何家弘法律英语课件 第十课

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,法律英语,#,Lesson Ten,Tort Law,10/1/2024,1,法律英语,Punishment is justicefor theunjust,.,.,AugustineBritishwriter,惩罚是,对,对正义,的,的伸,张,张。英国作,家,家,奥,奥古斯,丁,丁,3/2,/,/2020,2,法律英,语,语,Background,3/2,/,/2020,3,法律英,语,语,Tort law,州法律,判例法,联邦侵,权,权索赔,法,法,3/2,/,/2020,4,法律英,语,语,Federal Tortclaims Act,A statutewhichremoved thepowerofthefederalgovernmenttoclaimimmunityfrom alawsuitfordamagesduetonegligentorintentionalinjurybya federalemployeeinthe scope of his/herworkforthe government,.,.,http:/,/,/dictionary.law,.,.com/,3/2,/,/2020,5,法律英,语,语,Tort,Intentional tort,Negligence or negligent tort,Strict liability tort,Personal tort,Property tort,Remedy,-,-damages,3/2,/,/2020,6,法律英,语,语,Part 1,:,:Introduction,damages claims要求赔偿,most civil suits大多数民事诉讼,tort law侵权法,1. Automobile accidents,3/2,/,/2020,7,法律英,语,语,Many circumstances,Theplaintiffina civil suitisordinarilyentitledtotryhis claim beforea jurywhichwill often relymoreonhumanthan onlegalconsiderations,民事诉,讼,讼的原告通常会向陪,审,审团提,出,出索赔,主,主张，这主,要,要是出,于,于人道的考虑而,不,不是法律的考虑。,儿童受伤,3/2,/,/2020,8,法律英,语,语,A permanent disability of loss of a limb,Compensationand damages,补,补偿,费,费和损,害,害赔偿,金,金,Actualloss,实,实际损,害,害,Intangible damage,无,无形,损,损害,A plaintiffcanplayonthehumanreactionofthejury,原告利,用,用陪审,团,团的人性反,应,应,3/2,/,/2020,9,法律英,语,语,Americanlawpermits,theparticipationoftheattorneyinthe plaintiffsrecovery(contingent fee),美国允,许,许律师分享原告所,获,获得的赔偿金（胜诉酬,金,金）,Amountto25to33,%,% oftheverdict,酬金达,到,到法院判付金,额,额的25,-,-33,%,%。,3/2,/,/2020,10,法律英,语,语,A tortaction 侵,权,权诉讼,A lengthyproceeding,诉讼程,序,序时间,长,长,Largeexpenses, honorariaforexperts,代价大,（,（专家,证,证人的,酬,酬金）,A verylargeverdict,（,（ in excessof,$,$100000）,判决金,额,额非常,大,大（10万美,元,元以上,）,）,3/2,/,/2020,11,法律英,语,语,2.Tortlaw andthelaw of contractsoverlap,Aninjurypartyhas thechoicebetweenatort claimanda suitincontracts.,Conversion非法占,有,有财产,Personalinjury人身伤,害,害,Implied contract默示,合,合同,Personalinjury,人,人身伤,害,害,Breachofwarranty违背保,证,证诺言,Recoveryofintangible damage,3/2,/,/2020,12,法律英,语,语,3.Everyoneisliablefor histort act,每个人都要对,其,其侵权,行,行为负,责,责，,inlimited formalsochildren（however,parentsonly whentheyactedasthechild,sagentordidnot complywith their dutytosupervise）,在有限,的,的情况,下,下儿童亦然（,但,但是，父母仅当其,作,作为该,儿,儿童的,代,代理人,或,或未能,按,按照其,监,监护义,务,务行事,时,时才负,此,此责）,，,，,butnot thestateunlessexpress statutoryprovisionhasabolishedstateimmunity,.,.,但国家不在此,列,列，除,非,非法律,明,明文规,定,定取消,了,了国家的,豁,豁免权,。,。,3/2,/,/2020,13,法律英,语,语,TheFTCApermitsrecoveryofmoneydamagesbecause of anegligentorwrongfulactoromissionbytheFederalGovernmentoranemployeeoftheFederalGovernmentwhiletheemployeewas actingwithinhis/herscopeofemployment or office.,Federal Tortclaims Act（FTCA）,3/2,/,/2020,14,法律英,语,语,4.Everyoneisprotectedagainsttortiousact, includingtheembryo.,每个人包括胎儿都受保,护,护，免,遭,遭侵权,行,行为的,伤,伤害。,Theheirsornext of kinmayhavea damageclaimforthe intentional or negligentdeathoftheirrelativeortestator(wrongfuldeathaction ),继承人或近亲属可以对,他,他们亲属或立遗嘱,人,人因故意,或,或疏忽,侵,侵权造,成,成的死,亡,亡（非正常,死,死亡之,诉,诉）提出损害赔,偿,偿要求。,3/2,/,/2020,15,法律英,语,语,“dram-shopacts”,小,小酒店,法,法令,A party injuredasa resultoftheintoxicationofthe tortfeasorhasaclaimagainsthimwhocontributedtothetortfeasors intoxication.,作为侵权行,为,为人醉,酒,酒之结果,而,而受到伤,害,害的当,事,事人有权向造成该侵权行,为,为人醉酒的,人,人提出索,赔,赔请求,。,。