资源描述
,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,胆碱对脂肪在肝脏沉积调控作用,主要缩写符号,英文缩写,中文名称,VLDL,极低密度脂蛋白,CPT,肉碱脂酰转移酶,G-6-PD,6-,磷酸葡萄糖脱氢酶,MDH,苹果酸脱氢酶,ICD,柠檬酸脱氢酶,HNE,壬烯醛,PC,磷脂酰胆碱,CT,胞苷酸转移酶,主要内容,1,前言,集约化养殖,生产周期缩短、生产效率提高,营养性代谢疾病,缺乏充分的科技支撑,损伤肝脏和诱导肝脏病变,肝脏脂肪沉积,胆碱,营养性脂肪肝,2,概述,2.1,胆碱的概述,年份,研究内容,作者,1844,年,1849,年,1852,年,从蛋黄、猪胆汁、油菜籽提取出卵磷脂,Gobley,Streker,VanBalb,1862,年,分离出胆碱并命名,Strecker,1867,年,确定胆碱结构,并首次合成,Baeyer,和,Wurtz,1932,年,证实胆碱是卵磷脂的活性成分,Best,和,Huntsman,1935,年,首次发现胆碱可防治脂肪肝的发生,Best,和,Channon,胆碱的结构与功能,胆碱的结构式,神经传导,(,Kuksis Zeisel, 1992,;,Zeisel,等,,2003,),构成和维持细胞结构,(,Kuksis Zeisel, 1992,;,van Meer,,,2008,),作为活性甲基的来源,(,Workel,等,,2002,;,Pinotti,等,,2002,),防止脂肪肝,(,Kuksis &,Mookerjea , 1978;Zeisel, 1992,;闻治国,2011,),分子中的甲基占,37.14%,胆碱在动物体内的分布,(,Li,等,,2007,),肝脏胆碱代谢活动旺盛,胆碱对肝脏代谢活动是必需的,胆碱来源,来源于饲料,谷食类,含量,饼粕类,含量,糠麸类,含量,糟渣类,含量,玉米,562,大豆粕,2734,米糠,1010,甘蔗渣,660,大麦,1023,大豆饼,2673,胶脂米糠,1390,甜菜渣,824,燕麦,1070,浸提菜籽饼,6300,小麦麸,2088,啤酒糟,2110,小麦,1090,葵子饼,3118,稻米糠,1357,干玉米酒糟,1180,高粱,668,花生饼,2174,细米糠,1237,Workel,(,2002,),结合形式,卵磷脂,90%,以上,游离形式,胆碱,不到,10%,(,Zeisel,等,,2003,),常见饲料原料的胆碱含量(,mg/kg,),体内合成,蛋氨酸、叶酸,等,丝氨酸、甘氨酸等,甲基,乙醇胺,胆碱,研究表明,胆碱主要在肝脏中合成,因为其它组织中没有发现使磷脂酯乙醇胺甲基化的微粒系统。,( Milton,等, 1984),Henning,等,(1983),发现产蛋鸡蛋中胆碱仅有,7%,来自饲料,有,93%,来自鸡体或肠道。,Dawson,等(,1981,)研究了绵羊真胃食糜中磷脂酰胆碱的来源,发现其中约有,69%,的磷脂酰胆碱是来源于血液的内源性分泌,仅少量来源于日粮。,2.2,肝脏脂肪沉积的概述,肝脏脂肪,从头合成:糖和氨基酸转变生成的脂肪酸,食物中来的外源性脂肪酸,脂肪组织动员来的脂肪酸,-,氧化,VLDL,转运,肝脏中的脂肪合成、,-,氧化和载脂蛋白转运等代谢平衡的改变是造成脂肪在肝脏中大量沉积的主要原因,.,(Hermieretal,,,1991,;,Fournier,,,1997,;,Mourot,,,2000,;李翔,,2004,;刘祥友,,2005),脂肪的,合成,乙酰,CoA,葡萄糖,丙酮酸,丙酮酸,NADPH,FA,FA,AA,乙酰,CoA,胞液,线粒体基质,苹果酸,柠檬酸,柠檬酸,(,Thomas,等,,1987,),N+(CH,3,),3,CH,2,HO-CH,2,COO-,肉毒碱,O,R-C,N+(CH,3,),3,CH,2,-O-CH,2,COO-,酯酰肉毒碱,CoASH,O,R-C-S-,CoA,O,R-C-OH,-,氧化,线粒体内膜,内侧,外侧,载体,酯酰肉毒碱,CoASH,肉毒碱,O,R-C-S-,CoA,脂肪酸的,氧化,脂酰,CoA,合成酶,肉碱脂酰转移酶,肉碱脂酰转移酶,(,Victor,等,,2009,),肝脏脂肪的转运,极低密度脂蛋白,(,VLDL),主要由肝细胞合成,是内源性甘油三酯由肝运往全身的主要形式。