高级英语Lesson2Book2Marrakech课件PPT

,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,*,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,Lesson Two,Marrakech,by George Orwell,I. Background Knowledge,1. George Orwell,George Orwell,See notes 1 on page 25,George Orwell was the pseudonym of Eric Arthur Blair (1903-50), an English writer who at one time served with the,Indian Imperial Police,in Burma. He fought in the,Spanish Civil War, an experience he recorded in,Homage to Catalonia,.,His novels include,Down and Out in Paris and London (,describing a period of poverty in these cities),;,Burmese Days,;,Coming up for Air,;,A Clergyman s Daughter,;,Keep the Aspidistra Flying,;,Animal Farm,; and,1984,. The last two novels vilify (,诽谤,中伤,),socialist society and communism,.,Among his well known essays are:,Shooting an Elephant,;,A Hanging,;,Marrakech,; and,Politics and the English Language,.,George Orwell,Orwell is best remembered today for two of his novels,Animal Farm,and,Nineteen Eighty-Four,His book - Animal Farm,Animal Farm,(1945),- a political fableEach animal represents a certain human character, meant to,criticize Stalins socialism.,A short novel that criticizes the Soviet Union, one of Englands allies in,World War II,. It is an entertaining story about animals or, on a deeper level, a savage attack on the misuse of political power.,Nineteen Eighty-Four,(1949),An English novel about life in a dictatorship as lived by Winston Smith, an intellectual worker at the Ministry of Truth, and his degradation when he runs afoul of the totalitarian,(,极权主义的,) government of,Oceania (,大洋洲,),the state in which he lives in the year that he presumes is 1984.,George Orwell,the master of a superb, lucid (,清晰的,),prose style.,an uncompromising individualist and political idealist,famous for his,political satires,Orwell argued that writers have an obligation of fighting,social injustice, oppression, and the,power of totalitarian,(,极权主义的,),regimes,.,Features of his works,In reading his works, several aspects draw our attention:,1. His works show sharp powers of,observation,and deep,sympathy,for suffering people.,2. His works give a deep sense of,conviction,and,urgency,.,3. The use of English is,clear, simple and direct, with no formality of embellishment(,润色,),. (addition/decoration) He said his ideal was to write prose like a window pane-as clear as glass,His Life,He is mush praised in the west partly because of his anti-communist point of view.,He was born in India, father, a so called empire-builder -serving the British government abroad.,His Life,He received good education in Britain and studied in the most famous school “Eden.,His Life,Marrakech is one of the places he travelled to. His travel made him take a,hostile,attitude toward,imperialism,. He showed deep sympathy for the poor and became a firm supporter of socialism.,Imperialism,The policy of extending a countrys influence over less powerful states (Oxford World Encyclopedia (1998).,Colonialism: a,situation in which one country rules another (,麦克米兰英语词典,).,His Life,He joined Spanish War. He was seriously wounded. The Spanish socialist forces divided into faction. The faction he belonged to was persecuted. So he became so pessimistic and depressed, which led him toward,anti-communist,attitude.,2. Morocco (,摩洛哥,),摩纳哥地中海沿岸近法,-,意边界的独立公国。面积：约,1.9,平方千米。人口：约,31,800(2001),。居民大多是法国人，有少数意大利人。只有不到,15,的居民为摩纳哥后裔。语言：法语,(,官方语言,),。宗教：天主教。货币：法郎。,A small principality located in the south of France in the hills above the Mediterranean Sea.,National flag of Morocco,2. Morocco,a. Located in North Africa, on the Mediterranean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean,b. About 2000 B.C. settled by Berber tribes, then invaded by Arabs in the 7th century, bringing with them,Islam,.,c. In 1912, a Franco-Spanish agreement divided Morocco into 4 administrative zones-French Morocco, Spanish protectorate,(,保护国,), a southern protectorate and an international zone .,d. Gained independence in,1956,and became a constitutional monarchy,(,君主国,),in 1957. Morocco is a member of the United Nations, the League of Arab States, and the Organization of African Unity.,e. People: most Muslims; Most (70%) Moroccans are farmers, using camels, donkeys and mules to pull plows, trying to,try to grow their own food. In the South a few tribesmen still wander from place to place in the desert.,f.,Islam,: the state religion,g.,Arabic,- the official language, French and Spanish also spoken.,Marrakech (,马拉喀什,),Marrakech,/Marrakesh,(,马拉喀什,),Location: At the center of west Morocco, at the Northern foot of the high Atlas. 