《新概念》语法 Unit3

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,Unit 3,Adjectives and Adverbs,Lesson I-Step 2 P224,行,划线的名词和代词,所作的句子成分,1,2,3,4,5,6,形容词，定语,early,undoubtedly,副词，状语,popular,形容词，表语,careful,形容词，表语,however,副词，状语,silent,形容词，定语,historical,形容词，定语,usual,形容词，定语,most,形容词，定语,mainly,副词，状语,Lesson I-Step 2 P224,行,划线的名词和代词,所作的句子成分,8,9,10,11,gradual,形容词，定语,thus,副词，状语,thus,副词，状语,aloud,不定冠词，定语,less common,形容词，表语,private,定冠词，定语,aloud,副词，状语,一、形容词,形容词的语法功能,形容词的构成,形容词的位置,形容词的级,1.以-ly结尾的少数形容词,形容词的构成,(1),名词,+,ly,motherly,，,brotherly,，,friendly,，,orderly,，,homely,，,lovely,，,soldierly,，,etc.,(2),时间名词,+,ly,daily,，,weekly,，,monthly,，,yearly,，,etc.,(3),少数特殊词根,+,ly,deadly,，,early,，,likely,，,lively,，,silly,，,etc.,2.合成形容词的构成,形容词的构成,(1),以形容词、现在分词或过去分词结尾的合成形容词直接加连字符,(2)含名词的合成形容词中，,名词用单数形式,(3)含有时间、金钱、距离等度量的名词，如hour，,minute，second，century，year，month，meter，mile等，构成合成词，既不加,-,ed也不用复数,1.作定语,2.作表语,3.作宾语补足语,4.作状语,5.作主语和宾语,形容词的语法功能,形容词(短语),可置句首,、句中和句尾,;,可看作是“being+形容词”结构,或when,if,because等从句的省略,(1)the+rich/poor/young/old/blind/dead等形容词表示一类人或物，成为名词化的形容词，作主语时谓语动词通常要用复数形式,(2)the+-ed结尾的形容词,如the wounded,the accused,the,em-ployed,etc.一般指一类人,作主语时谓语动词通常要用复数形式,(3)the+true/good/beautiful/ugly/false/bad等表示抽象概念，作主语时，谓语动词通常要用单数形式,形容词的位置,1.一般放在其修饰的词之前,当一个名词有多个修饰语时，其位置遵循以下词序,:,(1)冠词、指示代词、不定代词、物主代词、,名词所有格,;,(2)序数词、基数词；,(3)一般形容词；,(4)国籍、出处；,(5)物质、材料；,(6)用途、类别。,these tall young Chinese soldiers,a round brown wooden table,a famous American medical school,etc.,形容词的位置,2.形容词作后置定语,(1),与由,some-,，,any-,，,every-,，,no-,等构成的不定代词连用，形容词作后置定语,(2)用and或or连接的形容词短语，形容词作后置定语,(3)形容词后有介词(短语)，形容词作后置定语,(4)某些表语形容词作定语时要后置,(5)带后缀-able，-,ible的形容词与all,，every，,only或形容词最高级连用时，形容词后置,形容词的位置,3.一些只作表语的形容词,(1)某些以a开头的形容词：afraid，alike，alive，alone，ashamed，asleep，awake，,aware等,(2),某些用来表示健康状况或感觉反应的形容词：,glad,，,ill,，,pleased,，,sorry,，,well,等,(3)其他一些词，,如drunk,sure,unable,worth等,形容词的位置,4.一些只作定语的形容词,(1)表示强调或特指时:mere，only，very，etc.,(2),某些源自名词的,:medical college,，,wooden bridge,，,etc.,(3)表示关系和顺序的:former president，,inner thoughts，outer space，the upper part，,the left hand，the right side，etc.,形容词的级,1.形容词比较级和最高级的构成,(1)一般单音节词尾加-er(比较级)，-est(最高级),(2)单音节词如果以不发音的e结尾，只加-r/-st构,成比较级/最高级,(3)闭音节的单音节词如果词尾只有一个辅音字母时，,双写该辅音字母，再加-er/-est，构成比较级/最高级,(4)少数以-y/-er/-ow/-ble结尾的双音节词方法同上,(y改为i),(5)其他双/,多音节词,，在词前加,more/most,(6)有些单音节词也加more(比较级)/most(最高级),glad-more glad-most glad,like-more like-most like,形容词的级,1.形容词比较级和最高级的构成,(7),不规则形容词的比较级和最高级,good/well-better-best,，,bad/ill-worse-worst,far-farther-farthest,，,far-further-furthest,many/much-more-most,，,little-less-least,old-older/elder-oldest/eldest,late-later-latest,形容词的级,2.