动词和动词词组

,动词和动词词组,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,动词和动词词组,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,动词和动词词组,动词分类一,1主动词和助动词,2及物动词、不及物动词和连系动词,3动态动词和静态动词,动词分类二,4单词动词和词组动词,5限定动词和非限定动词,6规那么动词和不规那么动词,2,1主动词和助动词,英语动词按其构成动词词组中所起的作用分为主动词Main Verb和助动词Auxiliary两大类。动词词组是以动词为中心词的词组，它可以仅由一个主动词构成，这叫做简单动词词组Simple Verb Phrase。例如：,He buys lemonade every time he goes shopping.,The workers received a raise last year.,动词词组也可以由一个或一个以上的助动词加主动词构成，这叫做复杂动词词组Complex Verb Phrase。例如：,They have been taking music lessons.,You should have read the book.,由上述诸例可以看出，主动词构成动词词组的意义核心，它表示动词词组的根本意义，因此，主动词又叫“实义动词。,3,助动词的语法功能是协助主动词表示不同的语法意义或情态意义，比方表示某一动作正在进展或已经完成，“应该做某事或“不应该做某事。,英语的助动词分为三类：根本助动词Primary Auxiliary、情态助动词Modal Auxiliary和半助动词Semi-auxiliary。,A根本助动词,根本助动词只有三个：be，do，have。作为助动词，be，do，have本身没有词汇意义，只在动词词组中起语法作用或者说只表示语法意义。比方助动词be通常用来协助主动词构成进展体或被动态：,The students were praised by the principal.,4,助动词do通常用来协助主动词表示否认意义或构成疑问句：,My wife doesnt know Russian.,What did she give to Halleck for his birthday?,助动词do还可用来加重语气：,I do think youll have a hard job convincing him.,You do look well.,助动词have通常用来协助主动词构成完成体或完成进展体：,Joan has seen that movie.,I have been working here for 20 years.,5,B情态动词,情态动词共有13个，其中包括一些过去时形式。它们是can/could，may/might，will/would，shall/should，must/ought to，dare，need，used to。情态动词表示情态意义，其过去时态形式并不一定就表示过去时间。情态动词不能重叠使用；随后的主动词无一例外地是不带to的不定式即动词原形。例如：,It may snow before nightfall.,Would you let me use your pen a minute?,Brenda grew up in Naples.She must know how to speak Italian,If she became a movie star,she could afford a new home.,6,C半助动词,半助动词指某些兼有主动词和助动词特征的语法构造，比方have to，seem to之类的构造既可与主动词搭配构成复杂动词词组并表示情态意义：,I have to buy a new car.,He seems to be disappointed.,又能与其它助动词搭配，像是主动词，而不像情态动词：,I dont have to buy a new car.,You will have to sell your house.,He didnt seem to love her.,She doesnt seem to be disappointed.,所以，半助动词兼有助动词和主动词的双重特征。,7,2及物动词、不及物动词、连系动词,主动词按其是否必须跟有补足成分Complementation以及必须跟有什么样的补足成分如宾语、补语、状语等，分为及物动词Transitive Verb、不及物动词Intransitive Verb和连系动词Linking Verb。,A及物动词,及物动词之后须带宾语Object。例如：,John is playing cricket.,Mark researched his topic thoroughly.,有些及物动词可带有双宾语，即间接宾语Indirect Object和直接宾语Direct Object。例如：,The new lamp gave us more light.,Celeste paid me a compliment.,8,有些及物动词在一定上下文中须带宾语和宾语补足语Object Complement。例如：,The jury found the defender not guilty.,You should keep the room clean all the time.,有些及物动词在一定上下文中不仅须带宾语，而且宾语之后还须带状语。例如：,The Chinese treat older people with great respect.,I put the book on the shelf.,9,B不及物动词,不及物动词之后不须带宾语。例如：,The president is speaking.,The hunter suddenly stopped.He heard a noise in the bushes.,但是，有些不及物动词在一定上下文中，其后须带状语，否那么意义不完全。例如：,Betty and Sue have lived in Atlanta since 1975.,Daffodils黄水仙bloom in early spring.,10,C连系动词,连系动词之后须带主语补语Subject Complement。例如：,The capital of the United States was once New York City.,That sounds like a good idea.,以上三类动词的划分并不是绝对的，许多动词都有跨类现象：在一种上下文中是及物动词，在另一种上下文中却是不及物动词或连系动词。例如：,The fish is fresh from water.You dont have to smell it.,The milk is going bad.It smells.,This dish smells delicious.,11,3动态动词和静态动词,英语动词，按其词汇意义，又可分为动态动词Dynamic Verb和静态动词Stative Verb。动态动词是表示运动状态的动词，而静态动词那么是表示一种相对静止状态的动词。,a动态动词,动态动词，按词汇意义，又可分为3个小类：一是表示持续动作的动词，如drink，eat，play，sit等。这类动词既可用于非进展体，也可用于进展体。例如：,She works at a chemical factory.,She has been working there for a long time.,12,二是表示改变或移动的动词，如arrive，become，change，come，get，go，grow，turn等。这类动词也是既可用于非进展体，也可用于进展体。例如：,Winter is here.The leaves of the trees are turning yellow.,The weather is changing for the better.,三是表示短暂动作的动词，如hit，jump，kick，open/close(a door)，put，shut，take out等。这类动词可用一般现在时表示说话时正在进展的短暂动作，假设用进展体那么表示短暂动作的不断重复。例如：,舞台说明The old man stops at a house and knocks at the,door.,Who is knocking at the door?,13,这类动词假设用一般过去时，那么表示发生在过去的一次性短暂动作，假设用过去进展体，也表示短暂动作的不断重复。例如：,He opened the door and ran out of the house.,He was opening and closing the door to make sure that it,worked properly.,b静态动词,静态动词表示存在于现在时或过去的一种状态。这种动词的最主要语法特征就是通常用于非进展体，假设用进展体，通常会引起语义的改变。这类动词，按词汇意义，又可分为4小类：第一类时用作主动词的be和have作“有解。例如：,Jim is a teacher,but 20 years ago he was a soldier.,We have friends all over the world.,14,第二类是含有静态动词be和have的意义动词，如apply to适用于，belong to，differ from，cost，measure，weigh，fit适合，hold可容纳，lack，resemble等。例如：,This rule applies to(=is applicable to)everyone.,This house belongs to my brother(=is my brothers,property).,French differs from(=is different from)English in having,gender for all nouns.,The auditorium holds(=has a capacity for)2000 people.,15,第三类是表示感觉的动词，如,feel,，,h,ear，see，smell，taste,等。例如：,She doesnt,hear,very well.,I can,see,the snow-capped peaks of the,distant mountains.,The material,feels,soft.,The roses,smell,fragrant.,I can,taste,pepper in the soup.It,tastes,hot.,16,第四类是表示心理或情感状态的动词，如,assume,，,believe,，,consider(=think),，,detest,，,fear,，,hate,，,hope,，,imagine,，,know,，,like,，,love,，,mean,，,mind,，,notice,，,prefer,，,remember,，,regret,，,suppose,，,think,，,understand,，,want,，,wish,等。例如：,I,believe,we have met before.