,(,Higgins,等,,1988;,陈伟等,2012,),3,胆碱调控脂肪沉积在生产上的应用,Piepenbrink,,,2003,4.73% 12.66%,1.68% 9.4%,3.1,胆碱对乳成分的影响,Pinotti,等(,2003,),3.7% 20%,11.29%,饲喂,PRC,的奶牛乳脂产量显著性提高,6.99%,,乳蛋白率和乳蛋白产量分别提高,2.95%,和,15.93%,。,(,Elek,,,2008,),推测:胆碱促进肝脏脂肪酸和酮体转运到血液,为乳腺组织合成乳脂肪提供原料,预防肝脏脂肪代谢障碍。,Sharma,等,,1989,可能原因是奶牛瘤胃对胆碱具有很高的降解率,因此,过瘤胃胆碱对奶牛泌乳性能效果更好。,不同的结果,Davidson,等,,2008,变异很小,因此,对于不同胎次的泌乳奶牛,胆碱对乳脂肪、乳蛋白产量的效果是不同的,对经产奶牛的效果更好,这可能与奶牛的体况有一定关系,胆碱能提高乳脂肪、乳蛋白的含量,因此在奶牛日粮中添加胆碱可以改善奶牛的乳成分。,但是,胆碱的添加效果受到奶牛产奶能力、胎次、体况,添加胆碱形式等因素的影响。,小 结,Cooke,等,,2007,24,头产前,45,-,60d,奶牛进行限制饲喂,补充,0,或,15gRPC/d,,发现试验,10d,后试验组,TAG,显著降低,3.2,防止脂肪肝,脂肪肝,是指由于各种原因引起的肝细胞内脂肪堆积过多的病变。,Zom,等(,2011,),给奶牛饲喂,60PRC/d,,,1,、,4,周肝脏,TAG,显著性降低,以上研究研究表明,,补充,RPC,使得肝脏甘油三酯含量减少,避免了过多脂肪酸在肝脏内的蓄积。,过瘤胃氯化胆碱,20g/d,(,Pinotti,等,,2003,),奶牛泌乳初期,采食量的下降使乳腺的营养需要得不到满足,导致脂肪组织的动员,其结果使血浆非酯化脂肪酸的浓度急剧增加。,高浓度,NEFA,促进肝细胞内脂肪形成和酮体生成,损坏肝脏脂肪酸代谢功能。,(,Cadorniga-Valino,等,,1997,),血浆非酯化脂肪酸极显著性降低,,p=0.004,Cooke,等,,2007,那么该试验结果表明:在此实验条件下,胆碱主是通过减少肝脏脂肪沉积来影响肝脏脂肪代谢。,(,Pinotti,等,,2003,),BHBA,是脂肪酸在肝脏氧化的产物,进入肝外组织继续氧化功能,血浆中,BHBA,升高,说明胆碱促进了肝脏胆碱氧化,减少了脂肪沉积。,小 结,胆碱可减少肝脏,TAG,含量,预防肝脏脂肪累积,预防脂肪肝。,胆碱可促进肝脏脂肪酸氧化,从而减少脂肪沉积。,4,胆碱对肝脏脂肪沉积的调控,(,Yao,等,,1990,),日粮胆碱缺乏时,肝脏和血液,PC,均显著性降低(,p,0.05,)。,PC,减少的同时肝脏,TG,升高了,6,倍,而血液,TG,降低了近,3,倍。,胆碱缺乏,导致,PC,合成减少、肝脏脂肪转运进入血液受阻,4.1,胆碱对载脂蛋白的影响,(,Kulinski,等,,2004,),p,p,血液,肝脏,可能原因是:,apoB100,、,apoB48,在肝脏中合成后受到其他限制性因素,没有到血液中。转运,p,p,(,Kulinski,等,,2004,),P,0.008,P,0.024,P,0.042,P,0.015,因此,阻碍,apoB100,、,apoB48,转运入血的限制性因素可能是,由于,PC,的缺乏。,PC,作为,VLDL,的重要组成部分,肝脏,PC,含量的减少会降低,VLDL,的分泌量。,(,Fast,等,,1995,;,Vermeulen,等,,1997,),那么胆碱对,VLDL,的合成与分泌是通过什么途径来产生影响的呢?,胆碱可通过,Kennedy,途径合成,PC,,该途径受,CT,活性的调节,。,(,Kennedy,等,,1956,;,Johnson,等,,1992,;,Lykidis,等,,2001,),对大鼠和小鼠的研究表明,PC,是,VLDL,分泌需要的唯一,PL,。,(,Vance,等,,2008,),CK,是催化胆碱磷酸化为磷酸胆碱的酶,是胆碱合成,PC,途径中的第一个酶。