,3/2,/,/2020,16,法律英,语,语,“dram-shopacts”,Dram Shopacts,enactedinthe19thcentury,usually imposeliabilityfor negligenceonthesellersofalcoholicbeverages forsalesto:,personsunderthelegaldrinkingage, or,thosewhoareobviouslyintoxicated.,Peoplewhoservealcoholic beveragesmaybeliableunderstatelawsfordamagesresultingfromtheconsumptionofthosebeverages.,drunken driving,3/2,/,/2020,17,法律英,语,语,Part 2,:,: Intentional Torts故意,侵,侵权行,为,为,Battery,殴,殴打,Assault 侵,犯,犯他人,身,身体,Conversion of property 非,法,法侵占,财,财产,Falseimprisonment,非,非法,拘,拘禁,Trespasstopersonalandrealproperty,侵,侵占动,产,产、不,动,动产,Defamation 诽,谤,谤,Invasionofprivacy 侵,犯,犯隐私,权,权,Productsliability,产,产,品,品质量,责,责任,3/2,/,/2020,18,法律英,语,语,Part 3,:,: LiabilityforNegligence,过,过失侵,权,权的责,任,任,Negligentact,Injury,Causality,3/2,/,/2020,19,法律英,语,语,A personisnegligent,ifhehasnot complied withhis“dutyofcare”and,hasnotactedas“areasonable andprudent man”.,如果一,个,个人没,有,有尽到“照看,义,义务”，没有,象,象“一个,理,理性且,谨,谨慎的,人,人”那样行,事,事。,过失,3/2,/,/2020,20,法律英,语,语,要考虑,到,到,Thespecialprofessionalqualificationforthe tortfeasor,侵权者,的,的特别专,业,业资质,Architect,Differentcriteria,Construction worker,3/2,/,/2020,21,法律英,语,语,Duty of care,Restrictiveinterpretation,:,:,Thedutymust be owedtoward theparticular plaintiff.,必须对特定的,原,原告负有照,看,看义务,Thereisnoduty of caretothepublic at large.,不是对广大公,众,众负有照,看,看义务,（某人）对侵犯财产者的照看义务比对被邀请客人的照看义务小,3/2,/,/2020,22,法律英,语,语,Gueststatutes,宾,宾客,法,法规,Some statesexclude adutyofcarebythedriver of amotorvehicle,toward passengerswhomhetransports gratuitously.,汽车司,机,机对于,他,他免费搭,载,载的乘客不负照,看,看责任。,3/2,/,/2020,23,法律英,语,语,Insome states,legislationrequiring thataguestpassengermust prove somethinghigherthanordinarynegligenceinordertorecover fromthehost driver.,3/2,/,/2020,24,法律英,语,语,Noclaimforcompensation不能,要,要求赔,偿,偿,Theinjuredparty,hasbeenguiltyofcontributorynegligence,共同过,失,失,hasassumed therisk,预计到,有,有危险,3/2,/,/2020,25,法律英,语,语,Contributorynegligence,共,共同过,失,失,a doctrine of commonlawthatifa personwasinjuredinpart duetohis,/,/herownnegligence(his/hernegligence contributedtothe accident),the injuredpartywouldnotbeentitledtocollect anydamages (money)fromanother party whosupposedly causedtheaccident,.,.,http:/,/,/dictionary.law,.,.,com,/,3/2,/,/2020,26,法律英,语,语,Comparativenegligence 比,较,较过失,共同过,失,失辩护,的,的严格,性,性,已,已经因,为,为一些,州,州采用,了,了“比较过,失,失”原则,而,而得到,减,减弱。,Itrequiresthattherespectivedegreeofnegligenceofboth partiesbedeterminedandcompensation assessed accordingly.,要求确,定,定当事,各,各方的各自疏,忽,忽程度,，,，并由此,确,确定补,偿,偿金。,3/2,/,/2020,27,法律英,语,语,Comparativenegligence,A ruleoflaw appliedinaccidentcasestodetermine responsibility anddamagesbasedonthenegligenceofeverypartydirectlyinvolvedintheaccident,.,.,http:/,/,/dictionary.law,.,.,com,/,3/2,/,/2020,28,法律英,语,语,Comparativenegligence,Theruleunderwhichnegligence is measuredbypercentage, anddamages arediminishedinproportiontotheamount of negligenceattributabletothe personseeking recovery.,http:/,/,/dictionary.law,.,.,com,/,3/2,/,/2020,29,法律英,语,语,Thedoctrineoflastclearchance,Even thecontributorilynegligentplaintiffwillbecompensatedifhecanprovethatthedefendanthadthe,“,“lastclearchance”toprevent thedamage,.,.,有共同过,失,失的原,告,告如果能,证,证明被告“有最,后,后明显,机,机会”避免伤,害,害，那,么,么该原,告,告就可,以,以获得赔,偿,偿。