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,Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,*,Module 1,Europe,Grammar 1 &2,必修三,Grammar 1,Read the sentences and answer the questions.,a,Paris is visited by more than eight million tourists every year.,b,The Sagrada Familiar was designed by an architect called Antoio Gaudi.,c,Florences most beautiful paintings and,sculptures were produced by great artists,such as Leonardo da Vinci.,d,Athens is known as the birthplace of,western civilization.,e,The Parthenon was built during this period.,What does the word by in the first three,sentences tell you,It tells us who did the action.,2. Is there any difference in meaning,between these two sentences,Paris is visited by more than eight million,tourists every year.,More than eight million tourists visit Paris,every year.,The focus is different. In the first sentences it is,Paris which is more important. In the second,sentence we are more interested in the tourists.,3. Why is the word by not in the sentence d and e,The word by is not in sentence d, because we understand that it means “is known by everyone, and the inclusion of the agent would be superfluous. The word by is not in sentence e because we arent interested in who built it (although it would be perfectly alright to add “by Iktino and Kallikrates here).,一、何时使用被动语态,1.,不知道谁是动作的执行者或没有必要。,Paper is made from wood.,He was wounded in the fight.,2.,需要强调动作的承受者时。,Books and newspapers in the reading,room mustnt be taken away.,He was awarded first prize in that contest.,被动语态,3. 为了使语气婉转，防止提及自己或对方,而使用被动语态，或由于修饰的需要，使,用被动语态，使句子得以更好的安排。,The construction of the new lab must be,completed by the end of next month.,Electricity is used to run machines.,形式,时态,助动词,be,的变化形式,+,实意动词的过去分词,现在一般时态,一般过去时态,一般将来时态,一般过去将来时态,现在进行时态,过去进行时态,am (is , are ),was ( were),shall ( will) be,would (should) be,am (is, are) being,was (were) being,+done,二、被动语态的构成,现在完成时态,过去完成时态,将来完成时态,过去将来完成时态,has (have) been,had been,shall (will) have been,should (would) have been,+done,三、不同形式的被动语态,含有直宾和间宾的主动构造, 变为被动时,可将其中一个宾语变为主语，另一个不动,一般是主语构造的间接宾语变为被动的主,语。,He showed me his pictures.,I was shown his pictures by him.,His pictures were shown to me by him.,Aunt made me a new dress.,I was made a new dress by aunt.,A new dress was made for me by aunt.,2.,含有复合宾语的主动句，宾补不变。,They call her Xiao Li.,She is called Xiao Li.,make, let, have, hear, watch, see, feel,notice. H,既动词后变做宾补的不定式一般不加,to,，变为被动，必须加,to,。,My brother often made me do this and that when I was young.,I was often made to do this and that by my brother when I was young.,I heard her move about in her room upstairs last night.,She was heard to move about in her room,upstairs last night.,Did you see Jack take away the magazine,Was Jack seen to take away the magazine,3.,情态动词的被动语态。是由情态,V + be + p.p.,构成。,They can not find him.,He can not be found.,You must pay me for this.,I must be paid for this.,4.,短语,V,的被动语态,一般来讲，只有及物,V,才有被动语态,因为只有,vt,才能有动作的承受者,;,但有许多由不及物动词,+,介词及其他词类构成的短语动词，相当于及物动词，可以有宾语。因而可以有被动语态，但应注意短语,V,是一个不可分割的整体。变被动时，不可丢掉构成短语的,prep,或,adv.,这样的短语有：,look after, listen to, look at, pay attention to, take care of, look forward to, make use of,They had put out the fire before the firebrigade arrived.,The fire had been put out before the fire-brigade arrived.,5.,有些动词用主动形式表被动含义。,The goods sells well.,The door cant open.,6.,有些词如,want, need, require,和,be worth,后面,v-ing,形式为主动，意义为被动。,The room needs/wants/requires cleaning.,The book is worth reading.,7.,主动语态中的宾语是从句，变成被动时使用形式替代词,it.,We know that Britain is an island country.,Its known that Britain is an island country.,8.,宾语为反身代词，相互代词及虚词,it,时，不用被动语态,只用主动。,I will do it myself.,The man introduced himself as Mr. Wang.,9.,谓语动词是以下时，无被动。,happen, belong to, suit, fit (,适合,), have, let,join, fall, last (,延长,), cost (,花费,) break out,(,爆发,) appear, burst out (,迸发,),，,hold (,容纳,),，,lack (,缺乏,),，,agree with (,同意,).,10.,据说类动词：,say, consider, think, report, know, believe,suggest, understand, hope, etc.,如：,It is said that There is said to be,Sth. / Sb. is said to,11.,主动形式表被动, 感官动词：,sound, taste, smell, fell, look,seem,等主语是物时；, 一些,vi,主动形式表被动含义,open, close, shut, read, write, translate, wash,clean, lock, sell, wear, cut, cook, eat, weigh,drink, pay, draw, etc., 不定式 to blame, to let出租作表语时,主动形式表被动含义。