现在分词与过去分词的语法作用

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,英语语法,系列训练,分 词,一、形 式,主动形式,被动形式,一般式,doing,being done,完成式,having done,having been done,过去分词只有一种形式。,现在分词：,二、功 能,1作表语,2作定语,3作状语,4作宾语补足语,5.现在分词的完成形式和被动形式,6.独立结构,1作表语。,现在分词多表示主语所具有的特征或属性；过去分词多表示主语所处的状态，如：,The news was exciting.,The situation is encouraging.,She looked disappointed.,He appeared satisfied with my answer.,He seemed quite delighted at the idea.,Dont get excited.,注：,已经成为形容词的分词，可以用,very,修饰；没有完全成为形容词的分词宜用,much,或,quite，,有时也可用,very much，,如：,Im very much pleased.,Hes very much worried about his health.,注：,过去分词作表语时，应注意与被动结构的区别。,系表结构,说明主语的状态或具有的性质、特点；,被动结构,强调谓语动作，指主语所承受的动作。此外还有：,系表结构,：,a.,常用一般现在或一般过去时态；,b.,一般不带状语；,c.,可以有不及物动词的过去分词。,被动结构,：,a.,有多种时态，常与主动语态的时态一致；,b.,可以带时,间、方式或,by,短语作状语；,c.,必须是及物动词。,The small village is surrounded by trees.(,状态),The small village was soon surrounded by enemy soldiers.(,动作),Im interested in chess.,I was interested by what you told me.,The sun is risen.,This novel was written by Lu Xun in 1921.,2作定语：,单独作定语，应放在被修饰的名词之前，如：,touching story/leading cadres/shining example/coming week/,skilled worker/armed forces/boiled water/steamed bread,Barking dogs seldom bite.,Soon our respected and beloved leaders entered the banquet hall.,注：,分词作定语时，意义上接近于一个定语从句，如：,developing countries=countries that are developing,a growing city=a city that is growing,liberated areas=areas that have been liberated,在更多情况下，可以用分词短语作定语，这时分词短语应放在被修饰的名词之后，在意义上也相当于一个定语从句，如：,Who is the man standing(=that is standing)by the door?,They built a highway leading(=which leads)into the mountains.,They are problems left(=which have been left)over by history.,Have you read any short stories written by Lu Xun?,作定语的现在分词所表示的动作发生的时间有两种情况：,a.,表示,正在进行的动作,(变为从句时要用进行时态),如：,Tell the children,playing there,(who are playing there)not to make so much noise.,Did you see the man,talking,(who was talking),to the manager,?,b.,表示经常性的动作,或现在(或当时)的状态,(,变为从句时,用一般时态),如：,They lived in a room,facing,(=that faced),the south,.,The house,standing,(=that stands),at the corner of the street,was built in 1955.,过去分词作定语时，,过去分词所表示的动作可以在谓语所表示的动作之前发生，也可以是没有一定的时间性，,如：,Is this the book,recommended by our teacher,?,The meeting,held last week,is very important.,He is a man,loved by all,.,I hate to see letters,written in pencil,.,注：,如果所表示的动作现刻正在发生，或是与谓语所表示的动作同时发生，可以用,现在分词的被动形式,来表示，如：,The meeting,being held,is very important.,We must keep a secret of the things,being discussed here,.,注：,如果所表示的是一个未来的动作，可以用一个,不定式的被动形式,来表示，如：,The meeting,to be held next week,is very important.,Please tell me the subjects,to be discussed at the next meeting,.,分词还可以,作非限制性定语（,相当于一个非限制性定语从句），这时，它和句子的其他部分用逗号隔开，试比较：,All my brothers living in Shanghai are scientists.,All my brothers,living in Shanghai,are scientists.,All the letters in the drawer written in pencil are from my sister.,All the letters in the drawer,written in pencil,are from my sister.,本节值得注意的问题：,现在分词短语作定语时，所表示的动作不能先于谓语所表示的动作，也不可以表示将来。另外，一般不用现在分词的完成式作定语，,所以，下列句子都是错的：,Here is Mr.Li,coming from Beijing,.(,应改为,who has come from Beijing),Those,having finished,their work can go home now.(,应改为,who have finished),The man,giving us,a lecture last week left for Shenzhen this morning.(,应改为,who gave us),系动词的现在分词形式不可用作后置定语,，此时要用从句来表示，如：,Those,being busy,dont have to go.(,应改为,Those who are busy dont have to go.),His brother,being a PLA man,is 18 years old.(,应改为,who is),不及物动词的过去分词不可用作后置定语,，若要表示这个意思要用从句，如：,The lion,died,in this zoo the other day was a mother lion.(,应改为,which/that died),3作状语：,现在分词作状语，表示,陪衬性的动作或伴随情况,，如：,The children ran out of the room,laughing and talking merrily,.,They stood there for an hour,watching the game,.,She sat at the desk,reading a newspaper,.,注意：,a.,分词表示的必须是主语的一个动作；,b.,分词表示的动作和谓语表示的动作（或状态）是同时发生的；,c.,分词表示的是比较次要的动作，对谓语表示的动作或状态加以说明；,d.,大部分放在谓语之后；,e.,分词有时可以与句子的其他部分用逗号隔开。,现在分词作状语，,表示行为方式或手段,（这类状语可以放在句首，也可以放在句末，有时还可以放在句中。其他参考上述,a-c），,如：,Following the guide,they started to climb.,Working this way,they greatly reduced the cost.,Travelling by jeep,we visited a number of cities.,现在分词作状语，,表示原因或理由,，如：,Seeing nobody at home,she decided to leave them a note.,Not knowing her address,we couldnt get in touch with her.,Being so poor in those days,we couldnt afford to send the boy to hospital.,注：,如果分词表示的动作在谓语所表示的动作之前发生，则要用完成形式，如：,Having worked among the peasants for many years,he knew them very well.,Not having received an answer,he decided to write another letter.,Having lived in Berlin many years,he knew the city well.,现在分词作,时间状语,（相当于,when,引导的从句），如：,Turning around,she saw a police car driving up.,Hearing the news,they all jumped with joy.,Seeing those pictures,he couldnt help thinking of those days in Yanan.,注：,这里分词表示的是一个极短暂的动作，这动作一发生，谓语动词所表示的动作立即发生。这类分词一般放在句首。如果两个动作是完全同时发生的，多用,when,或,while+,分词这种结构，如：,Be careful,when,crossing the street.,Dont mention this,while,talking to him.,注：,如果要强调谓语动词的动作发生时，分词的动作已经完成，这个分词要用完成形式，如：,Having arrived at a decision,they immediately set to work.,Having heard this,the woman astronaut expressed her satisfaction.,现在分词作状语还可以,表示结果、条件和让步,，如：,Her husband died in 1942,le