130 miles south of Casablanca, the chief seaport.,-It is the principal commercial center of Morocco.,-It has extremely hot summers but mild winters.,-Renowned for,leather,goods,- the old city is like a labyrinth (,迷宫,) full of crooked, deadened streets.,Marrakech,Marrakech is not only a fantastic city, it is also a symbol of the Morocco that once was, and which still survives here. The streets of the old and pink city have been too narrow to allow the introduction of cars, and tourists searching for the real Morocco have turned the medieval structures of Marrakech into good business.,The market 1,The market 2,Exposition,Exposition,is perhaps the type of writing that is most frequently used by a student, a scientist, or a professional.Exposition - expounding (,详述,),explaining,Exposition,An expository paper,explain,s or,explore,s something, such as the process of making a machine, the causes of a natural or social phenomenon, the planning of a project, or the solution of a problem.,The,purpose,or,intention,of the writer of exposition (informative writing) is to,inform,or,explain,.,Description,- deals with,appearances,and,feelings,Narration,- deals with,events,and,experience,Exposition,- deals with,processes,and,relationship,s,Exposition,Things can be explained by,-,Definition,- Listing,- Examples,-,Classification,-,Comparison and contrast,- Analysis,(,- analogy; - identification),Definition,The key to a definition is concreteness. One has to give concrete facts to make a definition effective,.,Listing,We must have enough number of items to be listed. Then, if possible, arrange the items in the graded order of increasing importance.,Examples,Its the simplest, the most common, best method.,Classification,We have to follow a system consistently. The categories of division should be mutually exclusive. There should be no overlapping (,相互重叠的,),. One item can belong to one category and only one.,Comparison and contrast,We like one thing to another by pointing out their similarities (,comparison,).,We emphasize the difference between the two (,contrast,).,Analysis,We may discuss the cause and effect of a historical event, its nature and its significance in history.,Exposition,The writer appeals to a readers understanding with,verifiable facts,and,valid information, explaining and interpreting that materials so that the reader will accept his point of view or explanation. Thus he must organize and develop his thought,objectively,and present it with,honesty,and,completeness,so that the reader will have confidence in what he is saying.,Two points,a. Generally, the writer makes a statement of the central thought or of his purpose quite early. This statement is sometimes called the ,thesis, and may even be the title of the piece.,b. Sometimes the writer may first present and develop his facts and make his general statement as a conclusion at the end.,Discussion,1. Orwell used to say that the things of value are always political. Is this essay political Why,2. What and where is the central thought or thesis expressed,3. How does the author achieve the thesis (objectively),4. How does the author develop his essay,5. How does Orwell show his outrage at the misery of the native people successfully,6. How is the text to be divided,1. Orwell used to say that the things of value are always political. Is this essay political Why,All of Orwells works are concerned with the sociopolitical conditions of his time, and Marrakech is no exception.,In this essay Orwell denounces (谴责 ) the evils of colonialism or imperialism. He mercilessly exposes the poverty, misery and degradation (退化, 堕落) of the native people in the colonies. These people are not considered nor are they treated as human beings. The cruel treatment the donkey receives evokes a greater feeling of sympathy in the breasts of the white masters than the miserable fate of the brown human beings.,2. What and where is the central thought or thesis expressed,Orwell denounces (,谴责,)the evils of colonialism or imperialism by mercilessly exposing the poverty, misery and degradation of the native people in the colonies.,This central thought or thesis is stated by Orwell in the middle of paragraph 3-all colonial empires are in reality founded upon this fact.,3. How does the author achieve the thesis (objectively),Orwell shows poverty, misery and degradation (,退化,堕落,) of the native people in the colonies by describing:,a. the burial of the poor inhabitants,b. An Arab Navvy begging for bread,c. The miserable lives of the Jews,d. Cultivation of the poor soil,e. The old women carrying firewood,f. native peoples respect for the colonizers)- humbleness and degradation,4. How does the author develop his essay,This thesis is supported by various independent,examples,or,illustrations,of the peoples poverty and suffering.,Specific-general-specific-comments,5. How does Orwell show his outrage at the misery of the native people successfully,Orwell describes,objectively,the suffering and misery of the colonial people in Marrakech, yet he manages to,show,that he is,outrage,d at the spectacle of misery.,a. through the clever,choice of the