,You are to blame.,The house is to let., 表(sth) 需要的need, want, require 等后,的动名词用主动形式表被动含义。,The house needs /wants/require repairing, be worth 后的动名词主动形式表被动含义。,The book is worth reading.,Make these sentences passive.,About a million tourists visit Florence,each year.,Florence is visited by about a million,tourists each year.,2. Ten million people visited London last,year.,London was visited by ten million people,last year.,3. Leonardo da Vinci painted the Mona,Lisa.,The Mona Lisa was painted by Leonardo,da Vinci.,4. Picasso didnt paint the Mona Lisa.,The Mona Lisa wasnt painted by Picasso.,5. Thousands of workers built the great,Wall of China.,The great Wall of China was built by,thousands of workers.,Example:,- The Sagrada Fimilia was designed,by an English architect (Spanish),- No, it wasnt. It was designed by a,Spanish,architect.,Correct the wrong statements.,1. The Louvre Art Gallery is located in Athen. (Paris),No, it isnt. Its located in Paris.,2. Paris is situated on the coast. (,River,Seine),No, it isnt. It is situated on the,River Seine.,3. Florence is visited by eight million tourists every year. (one million),No, it isnt. It is visited by one,million tourists every year.,4. Barcelona is known as the birthplace,of western civilization. (,Athens),No, it isnt. Athens is known as the,birthplace of western civilization.,5. The Parthenon was built a hundred,years ago. (2,400 years ago.),No, it isnt. The Parthenon was built,2,400 years ago.,Grammar 2,Read the sentences and answer the questions.,My family lives in Cardiff.,Our soccer team is fantastic.,The whole class is here.,What have the words family, team, and class got in common,(a) They are all singular nouns.,(b) They are followed by a singular verb.,(c) They refer to only one person.,(d) They refer to a number of people.,主谓一致要点精讲,“主谓一致是指谓语动词与主语必须在人称、数上保持一致，即主语是复数，谓语也用复数形式，如are, were, have等，主语是单数，谓语要用单数形式，如：is, was, has, works等。,在具体处理一致关系时可遵循以下三原那么: 语法一致、意义一致、就近一致。,一、主语为以下情况时，谓语用单数：,1. 时间/距离/重量/价值/数目等名词作整体对待,时。,Twenty years is only a short time in human,history.,Thirty dollars is too high a price for the,book.,Another 10 years has passed since he left.,主谓一致,2. 主语由从句、不定式短语、动名词充,当时。,When they will discuss it hasnt been,made public.,To die for the people is a worthy,death.,Looking after the children is her full-,time job.,3. 主语由“S结尾的学科名词充当时。,Physics is well worth studying.,Maths is a difficult science.,4.,主语为书、报、地名、组织名称，以复数形,式出现。,The Times usually,speaks,for the British,government.,The United States,is,made up of 50 states.,5. news, works, crossroads, woods,等复数形式,表示单数概念时，,means,视情况而定。,Bad news,has,wings.,Every means,has,been tried to settle the,problem.,6.,并列主语指同一概念时。,A thief and murderer,was,sentenced to death.,Bread and butter,is,served for breakfast.,7.,不定代词作主语时。,Somebody,is,looking for you.,Everything,is,nice in your garden.,Anyone,is,forbidden to smoke here.,8. each/every/no/many a+,名词单数,+and+,each/every/no/many a+,名词单数。,Each man and each woman,was,invited to,the party.,No engineer and no worker,was,in the,workshop.,Every hour and every minute,is,important.,Many a boy and many a girl,has,seen it.,9. many a/the whole/each/neither/either+,名词单,数。,Many a care,makes,the head white.,The whole nation,was,in deep sorrow at,Lincolns death.,Neither story,is,true.,Each bird,loves,to hear himself sing.,10. each/neither/either of+,名词复数,/them, us,you,。,Each of them,has,a beautiful house.,Either of the bicycles,belongs,to me.,11. this pair of/that pair of/a pair of +,名,词复数。,This pair of shoes,needs,mending.,12. more than one+,名词单数。,More than one soldier,was,killed in the,battle.,13. 主语为 one, the other, another, no one,neither。,One has to do ones best.,Here is only one shoe. Where is the other,There was a rainbow in the sky, and another,was in his breast.,14. man, the world, clothing 做主语。,All the world knows that the earth is round.,Our clothing protects us from the cold.,二、谓语动词用复数的情况,the+,姓的复数形式。,The Greens,are going to make,a trip to London.,2.,以复数形式出现的表示群岛、山脉、瀑布等,的专有名词。