,(,vance,等,,1990,;,Wu,等,,2010,),(,Wu,等,,2008,),CK,由两种独立基因编码具有三种形式,,Chk,编码了,CK,1,和,CK,2,,,Chk,编码了,CK,,,Chk,在肝脏有较高表达量,。,(,Aoyama,等,,2002,;,Aoyama,等,,2004,;,Wu,等,,2010,),小鼠,Chk,敲出后,,CK mRNA,表达量极显著降低(,p,0.001,),CK,活力极显著性降低(,p,0.001,),p,因此,,CK,参与胆碱合成,PC,的途径,可以使胆碱磷酸化为磷酸胆碱,此外有研究指出该途径的下一个酶,CT,对,PC,合成起着限制性作用。,(,Vance,,,1990,;,Wu,等,,2010,),(,Jacobs,等,,2004,),85%,95%,两个基因,Pcyt1a,和,Pcyt1b,编码了小鼠,CT,,肝脏中,Pcyt1a,编码了,CT,,,Pcyt1b,编码了,CT2,,肝脏中起主要作用的是,CT,。,(,Karim,等,,2003,),(,Jacobs,等,,2004,),27.27%,肝脏,7.62%,因此,胆碱可以在,Pcyt1a,编码的,CT,的催化下合成,PC,。,(,Jacobs,等,,2004,),差异不显著,因此,,PC,缺乏使,VLDL,分泌减少,可能是因为减少了,apoB100,的分泌量。,小 结,胆碱通过,CK,、,CT,的催化合成卵磷脂,参与,VLDL,的合成,转运甘油三酯入血,减少肝脏甘油三酯的沉积。,胆碱,甜菜碱,胆碱脱氢酶,甜菜醛脱氢酶,甲基,肉碱,S-,腺苷甲硫氨酸,高半胱氨酸,蛋氨酸,甲硫氨酸腺苷转移酶,甜菜碱高半胱氨酸甲基转移酶,(,Steiber,等,,2004,;,Finkelstein,等,,1982,;,Saarinen,,,2001,;,Siljander,,,2005,),肉碱是长链脂酰,CoA,通过线粒体内膜进行,-,氧化的跨膜转运载体,是调节脂肪酸氧化速率的关键因子。,4.2,胆碱对脂肪酸,氧化的影响,1000mg/kg,甜菜碱,(汪以真等,,2000,),甜菜碱可能通过提高甲基代谢关键酶,BHMT,活性,为机体重要的甲基化产物如肉碱有效提供甲基,加强了肉碱的合成,。,(,Serviddio,等,,2011,),给小鼠饲喂缺乏蛋氨酸,-,胆碱的日粮,28d,时,测定发现肝脏甘油三酯含量由升高到了,253.7 nmol/mg prot,(,p,),给小鼠饲喂缺乏蛋氨酸,-,胆碱的日粮会导致,CPT1,活性降低,甘油三酯在肝脏内沉积。,(,Bruce,等,,2009,),给,Wistar,大鼠注射,CPT1,,提高了脂肪酸的氧化率,降低了脂肪酸合成甘油三酯的量。,(,Gaetano,等,,2011,),用,14,C,标记的软脂酸对肝脏细胞进行体外培养,缺乏胆碱会导致肝脏脂肪酸氧化率降低。,小 结,胆碱通过甜菜碱提供的甲基,促进肉碱的合成,从而促进脂肪酸的,-,氧化,减少脂肪的沉积。,(汪以真等,,2000,),4.3,胆碱对脂肪酸合成的影响,1000mg/kg,甜菜碱,G-6-PD,,,MDH,和,ICD,是合成,NADPH,的重要酶类,,NADPH,是脂肪酸从头合成的供氢体,因此胆碱减少了脂肪酸的从头合成。,甜菜碱也可以提高脂肪酶的活性,提高脂肪分解,抑制脂肪沉积,(,Xu,等,,2003,),40.72% 8.6% 11.02%,鸡日粮中额外添加胆碱降低了肝脏胞液中苹果酸脱氢酶、,6-,磷酸葡萄糖脱氢酶脂肪生成酶等一系列,NADPH,生成酶的活性,减少了脂肪酸的合成及碳链延长所需的供氢体,NADPH,,抑制了脂肪酸的合成。,(,Mildner,等,,1991,),L-,肉碱能显著性降低肉鸡血清中甘油三酯和游离脂肪酸的含量,提高肉碱脂酰转移酶的活性,对脂肪酸,氧化酶类(,-,羟酰基辅酶,A,脱氢酶、脂肪酰辅酶,A,脱氢酶、烯酰辅酶,A,水合酶)的活性有提高趋势,但是没达到显著水平。,(,Lien,等,,2001,),小 结,胆碱可以通过甜菜碱、肉碱降低,G-6-PD,,,MDH,和,ICD,等,脂肪生成酶的活力,从而降低肝脏脂肪酸的从头合成。,5,结语与展望,结语,胆碱通过合成,PC,路径,参与载脂蛋白的合成,促进肝脏中脂肪酸转运入血,减少肝脏脂肪沉积。