，Charlotte returned to Montreal and set up a private clinic.夏洛特一毕业就回到了蒙特利尔，开了一个私人诊所。8over可表示时间，意为“在期间；直到结束”。Talks with the teachers union over the weekend have averted a strike.周末与教师工会举行的谈判避免了一场罢工。Over coffee，she lit a cigarette，her eyes daring him to comment.喝咖啡时，她点燃了一支烟，用挑衅的眼神看着他，谅他也不敢吭声。9within可表示范围、程度，意为“在之内”。The government was doing everything within its power to help the victims.政府正尽其所能地帮助那些受害者。10of表示在范围内。The ceasefire resolution calls for the release of all prisoners of war.停火决议要求释放所有战俘。2015福建A common memory they all have of their schooldays is the school uniform.他们对于他们学生时代的共同记忆是校服。考点二介词的固定搭配考查介词短语辨析，往往要借助具体语境，另外，还要掌握常用的介词短语及其意义。2016天津Mary was silent during the early part of the discussion but finally she gave voice to her opinion on the subject.在讨论刚开始时，玛丽一言不发，但最后她就这个主题发表了自己的观点。2016天津I hate it when she calls me at workIm always too busy to carry on a conversation with her.我不喜欢她在我工作时给我打电话我总是太忙，不能和她进行会话。2015浙江Have you ever heard of the trees that are homes to animals both on land and sea?你听说过成为海陆两栖动物的栖息地的树吗？2015安徽They believe that there are transport developments around the corner that will bring a lot of changes for the better.他们相信交通的发展就要到来了，这将会带来很多更好的变化。2015福建Human life is regarded as part of nature and，as such，the only way for us to survive is to live in harmony with nature.人类生活被认为是大自然的一部分，严格说来，我们生存的唯一方式是与大自然和睦相处。1与介词in搭配的常用短语in a way在某种程度上in no way没门in the way挡住道路in vain徒劳in general 通常，大体上in detail 详细地in turn 轮流in return 作为回报in need 需要in time 迟早；及时2与out of搭配的常用短语out of date/time 过时/过期out of question 毫无疑问out of the question 不可能out of shape 变形out of fashion 不流行out of order 出了故障out of reach 遥不可及3“in名词of”常用搭配in honor of 为纪念in charge of 负责；掌管in terms of 依据；就而言in praise of 赞扬in favor of 支持；赞同in need of 需要4与介词at搭配的常用短语at no time 决不at a time 一次/每次at one time 一度/曾经at times 不时地/有时at ones request 应某人的要求at a loss 不知所措5其他常考短语on behalf of 代表by chance/accident 偶然after all 毕竟；别忘了regardless of 不管，不顾on the whole 总的说来on the contrary 相反介词与语法填空在语法填空中，介词是必考内容，常考表示方位、时间、地点、方式、原因、计量、材料等以及习惯用语中的介词。典题试做1在空白处填入适当的介词12016全国But my connection with pandas goes back _ my days on a TV show in the mid1980s，when I was the first.22016全国Most of us are more focused _ our tasks in the morning than we are later in the day.32016全国Chopsticks are not used everywhere in Asia.In India，for example，most people traditionally eat _ their hands.答案：1.to2.on3.with应对策略1如果句子中不缺少主语或表语，动词后又不缺少宾语，则在名词或代词前一定是填介词。其次，还要注意短语搭配中介词的正确使用。介词与短文改错短文改错中对于介词的考查常会涉及介词误用、缺少介词或介词多余的情况。典题试做2单句改错(每小题1处错误)12016全国My uncle says that he never dreams becoming rich in a short period of time._22016全国Now I am leaving home to college._32016四川Dad cleaned the house，and then went on shopping._42015全国Unfortunately，on the development of industrialization，the environment has been polluted._52015四川Please help with me and give me some advice._62015全国One day，little Tony went to a shopping center with his parents.It was very crowded.Tony saw a toy on a shop window._72015浙江My old classroom was interesting because three sides of the classroom were made from glass._82015陕西My soccer coach retired in last week._答案：1.dreams后加of2.tofor3.去掉on4.onwith5.去掉with6.onin7.fromof8去掉in应对策略2(1)如果句子中不缺少主语或表语，动词后又不缺少宾语，则在名词或代词前一定是缺少介词。(2)注意短语搭配中介词的正确使用。(3)不该用介词的短语中用了介词，如next year常写成in the next year。(4)某些及物动词短语中介词缺失，如look (at)，listen (to)，take care (of)等。(5)有些及物动词多加了介词，如enter the room常写成enter into the room，return my book常写成return back/to my book等。(6)注意分清连词、副词和介词之间的区别和句法功能。书面表达中介词易错点聚焦1句尾介词往往由于受到汉语的影响而缺少2因不熟悉介词及介词短语语法功能和不同搭配而造成语句混乱、搭配不当等错误(误)I often come to school take bus，but sometimes I come by my fathers car.(正)I often come to school by bus，but sometimes I come in my fathers car.3英汉差异造成的介词错用.