Chapter 9 Context and Translation Criteria(1)

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,Chapter 9 Context and Translation Criteria,The term context was first put forward by the great anthropologist,Malinowski,in his article,The Problem of Meaning in Primitive Language,.,Context refers to the relevant elements of the surrounding linguistic and nonlinguistic structure in relation to an uttered expression under consideration.,Chapter 9 Context and Translation Criteria,Linguistic context-also called co-text,refers to the structural cohesion and the logical coherence of the text.,The teacher checked off each,pupil,as he got on the bus.,学生,上公共汽车时老师一一清点人数。,Her,pupils,were dilated.,她的,瞳孔,放大了。,Chapter 9 Context and Translation Criteria,I was thrilled by my correct reading of the dance,yet my feelings could hardly compare to those of the Danish and West German scientists when,in August 1988,they first put an imitation bee on a comb in a darkened hive,directed it by computer,and realized they were“talking”to real bees.,Chapter 9 Context and Translation Criteria,虽然我为自己正确解释蜜蜂的舞蹈而激动万分，但是，我的心情却难以同那些丹麦和西德的科学家的心情相比。当,1988,年,8,月这些科学家第一次将一只人工仿制的蜜蜂放到遮黑的蜂箱的蜂巢上，利用计算机控制它做动作，这时科学家们意识到，它们竟然同真蜜蜂“交谈”上了。,我为自己能正确地解释蜜蜂的舞蹈而激动万分，但是，我的心情却难以同,当年,那些丹麦和西德的科学家们相比。,1998,年,8,月，,那些,科学家们第一次将一只人工仿制的蜜蜂放在遮黑的蜂箱的蜂巢上，,并,利用计算机控制它做动作，科学家们意识到，他们竟然同真蜜蜂“交谈”上了。,Chapter 9 Context and Translation Criteria,Context of situation-the whole set of external-world features considered to be relevant in the analysis of an utterance at the levels of linguistic analysis,such as phonetics,grammar,and semantics.(Firth),Do you know the meaning of war?,“Do you know the meaning of the word war?”when said by a language teacher to a class of students.,“War produces death,injury,and suffering,”when said by an injured soldier to a politician who favors war.,Chapter 9 Context and Translation Criteria,Our hosts hovered over us.Did we like the caviar?How was the,Khachapuri,(a kind of bread)?Why werent we eating more roast chicken?We were finally saved from certain,crise,de,foi,by,Aleksandro,just before the,shashlik,arrived.,Chapter 9 Context and Translation Criteria,主人在我们周围走动着。我们喜欢鱼子酱吗？面包怎样？我们为什么不多吃些烤鸡？在烤肉串端上来之前，我们终于被亚历山德罗从信念危机中解救出来。,赫尔来兹一家人一直在我们身边照应着。喜欢不喜欢鱼子酱呀？咖查普利（一种面包）好不好吃呀？为什么不多吃点烤鸡呀？问得我们不知如何回答才好。直到快上最后一道菜烤肉串时，亚历山德罗才给我们解了围。,Chapter 9 Context and Translation Criteria,Context of culture-the historical knowledge,the beliefs,attitudes,values shared by members of a discourse community,and that contribute to the meaning of their verbal exchange.,In American political elections the candidates that win are the ones who are,green power,backing them.,在美国政治竞选中获胜的人通常都时些有,财团,支持的人物。,Chapter 9 Context and Translation Criteria,Exactly as in the reality of spoken or written languages,a word without linguistic context is a mere figment and stands for nothing by itself,so in the reality of a spoken living tongue,the utterance has no meaning except in the context of situation.(,Malinowski,),In any adequate description,it is necessary to provide information not only about what is happening at the time,but also about the total cultural background.(,Malinowski,),