,胆碱可以通过甜菜碱提供的甲基,提高肉碱的合成,促进脂肪酸,氧化,减少肝脏脂肪沉积。,胆碱可以降低,G-6-DP,、,MDH,、,ICD,等脂肪酸合成相关酶的活性,减少脂肪酸的合成。,胆碱在生产上具有防止脂肪肝,提高奶牛泌乳性能等作用。,展望,胆碱降低,G-6-DP,、,MDH,、,ICD,等脂肪酸合成相关酶的活性的机制,还不明确需进一步研究。,胆碱应用于生产上时,对奶成分影响的机制尚不明确,奶牛的适宜添加量也还没有明确的标准,需要进一步明确以利于胆碱的应用。,部分参考文献,Zom R L G, van Baal J, Goselink R M A, et al. Effect of rumen-protected choline on performance, blood metabolites, and hepatic triacylglycerols of periparturient dairy cattleJ. Journal of Dairy Science, 2011,94(8):4016-4027.,Davidson S, Hopkins B A, Odle J, et al. Supplementing Limited Methionine Diets with Rumen-Protected Methionine, Betaine, and Choline in Early Lactation Holstein CowsJ. Journal of Dairy Science, 2008,91(4):1552-1559.,Grummer R R. Nutritional and management strategies for the prevention of fatty liver in dairy cattleJ. Vet J, 2008,176(1):10-20.,Elek P, Newbold J R, Gaal T, et al. Effects of rumen-protected choline supplementation on milk production and choline supply of periparturient dairy cowsJ. Animal, 2008,2(11,):1595-1601.,Cooke R F, Silva D R N, Caraviello D Z, et al. Supplemental choline for prevention and alleviation of fatty liver in dairy cattleJ. J Dairy Sci, 2007,90(5):2413-2418.,Guretzky N A, Carlson D B, Garrett J E, et al. Lipid metabolite profiles and milk production for Holstein and Jersey cows fed rumen-protected choline during the periparturient periodJ. J Dairy Sci, 2006,89(1):188-200.,Zahra L C, Duffield T F, Leslie K E, et al. Effects of rumen-protected choline and monensin on milk production and metabolism of periparturient dairy cowsJ. J Dairy Sci, 2006,89(12):4808-4818.,Banskalieva V, Puchala R, Goetsch A L, et al. Effects of ruminally protected betaine and choline on net flux of nutrients across the portal-drained viscera and liver of meat goat wethers