1什么是软件项目管理

单击以编辑母版标题样式,单击以编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,Tracking project progress,Project personnel and organization,Effort and schedule estimate,Risk management,Using process modeling with project planning,Chapter 3 Planning and Managing Projects,1,问题,1.什么是软件项目管理？,2.软件项目管理的内容是什么？,3.如果我是项目经理，我应该做什么,4.我可以胜任软件项目管理吗？,1995年SEI统计，美国共取消了810亿美元的商业软件项目，其中31的项目未做完就被取消，53的软件项目进度通常要延长50%的时间，只有9的软件项目能够及时交付并且费用也控制在预算之内。,2000年TechRepublic公司发表了有关IT项目的调查结果。该调查是以北美的1375个IT专家为对象实施问卷调查进行的。根据此调查，IT项目中有40%失败，这些项目的平均成本每年花费100万美元。,if a post mortem were to be conducted for every project,it is very likely that a consistent theme would be encountered:project management was weak,2,3.1 Tracking Progress,Usually,customers have several questions to be answered:,Do you understand my problems and my needs?,Can you design a system that will solve my problem or satisfy my needs?,How long will it take you to develop such a system?,How much will it cost to have you develop such a system?,A,Project Schedule,describes the software development cycle for a particular project by enumerating the phases or stages of a project and breaking each into discrete tasks or activities to be done.The schedule also portrays the interactions among these activities and estimates the time that each task or activity will take.,3,Milestone,:some events,and they indicate to us and our customers that a measurable level of progress has been made.,The distinguishing between activities and milestones:,A,activity,is a part of the project that takes place over a period of time;,A,milestone,is the completion of an activity and occurs at a particular point in time.,Project,Phase 1,Phase 2,Phase n,Step 1,Step 2,Step 1,Step 2,Step 1,Step 2,Activity1.1,Activity1.2,Activity1.3,Activity1.1,Activity1.2,Activity1.3,:,:,:,:,:,:,Work breakdown structure,4,Activity1.3.3:Planting shrubs and trees,Phase 1:Landscaping the Lot,Step 1.1:clearing and grubbing,Activity1.1.1:Remove trees,Activity1.1.2:Remove stumps,Step 1.2:seeding the turf,Step 1.3:planting shrubs and trees,Activity1.2.1:Aerate the soil,Activity1.2.2:Disperse the seeds,Activity1.2.3:Water and weed,Activity1.3.1:Obtain shrubs and trees,Activity1.3.2:Dig holes,Activity1.3.4:Anchor the trees and mulch around them,5,Phase 2:Building the House,Step 2.1:prepare the site,Activity2.1.1:Survey the land,Activity2.1.2:Request permits,Step 2.2:Building the exterior,Step 2.3:Finishing the interior,Activity2.2.1:Lay the foundation,Activity2.2.2:Build the outside walls,Activity2.2.3:Install exterior plumbing,Activity2.3.1:Install interior plumbing,Activity2.3.2:Install interior electrical work,Activity2.3.4:Painting the interior,Activity2.1.3:Excavate for the foundation,Activity2.1.4:Buy materials,Activity2.2.4:Exterior electrical work,Activity2.2.5:Exterior siding,Activity2.2.6:Painting the exterior,Activity2.2.7:Install doors and fixtures,Activity2.2.8:Install roofs,Activity2.3.3:Install wallboard,Activity2.3.5:Install floor covering,Activity2.3.6:Install doors and fixtures,6,1.1 Survey complete 1.2 Permits issued,1.3 Excavation complete 1.4 Materials an hand,2.1 Foundation laid 2.2 Outside walls complete,2.3 Exterior plumbing complete 2.4 Exterior electrical work complete,2.5 Exterior siding complete 2.6 Exterior painting complete,2.7 Doors and fixtures mounted 2.8 Roof complete,3.1 Interior plumbing complete 3.2 Interior r electrical work complete,3.3 Wallboard in place 3.4 Interior painting complete,3.5 Floor covering laid 3.6 Doors and fixtures mounted,Milestones in building a house,7,Work Breakdown and Activity Graphs,The four parameters to describe each activity:,A,precursor,:is an event or set of events that must occur before the activity can begin,it describes the set of conditions that allows the activity to begin.,The,duration,:is the length of time needed to complete the activity.,The,due time,:is the date by which the activity must be completed.,The,endpoint,:is usually a milestone or deliverable,and represents the end of the activity.,An activity graph,:the nodes of the graph are the project milestones,and the lines linking nodes represent the activities involved.,8,1.1,1.2,1.3,1.4,2.1,2.2,2.3,2.4,2.5,2.6,2.7,2.8,3.1,3.2,3.3,3.4,3.5,3.6,START,surveying,Request permit,excavation,Buy materials,Lay foundation,Build outside wall,Install interior plumbing,Install interior electrical,Install wallboard,Install interior doors and fixtures,Install flooring,Install exterior plumbing,Paint interior,Install exterior electrical,Install exterior siding,Paint exterior,Install exterior doors and fixtures,Install roofing,FINISH,9,Estimating Completion,1.1,1.2,1.3,1.4,2.1,2.2,2.3,2.4,2.5,2.6,2.7,2.8,3.1,3.2,3.3,3.4,3.5,3.6,START,3,15,10,10,15,20,12,15,9,7,18,10,11,10,8,5,6,9,FINISH,0,0,0,0,10,Critical Path Method(CPM),The paths can show us the minimum amount of time it will take to complete the project,given our estimates of each activitys duration.,CPM,reveals those activities that are most critical to completing the project on time.,Slack time=availabl