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单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,College English Grammar:,Grammar and Writing,By,Zhu Xiangjun,Unit 8,Phrases: Participial Phrases,Grammar:,Participial Phrases,Writing:,Correcting:,Dangling Modifiers,Rewriting:,Sentence emphasis,Participial Phrases,Words that are made of verbs but dont act like verbs are called,verbals,. There are three types of verbals: participles, infinitives and gerunds.,A,participle,is a verb form used as an adjective to modify nouns and pronouns, or as an adverb to modify verbs, adjectives or other adverbs. Participles come in two forms: the present participle (V-ing) and the past participle (V-ed).,The present participle,in English is in the active voice and is used for:,1. modifying a noun as an adjective;,The girl is dancing.The girl is the daughter of my neighbor.,The,dancing,girl,is the daughter of my neighbor.,2. modifying a verb or whole sentence as an adverb.,Jack smiled.Jack said hello to me.,Smiling, Jack,said,hello to me.,The past participle,may be used in both active and passive voices and is used for:,modifying a noun as an adjective, with active sense,；,A tree fell on the road.The road was blocked.,The road was blocked by a,fallen,tree,.,modifying a noun as an adjective, with passive sense;,The street was deserted.I felt uneasy on the street.,I felt uneasy on the,deserted,street,.,modifying a verb or sentence as an adverb.,Jack was shaken.Jack had to quit his village.Jack was in despair.,Shaken, Jack,had to,quit,his village in despair.,If you are not sure whether you,should use present participle or past participle, you can turn the phrase into a sentence. Right sentence ensures right choice.,Participial phrase,Sentence (be + participle),the,singing,birds,flying time,broken car,the excited children,The birds are singing.,The birds are sung.,Time is flying.,Time is flown.,The car is breaking.,The car is broken.,The children are exciting.,The children are excited.,As adjectives, participles may be placed before or after the words they modify.,The,visiting,minister,expressed his satisfaction with the talks.,Soon they could see,the steam,rising from the wet clothes,.,In general, present participles indicate the action is active and progressive; past participles indicate the action is passive and completion.,Many adverbial clauses can be reduced to participial phrases, especially when they share the subject with the main clause.,If you following this road, you will find the bus stop.,Following this road, you will find the bus stop.,When he reads in the final pages of the novel, the readers hair stands on end.,Reading in the final pages of the novel, the readers hair stands on end.,After he was nominated for the award, he got above himself.,Nominated for the award, he got above himself.,Because it had been submerged years ago, the village no longer existed.,Submerged years ago, the village no longer existed.,1.,Functions,Participial phrases have generally two formal functions in sentences.,2.1. As an adjective,When a participial phrase is used as an adjective, it modifies a noun or a pronoun and usually goes before or after the word it modifies.,The animal is hunted to extinction.,The animal is a lost treasure.,Hunted to extinction,the animal,is a lost treasure.,I heard a song last night.,Linda was singing loudly.Linda was in her dormitory.,Last night, I heard,Linda,singing loudly in her dormitory,.,2.2. As an adverb,When a participial phrase is used as an adverb, it modifies a verb or a whole sentence, mainly answers the question “how and may appear in different positions in a sentence.,Simon used a key.,Simon opened the door., Using a key, Simon opened the door.,The boy held a torch steadily.,He approached the tower., The boy, holding a torch steadily, approached the tower.,Lets speak frankly.,We have no authority., Frankly speaking, we have no authority.,2. Position and punctuation,2.1. At the beginning,When a participial phrase appears at the beginning of a sentence, it must come right before the nouns that it describes and is followed by a comma.,Mrs. Richards didnt want to frighten the poor man.,She hid in a small storeroom quickly.,The storeroom was under the stairs.,Not wanting to frighten the poor man,Mrs. Richards,quickly hid in the small storeroom under the stairs.,These wires are lined up against the wall.,These wires are long.,These wires are thin.,These wires are attached to metal spheres.,Lined up against the wall,these long thin,wires,are attached to metal spheres.,2.2. In the middle,When in the middle of a sentence, participial phrases come after the nouns that they modify and have no commas around them if the information (restrictive) is necessary to identify or understand but do have commas around them if they dont include necessary information (non-restrictive).,The Verrazano Bridge was designed by a great architect.,It joins Brooklyn to Staten Island., The Verrazano Bridge, designed by a great architect, joins Brooklyn to Staten Island.,It was