,As is known to all, Rocky mountains,stand,in,North America.,3. the + folk (s), people, police, cattle, Chinese,French, Japanese, English,等集体名词,The police,are running,after the thief.,The Chinese,are,a hard-working people.,4. the blind, deaf, poor, living, young, dead,wounded,等形容词表一类人或物,Generally, the young,are,thirsty for,knowledge.,The dead,are,soon forgotten.,三、谓语动词与前面的主语一致,as well as,rather than,along/together with,suchas, like,such as, besides,no less than=as much as but/except,beyond,nobut,and not,分词,(,介词、不定式,),短语,同位语,定语从句,1. He as well as I,is,absent from the meeting.,2.The officer, rather than ministers,answers,for,it.,3. Mary, (along) with her friends,goes,abroad.,4. Books such as this,are,useful and air,is,necessary for plants.,5. The girl like many boys,is,fond of sports.,6. Sunshine, no less than water and air,is,necessary for plants.,7. Everyone here, including old people,likes,reading.,8. A lucky visitor to the places,is,fortunate.,9. The people in Luyi city,are,friendly.,10. Foreigners who work in China,are,from Canada.,11. The man invited to European,countries,is,80.,12.The students studying in school,study,well.,13. No one but we,has,seen the film.,14. Jack, and not we,has,seen the film.,四、谓语动词与后者一致的情况,or, nor,eitheror,neithernor 连接2个并列主语时,not onlybut also,not.but.,1. You, he, or I am right.,2. Neither you nor he is right.,3. Either he or you are right.,4. Is either he or you right,5. Not only he but also I am right.,6. Both he and I are right.,7. Not him but we have seen the film.,五、视情况而定的情况,1. Family, army, class, crew, team, enemy,group, party, couple, government,等集体名词作,主语时。,Her family,is,small, but the family,are,advanced,workers.,Class,is,over and the class,are,all out for play.,Our group,are reading,the newspapers.,This group,is having,a meeting.,2. 分数、百分数、half, all, part, any, some, a,lot, lots, plenty, rest, most, a supply, supplies,of 后跟可数名词单数/不可数名词或代表可数,名词单数/不可数名词时谓语动词用单数；如,果后跟可数名词复数或代表可数名词复数谓,语动词那么用复数。,Half of the work is finished and the rest is,going to be finished next week.,Half of the students in this class are girls and,of course, the rest are boys.,50% of the book has been finished reading.,3. the+,名词单数,+and+,名词单数,+,动词单,数；,the+,名词单数,+and+the+,名词单数,+,动词复数。,The writer and teacher,is,coming.,The writer and the teacher,are,coming.,4. what, who, which, such,常与其后的作表语的名词一致。,What you said,is,of great importance.,What you left,are,only several old books.,Such,is,our plan.,Such,are,his words.,5. these/those+sort/kind/type of+,名词复,数,+,动词复数。,Those type/kind/sort of machines,are,update.,6. this/that kind/sort of +,名词单数,+,动词单,数；,this/that kind/sort of + +,名词复数,+,动词,单,(,复,),数均可。,This/that kind/sort of man,is,dangerous.,This/that kind/sort of apples,are/is,highly,priced.,This/that kind/sort of water,is,safe to drink.,7. one of the+,名词复数,+,动词单数；,one of +,定语从句,+,动词单数。,One of the boys,has,helped me.,He is one of the boys who,have,helped me.,8. the only/very one of the+,名词复数,+,定语,从句,+,动词单数。,He is the only/very one of the boys who,has,helped me.,9. population,后的动词单复数与表语一致。,The population of China,is,under control.,80 percent of the population of China,are,farmers.,10. the number of +,名词复数,+,单数谓语,a number of+,名词复数,+,复数谓语,A number of rooms,are,on sale.,The number of the room,is,303.,11. quantities of无论修饰可数还是不可数名,词、谓语动词都用复数。a quantity of+可数名词复数、谓语动词用复数;+不可数名词、谓语动词用单数。即修饰可数或不可数名词均可,作主语时采取就近一致的原那么,其谓语动词通常与短语中of后面的名词的数保持一致。,Large quantities of money were spent on the,bridge.,A large quantity of money was spent on the,bridge.,A large quantity of materials were spent on the,bridge.,12. a variety of+,名词复数,+,动词复数 、,a,variety of+,名词单数,+,动词单数、,varieties of+,名词,+,动词复数、,the variety of+,名词复数,+,动,词单数。,A great variety of flowers,were,shown there.,There,was,a considerable variety of opinion.,There,are,several varieties of red roses.,The variety of goods on display,reveals,a big,leap forward in the development of our,industrial and agricultural production.,13. an average of+,名词复数,+,动词复数,the average of+,名词复数,+,动词单数,An average of 3 students,are,absent each,day.,The average of 14, 3 and 1,is,6.,14. a total of+,名词复数,+,动词复数,the total of+,名词复数,+,动词单数,A total of 300 letters,were,received last month.,The total of letters received last month,was,300.,15. a majority (minority) of+名词复数+动词单/复数、the majority (minority) +动词单复数、the majority (minority) of+名词复数+动词单数或复数,A majority of people take/takes part in cultural,pursuits.,Only a minority of the members object.,The majority was/were in favor of the plan.,The majority of population live/lives in cities.,The vast majority of the students need/needs,increased financial support.,16. one or two+,名词复数,+,动词复数、,a+,名词单,数,+or two+,动词单数、在倒装句中用单数。