scenes,he describes;,b. through the,tone,in which he describes these scenes;,c. through the appropriate,use of words,;,d. by contrasting the,indignation,at the cruel handling of the,donkey,with the unconcern towards the fate of the human beings,6. How is the text to be divided,1) Para.1-3: the burial of the poor inhabitants,2) Para. 4-7: an Arab Navvy begging for bread,3) Para. 8-15: the miserable lives of the Jews,4) Para. 16-18: cultivation of the poor soil,5) Para 19-21: the old women carrying firewood,6) Para 22-26: degradation/humbleness of the native people,Deatialed study of the text,Paragraph 1,What do you think of the authors choice of the scene and the words in Para. 1 What can we learn,The authors choice of a dramatic scene and the simple words implies much more than what appears on the surface. We can see poverty of the place and unsanitary condition of the city,1) dirty 2) poor,Paragraph 1,in a cloud:,a large number of,small,things moving through the air as a mass.,一团,e.g. a cloud of locusts/ insects,那些汽车在滚滚尘埃中启动了。,The cars set off,in,a,cloud,of dust.,Paragraph 2,What can we learn by reading Para. 2,How dead people are buried in Marrakech.- A vivid picture of the poverty of the place.,How does the author present the picture,Through a few strokes of his master-pen-mourners wailing a chant, corpses wrapped in a piece of rag, carried on a rough wooden bier, friends hacking a shallow hole, dumping the body in it, flinging some dried-up earth over it, no grave stone ,The fact shows the human life has no value at all.,Paragraph 2,How do you think of the use of some words in Para. 2,The use of words like “the flies, “a piece of rag, “ rough wooden bier, repeats forcefully the theme of Para. 1.,The use of words like “hack, dump, fling, no gravestone, no name, no identifying mark, indicates the unceremonious way in which a funeral is carried out. In a poor country like Morocco, life is cheap.,Para. 2,The burying-ground is merely a huge waste of hummocky earth, like a derelict building-lot.,The burying-ground is nothing more than a huge piece of wasteland full of mounds of earth looking like a deserted and abandoned piece of land on which a building was going to be put up.,Crowd,It suggests,1) the lack of order,2) people are not terribly concerned about the funeral.,all men and boys, no women,According to Muslim law, Muslims must respect women, and for this reason girls and women used to be kept in the house, where they could be safe. When they went out, they wore the veils to cover their faces. But this law has become a kind of excuse to discriminate against women.,Paragraph 3,What is the theme of Para. 3,He exposes the evils of imperialism.,All colonial empires are in reality founded upon this fact.,All the imperialists build up their empires by treating the people in the colonies like animals (by not treating the people in the colonies as human beings).,It is the colonial empires that make the people so poor. Empires are built up by treating the people in the colonies like animals.,This thesis is going to be supported by more illustrations and examples.,How does the author achieve his purpose,In a cool,objective,manner in stead of a preachy (,说教的,) and propagandistic style. Nevertheless the reader can see his outrage at the misery and suffering,.,Paragraph 3,How can you see his cool manner and uncontrollable outrage,We can see the former from the statements he makes and the latter from a string of rhetorical questions and both from his use of words.,the rags they stand up in,: the rags which they are wearing as they stand there,Undifferentiated:,You cant differentiate one brown stuff from another, because they look just the same. If they do have individuality, it is irrecognizable, just like insects, like bees.,They rise out of the graveyard,They are born. Then for a few years they work, toil and starve. Finally they die and are buried in graves without a name.,break your way,: force your way or pick your way (because of the dense growth of the prickly pear),Para. 3,prickly pear,:,a kind of cactus covered with prickles having a pear-shaped fruit,(,仙人掌果,),When out for a walk picking your way through the prickly pear, you might find that the ground is bumpy. You realize that you are walking over skeletons. You know they are graves only because the bumps appear in an even pattern.,Paragraph 3,What is the tense used in this Para. What does it mean,The situation described still exists.,Para. 5,mint sauce,:,an English speciality made of a combination of chopped mint leaves, vinegar, and water. Its traditionally served with roast lamb.,As soon as you look at the hind legs of the gazelles, you will think of the delicious mint sauce that you would want to dip it in when eating it.,Paragraph 7,What can you learn from the employees situation Or what is the authors intention behind the sentence “This man is an employee of the municipality,The poverty of the people.,Even an employed laborer goes starving, so you can imagine for yourself the plight of the poorer people.,stow,to put, hide away in safe place If you stow sth. somewhere, you put it neatly away in a place where it can be kept until it is needed.