单句语法填空12017山东下学期综合测试When he was 30，back in 1953，he was working_a research assistant in the university.22017四川资阳一诊“Speed up.70 km/h isnt fast enough.You are holding up traffic，”ordered another voice from the seat next_me.32017山东青岛自主学习The game was played_two teams.42017河南中原名校4月模拟I sat on the side of the stage，_my script open on a music stand in front of me.52017安徽安庆重点中学模拟Even though our eyes are closed，they move rapidly from side_side.答案：1.as解析：句意：早在1953年，当时他30岁，他就在那所大学当了一名研究助理。work as从事工作。2to解析：句意：“加快速度。每小时70千米还不够快。你正在造成交通阻塞。”从我旁边座位那里发出的另一个声音命令道。next to挨着。3between解析：句意：比赛在两支队伍间进行。between在两者之间。4with解析：句意：我坐在舞台的一侧，我的剧本打开着，放在我前面的乐谱架上。with的复合结构作状语。5to解析：句意：尽管我们眼睛紧闭，但它们(眼球)从一侧到另一侧迅速转动。from.to.从到为固定搭配。.单句改错12017安徽合肥八中段考Im very glad to hear about you are going to visit me next Friday._22017安徽合肥八中段考I will take you together to a hotpot restaurant for dinner and well talk with our plan for the weekend over dinner._32017湖南衡阳八中二模People have different opinions of money._42017湖南衡阳八中二模We cannot exchange money into friendship or love._52017江西南昌高三联考Some of them are even particular with food._答案：1.去掉about或aboutthat解析：句意：很高兴听说你下周五要来看我。此处hear为及物动词，直接带宾语从句，此时宾语从句的引导词that可以省略。2withabout解析：句意：我将带你一起去火锅店吃晚餐，然后我们一边吃晚餐一边讨论周末计划。根据宾语our plan可知，指讨论的内容，talk后应用about。3ofabout/on解析：指对某事的观点、看法时，opinion后面接介词on/about。4intofor解析：exchange sth. for.“交换，兑换”。5withabout/over解析：be particular about/over“讲究；对挑剔”。.语法填空A(介词及介词短语专练)I was in a restaurant.I noticed an elderly couple 1._a balloon tied to their table.When I asked them what the occasion was，they told me it was their 50th wedding anniversary.I was glad and sad 2._ them at the same time.I was glad because they still cherished each other.I was sad because they were 3._their own，without any children or friends.After I went back to my table I thought I should pay their bill.I tried to do it，and the restaurant manager and the waitresses asked me curiously who they were 4._me.Finally，I told them I worked in a church and felt it was my duty to do so.The elderly couple were surprised and speechless when told a total stranger had paid 5._them.All of us were nearly 6._tears：the couple，the manager，the waitresses and me.Two months later I got a call 7._a newspaper telling me my simple act of kindness was reported.I wasnt expecting anything 8._return，but I became famous 9._that act of kindness.What would and could happen 10._us if we always practice such acts of kindness on family，friends，neighbors and strangers?答案：1.with2.for3.on4.to5.for6.in7.from8.in9.for10.toB2017四川广元中学高三段考Just as I began a new job in New York，I had to learn another important job：father.I was a businessman.At the office I had three new 1._(project)，and at home I had a young son who was growing fast and 2._(need) me.I was puzzled and didnt know how to deal with the relationship between job and family until one day，during my business trip in Chicago，I came 3._an old family friend Dan,4._was once a patient of my father.He told me something about my father.5._was my father that helped him go through depression.When Dan knew he got depression，he was very upset and wanted 6._(give) up，but my father，his doctor，encouraged him to go on 7._(fight) against depression.My father said to him，“You have 8._wonderful life and three fine children.Take some time with them.Its family that we live fornot just ourselves.Think of that 9._you will know lifes worth the fight.” His words touched me，and I 10._(sudden) realized that family are the most important in the world.I should spend more time staying with them.答案：1.projects2.needed3.across4.who5.It6.to give7.fighting8.a9.and10.suddenly