,One or two days,are,enough for them.,One or two students,were,absent from class this,morning.,A day or two,is,enough.,A servant or two or three,was,to accompany,them.,Inside each folder,is,one or two sheets of,information.,One +in (out of, of)+,名词复数,+,动词单数,但在新闻报道或非正式文体中也可用复数。,One out of twenty,was,badly damaged.,Only one out of five,were,present at the,conference.,One in ten,suffer,from bronchitis.,Answers :,(1) plays,(2) has,(3) lives/live,Finish Activity 2, Page7,Answers:,(1) Yes, they do.,(2) Only that it is more than two,(3) No we dont, except that there must,be two or more.,Finish Activity 3, Page 7,Amy and Helen cant speak Chinese.,Neither Amy nor Helen can speak,Chinese.,2.All the countries in Europe have a,good soccer team.,Each country in Europe has a good,soccer team.,Finish Activity 4, Page 7,3.France and Germany arent going to,sign the agreement.,Neither France nor Germany is going to,sign the agreement.,4. The whole class doesnt want to study,Japanese.,None of the class wants to study Japanese.,Exercises,Every teacher and every student _ found a,students Union.,A. has B. have C. expects to D. hope to,2. Nobody but them_ to know about the,matter.,A. want B. wants,C. have wanted D. were wanted,3. Nothing but trousers_in that small shop.,A. was worth of 20 dollars,B. were worth 20 dollars,C. was cost 20 dollars D. was paid for 20 dollars,C,B,D,4. The dictionary as well as the books that _,pictures in them_to her.,has; belongs B. have; are belonged,C. has; belong D. have; belongs,5. Twenty percent of the work of the whole year,_finished by their group last month.,A. has been B. had been C.were D.was,6. A knife and fork_on the table.,A. is B. are C. has been D. have being,7. Neither his parents nor his wife_anything,about it.,A. know B. knows C. have known D. is known,D,D,A,B,8. Five dollars _ too much for a ticket.,A. seems B. seem C. seem to be D. are,9. Most of the apples_.,was rotten B. were rotten,C. has rotten D. have rotten,10. About one third of the workers in that,factory_ young people.,A. is B. has been C. are D. have been,A,B,C,11. Not only the teacher but also the students _ the change.,A. object to B. objects to,C. object D. objects,12. Every means_ tried since then.,A. has been B. have been,C. are D. is,A,A,13. This pair of trousers_ my sister.,A. is belong to B. are belong,C. belong to D. belongs to,14. Our team _ defeated by theirs last,Sunday.,was B. had been,C. has been D. have been,15. Our team_ taking showers when the,door was knocked open.,A. was B. are C. were D. have been,D,A,C,16. The League secretary and monitor_ asked to make a speech at the meeting.,A. is B. was C. are D. were,17. His “Selected Poems _ first published in 1965.,A. were B. was C. has been D. had been,B,B,18. Mr. Smith, together with his wife and,two sons, _ to arrive the following day.,A. are B. are going C. is D. will be,19. He as well as I _ you.,agree with B. agree to,C. agrees with D. agree to,20. The singer and dancer _ our,discussion.,is to attend B. are to attend,C. are attended D. is attended,C,C,A,21. Politics _ one of the subjects that,we study.,are B. is,C. shall D. were,22. I have read a large part of the book,the rest _ more difficult.,is B. has,C. are D. have,B,A,23. All that is needed _ a continuous supply of fuel oil.,A. are B. is C. have been D. has been,24. More than one _ dismissed (辞退).,A. have been B. has been C. are D. has,25. Many a man and woman _ that he or she had better education.,A. wish B. has wished,C. do wish D. have wished,B,B,B,26. Where to find him and how to,find him _ to us.,has not known,B. have not known,C. is not known,D. are not known,C,27. It is I who _ next.,A. am B. be C. is D. are,28. Both bread and butter _ in that shop.,A. were sold out B. was sold out,C. has sold out D. have sold out,29. Bread and milk _ what they usually have for breakfast.,A. were B. was C. is D. are,30. “All_ present and all _ going on well.,Our monitor said.,A. is; is B. are; are C. are; is D. is; are,A,A,C,C,Homework,Go to the library or surf the Internet to find some information about the European Union.,Goodbye!,
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