形容词级的用法,(,not)so/as+原级+as,Your story is not so/as interesting as his.,比较级+than,This road is wider than that one.,less+than,The book is less difficult than that one.,the+比较级,，,the+比较级,The more you read the book,the more you will like it.,比较级+and+比较级,He is more and more interested in learning English.,形容词的级,2.形容词级的用法,the+最高级+in,/of,She is the most lovely one of the five children in the family.,more,than+主语+can+谓语,That is more than I can tell you.,more than,表示“不仅(是,)，,非常,”,Its more than a letter；its my parents love.,We were more than excited at the news.,more A than B表“与其说是B，不如说是A”,She is more our friend than our teacher.,二、副词,副词,的语法功能,副词的分类,副词在句子中的位置,几个热点副词的辨析,副词的分类,1.时间副词,：,表示确定时间和频率,时间类,：,now，,then，,today，,yesterday，,tomorrow，ago，before，just now，,lately，recently，etc.,频率类,：,often，,usually，,sometimes，,seldom，,never，frequently，hardly，ever，,rarely，continually，etc.,副词的分类,2.,地点副词,，表示地点和位置,here，there，home，somewhere，,nowhere，elsewhere，anywhere，above，,over，on，down，out，in，,3.,方式副词,quickly,，,warmly,，,carefully,，,difficultly,，,nervously,，,politely,，,fast,，,slow,，,hard,，,well,，,high,，,straight,，,deep,，,etc.,4.,程度副词,much,，,little,，,very,，,too,，,quite,，,extremely,，,terribly,，,almost,，,nearly,，,hardly,，,etc.,副词的分类,5.疑问、连接和关系副词,疑问副词用来引导特殊疑问句；连接副词用来引导主语,、,宾语和表语从句；关系副词用来引导定语从句,How are you getting on with your friends？,Is this the place where the accident happened？,Can you tell me why you,didnt,come yesterday？,When and where we will go on holiday has not been decided yet,.,副词的分类,6.其他性质的副词,这一类副词不修饰谓语动词,，,而是对句子进行说明或承接上下文,，,一般可用逗号与前文分开Generally,its,wrong to do such a thing.,Unfortunately,he hurt his leg when playing basketball.,Besides,we must think of the feelings of others.,Therefore,we went out to look for the lost boy.,副词,的语法功能,1.作状语,修饰形容词、动词、介词(短语)、副词，也可修饰整个句子,2.作表语,放在系动词之后,，,通常为表动作方向的副词,3.作定语,放在修饰词之后,注意quite,，,such修饰名词时放在名词之前,4.作补足语,5.,用作介词宾语,副词在句子中的位置,1.程度副词,一般放在被修饰的动词、形容词或副词之前,；,如果实义动词之前有情态动词或助动词,，,程度副词要放在二者之间,；,如果是be动词,，,要放在be动词之后。常用的这类词有,:,just，too，fairly，nearly，slightly，,exactly，absolutely，perfectly，etc.,(1)quite,同否定词连用时，位于,not,前后意义不同。,I quite dont understand her.,我完全不了解她。,I dont quite understand her.,我不十分了解她。,(2),副词及被修饰的副词不能同时都以,-,ly,结尾，,以避免语音上的不和谐。,She walked terribly slowly.(,误,),She walked terribly slow.(,正,),特别提醒,副词在句子中的位置,2.频率副词,通常放在行为动词前,；,当句中有情态动词,、,助动词或系动词时,，,则放在这类动词之后。常用的有,:,ever，rarely，often，sometimes，seldom，never，constantly，frequently，occasionally，always，usually，etc.,特别提醒,(1)still，almost，nearly，never，already，just，always,等程度副词可以