in a small village.,A woman was picking blackberries.,She saw “a large cat.,The “cat was only five yards away from her., In a small village a woman picking blackberries saw “a large cat only five yards away from her.,3.3. At the end,When participial phrases appear at the end of a sentence, they are often set off by commas to emphasize, especially if they are not directly after the nouns that they modify or if they provide unnecessary information.,The Titanic turned just in time.,It narrowly missed the wall of ice.,The wall was immense.,The Titanic,turned just in time, narrowly missing the immense wall of ice,.,The old man retired.,He moved.He wanted to live with his children.They lived at Nansha.,Nansha lies by the Zhujiang River.,After his retirement, the old man moved to live with his children at,Nansha, lying by the Zhujiang River,.,There are no commas if the information is necessary to identify, if emphasis is not needed or if the phrase directly follows the word it modifies.,The body of one statue was found.,It was among remains.,These remains dated from the fifteenth century B.C.,The body of one statue was found among,remains,dating from the fifteenth century B.C.,The car was leaving.,Mr. Taylor rushed out.,He ran after the car.,He threw ashtrays and vases.,Just as the car was leaving, Mr. Taylor rushed out and,ran,after it,throwing ashtrays and vases,.,Dangling Modifiers,The action that is occurring in the participial phrases should relate back to the subject. That is, the subject of the sentence should be doing the action. If this is not the case, the result is,a dangling modifier,. This often happens with beginning participial phrases or infinitive phrases. You can correct it by:,naming the appropriate or logical doer of the action as the subject of the main clause;,changing the phrase that dangles into a complete introductory clause by naming the doer of the action in that clause;,combining the phrase and main clause into one., Walking in the woods, a snake bit the soldier in the heel., Walking in the woods, the soldier was bitten in the heel by a snake., While the soldier was walking in the woods, a snake bit him in the heel., Written in large letters, even the old men can easily read the word., Written in large letters, the word can easily be read by even the old men., As the word is written in large letters, even the old men can easily read it., To wash hand, soap and water is needed., To wash hand, you need soap and water., You need soap and water to wash hand.,A participial phrase followed by “there be will often be a dangling participle. This faulty sentence can be remedied by changing the participial phrase into a clause with a subject and verb., Looking behind me, there was nothing there but the wall., When I looked behind me, I saw nothing there but the wall., I looked behind me. There was nothing there but the wall.,Exercises:,Correct the following dangling modifiers,.,While cleaning his gun, it went off unexpectedly.,Approaching the woods, a cabin will come into your sight.,After looking out the window for hours, the rain passed.,Tearing the curtains apart, there was no one hiding there.,Getting here on time, but there were hardly any guests left.,Shouting loudly, the hills resounded.,Sitting under an apple tree one night, an idea came to Newton.,To swim properly, a course of instruction is necessary.,When a small boy, his parents were very strict with him.,Being a holiday, children are going to have a picnic.,Correcting:,While,he was,cleaning his gun,When,you approached,the woods,After,I have looked,out the window for hours,I found,there was no one hiding there,I got,here on time,you would hear,the hills resounded,an idea came to Newton Newton got an idea,a course of instruction is necessary you need (to take) a course of instruction,When,he was,a small boy,Being a holiday As it is a holiday,The exercise in this section is to create effective passages by combining the short sentences which you think is related into longer, more complex ones. If there are some mistakes, correct them.,Passage 1,(Adapted from Lesson 65,New Concept English II,by,L.G,.,Alexander,),Jimmy Gates was a circus owner. Last Christmas, he decided to take some gifts. He went to a childrens hospital. He was dressed up as Father Christmas. Six pretty girls accompanied him. Then, he set off. He rode a baby elephant. He went down the main street of the city. The elephant was called Jumbo. The police would not allow him to do this. He should know that.,A policeman came over. He told Jimmy. He should go along a side street. Jumbo was holding up the traffic. Jimmy agreed to go at once. Jumbo would not like to go. Fifteen policemen pushed hard. They wanted to move him away from the main street. The police had a difficult time. They felt interesting. A policeman afterwards said, “Jumbo must be a few tons. It was lucky that we neednt carry him. Certainly, we should arrest him. He has a good record. We shall forgive him this time.,
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