= storestow away = hide,stow,We,stowed,all the boxes in the attic.,Potatoes must,be,stowed in a cool dark place.,My jewellery is safely stowed away in the bank.,His baggage was safely stowed away in the plane.,Paragraphs 8-15,What is the main idea of Para. 8-15,The plight of the Jews, an oppressed minority in a colonial country. Their fate could be worse than that of the natives.,How does the author realize his idea,By describing Jews crowded and unsanitary living circumstances, bad working conditions, frenzied rush and clamor for a cigarette, and the natives hostile attitude to the Jews.,Para. 8,Quarters,apartment (room/house),residential area for particular kind of people,the doctors quarters,servants quarters,officers quarters,sleeping quarters,confined to quarters,Para. 8,ghettoes or ghettos,:,A,ghetto,is a part of a town or city in which many poor people or many people of a particular race, religion, or nationality live in isolation from the majority group in the town or city.,Orwell uses,ghettos,here in the traditional sense of a portion of a city populated almost exclusively by Jews.,A ghetto also,implies,that the people in it are restricted only to that area and are not permitted to live elsewhere.,sore-eyed,Eyes are infected from 1. malnutrition 2. lack of medical care 3. unhygienic condition,Para. 9,Infest,(,often followed by with or used in combination),When insects, rats or other animals infest a plant, area, they spread in a large numbers and cover the area, usually causing damage.,overrun; swarm; pack; crowd; teem; flood; fill; be thick with,The back yard was infested,with,rats.,waters infested,with,sharks,Infest,used with some nouns to make adjectives meaning full of something harmful or unpleasant:,a rat-infested housea crime-infested city,shark-infested waters,fly-infested - full of flies,Paragraph 9,A carpenter sits cross-legged at a prehistoric lathe, turning chair-legs at lightning speed.,Sitting with his legs crossed and using a very old-fashioned lathe, a carpenter quickly gives a round shape to the chair-legs he is making.,warp,:,bend, curve, or twist out of shape,The hot sun warped the boards.,Some gramophone records warp in very hot weather.,Para. 9,thanks to . out of shape,Because of sitting in a fixed position over the years and because of using his left foot to control the chisel while turning chair-legs, his left leg has become deformed.,Para. 10,frenzied adj.,full of uncontrolled excitement,Will this push him too far and lead to a frenzied attack (疯狂攻击,She was climbing now with a sort of frenzied haste. 她这时带着一股疯狂劲头快速向上攀登,a frenzied mob of over a thousand beggars,狂乱暴徒,make frenzied efforts,(拼命挣扎),self-contained -,self sufficient A self-contained community is one in which all or nearly all the needs of the community are met from within. There is little need to go outside for material or cultural desires. The Jewish ghettos are self-contained not only by preference but also by necessity, since Jews may have been unwelcome outside.,self-contained,1 a,:,complete in itself,:,INDEPENDENT, ,b,:,BUILT-IN,2 a,:,showing self-control,b,:,formal and reserved in manner,Paragraph 11,Its a good job,(colloquial BrE.),Its a good thing,(AmE.) : It is a fortunate state of,affairs, it is fortunate.,It is a good job /thing it happened here rather than on the open road.,A good job Hitler wasnt here,It was lucky for the Jews that Hitler had not come to this place. If he had, the Jews would have been exterminated as they were in Poland and other European countries.,Thats only for show!,The Jew only pretends to work as a poor labourer.show - n. sth false or superficial, pretence,His public expressions of grief are nothing but show. 他公开表示悲哀只不过是做做样子而已.,他的自我批评不是摆样子的。,His self-criticism was not made for show.,a square meal: a decent substantial meal,punishments for being a witch,Hanging,was the most popular in America.,In Europe, most people accused of witchcraft were,burned at the stake,.,There were several odd punishments, such as being pressed to death, (having large stones placed on the chest to withdraw a confession), people were tied up and thrown into lakes, (if they floated they were a witch, if they didnt they were innocent, but drowned anyway), they were tortured with hot irons, (mainly to the bottoms of the feet), they were stretched, hung upside down, stuck with needles, and shoved in iron maidens.,Witches were even tortured in their deaths, not afforded a quick and sanitary demise, the majority of witches were burnt at the stake, though a great many were str