,3/2,/,/2020,30,法律英,语,语,Last clear chance,最,最后明,显,显机会,Thelastreasonable opportunity to avoid an accident or injury.One whohasthe lastclearchance to avoid an injuryandfailstodosoisusuallyheld solelyresponsible,notwithstandingthe injuredpersonsown contributorynegligence.,3/2,/,/2020,31,法律英,语,语,Theextraordinarily complexlaw of negligence,Today leads to two efforts of reform,Strict Liability严格责任,No fault无过错责任,Inconsistent,3/2,/,/2020,32,法律英,语,语,Part 4,:,: Tortlaw reform,A.StrictLiability严格赔,偿,偿责任,Strictliabilityisa legal doctrine thatmakessomepersons responsible fordamages their actionsorproductscause,regardless of any,fault,ontheirpart.,3/2,/,/2020,33,法律英,语,语,Forinstance,Themaintenanceofdangerousanimals,饲养危,险,险的动,物,物,Defamation,诽谤,A rebuttablepresumption,可反驳,的,的推定,Thedoctrineofresipsaloquitur,不言自,明,明原则,3/2,/,/2020,34,法律英,语,语,Strictliability,Deducedfaultornegligencefrom thenatureofthethingoract itself.,从事情或,行,行为本,身,身的特性,可,可以推断出存在过错或,过,过失,Defective construction有缺陷的设计,Negligent use过失使用,3/2,/,/2020,35,法律英,语,语,product liability,Dangerousproducts,危,危,险,险的产,品,品,Theproductionitself,产,产品,本,本身、,Itspackage,包,包装,Ina defectivecondition,Unreasonabledangeroustotheuserorconsumerortohisproperty,.,.,对使用,者,者或消,费,费者及,其,其财产,造,造成过度危,险,险,3/2,/,/2020,36,法律英,语,语,“defective”,Theproductdoes notmeet thereasonable expectationsoftheordinaryconsumerconcerningthesafety of theproduct.,“缺陷,”,”是指,产,产品未,达,达到一,般,般消费,者,者关于,该,该产品安,全,全性能的合理期,望,望标准。,3/2,/,/2020,37,法律英,语,语,b.,“,“No,-,-fault,”,”,Another reformendeavorwhichseekstofindmore justsolutionsforordinaryclaimsbasedonnegligence.,另一个,改,改革努,力,力试图,寻,寻求对过失侵,权,权普通索,赔,赔要求的更公正,的,的解决,方,方案。,automobile accidents,3/2,/,/2020,38,法律英,语,语,Professors RobertKeetonand JeffreyOConnell,Seek toabolish thefaultprincipleintort law,试图消除侵权法,中,中的过错原,则,则；,Toawardcompensationwithout proof of faultaccordingtoinsurance principles,.,.,按照保,险,险原则,，,，在不要过,错,错证明的情况,下,下给予赔,偿,偿。,3/2,/,/2020,39,法律英,语,语,No-fault,Traffic accident,Product liability,Medical malpractice,Grantcompensationforcertaininjurieswithout proof of fault,For actual loss,not for intangible damage,3/2,/,/2020,40,法律英,语,语,Liabilitywill be limitedfor themanufacturer,制造商,的,的责任有,限,限,Require arelativelylesserinsurancepremiumtocovertherisk,只要就,风,风险承,担,担比较少,的,的保险,费,费,No-fault,的,的优点,3/2,/,/2020,41,法律英,语,语,Theinjuredpersonwillbeina betterposition,受伤害,的,的人处,于,于比较有,利,利的位,置,置，,Hewill be entitled toreceive immediatecompensationforhis actuallosswithout lengthylitigationordifficultproofoffault.,他无须进,行,行漫长,的,的诉讼或艰难的,过,过失举,证,证就有权立即获,得,得实际损,失,失的补偿。,No-fault,的,的优点,3/2,/,/2020,42,法律英,语,语,主要专,业,业词汇,Tort Law,Federal Tortclaims Act,Intentionaltort,Negligence or negligenttort,Strictliability tort,Personaltort,Propertytort,3/2,/,/2020,43,法律英,语,语,civilsuits,damages claims,Plaintiff,Compensation,Damages,contingent fee,Verdict,3/2,/,/2020,44,法律英,语,语,Conversion,Breachofwarranty,stateimmunity,heirsornext of kin,Testator,wrongfuldeathaction,Dram -shopacts,Tortfeasor,3/2,/,/2020,45,法律英,语,语,Battery,Assault,Conversion of property,Falseimprisonment,Trespasstopersonalandrealproperty,Defamation,Invasionofprivacy,Productsliability,3/2,/,/2020,46,法律英,语,语,Liabilityfor Negligence,Causality,，,，Negligentact，Injury,duty of care,Gueststatutes,Contributorynegligence,Comparativenegligence,last clear chance,3/2,/,/2020,47,法律英,语,语,StrictLiability,Nofault,Thedoctrineofresipsaloquitur,faultprinciple,Medical malpractice,insurancepremium,Actualloss,3/2,/,/2020,48,法律英,语,语,Exercises,1.Questionsaboutthe text,2.Dictation,3.Discussion,3/2,/,/2020,49,法律英,语,语,