consuming diets differing in protein concentrationJ. Small Ruminant Research, 2005,57(3):193-202.,Pinotti L, Campagnoli A, Orto V D, et al. Choline- Is there a need in the lactating dairy cowJ. Live stock Production Science, 2005:149-152.,Pinotti L, Baldi A, Politis I, et al. Rumen-protected choline administration to transition cows: effects on milk production and vitamin E statusJ. J Vet Med A Physiol Pathol Clin Med, 2003,50(1):18-21.,闻治国,侯水生,明谢,等,.,肝脏极低密度脂蛋白合成和分泌的研究进展,J.,动物营养学报, 2011(11):1854-1861.,Serviddio G, Giudetti A M, Bellanti F, et al. Oxidation of hepatic carnitine palmitoyl transferase-I (CPT-I) impairs fatty acid beta-oxidation in rats fed a methionine-choline deficient dietJ. PLoS One, 2011,6(9):e24084.,Cole L K, Vance J E, Vance D E. Phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis and lipoprotein metabolismJ. Biochim Biophys Acta, 2011.,牛冬梅,汪俊军,.,磷脂酰胆碱的合成和转运对极低密度脂蛋白分泌的调节作用,J.,医学研究生学报, 2011(12):1314-1318.,Wu G, Vance D E. Choline kinase and its functionJ. Biochem Cell Biol, 2010,88(4):559-564.,Wu G, Sher R B, Cox G A, et al. Differential expression of choline kinase isoforms in skeletal muscle explains the phenotypic variability in the rostrocaudal muscular dystrophy mouseJ. Biochim Biophys Acta, 2010,1801(4):446-454.,Bruce C R, Hoy A J, Turner N, et al. Overexpression of carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1 in skeletal muscle is sufficient to enhance fatty acid oxidation and improve high-fat diet-induced insulin resistanceJ. Diabetes, 2009,58(3):550-558.,Zammit V A, Ramsay R R, Bonomini M, et al. Carnitine, mitochondrial function and therapyJ. Adv Drug Deliv Rev, 2009,61(14):1353-1362.,Li Z, Vance D E. Phosphatidylcholine and choline homeostasisJ. J Lipid Res, 2008,49(6):1187-1194.,Jacobs R L, Lingrell S, Zhao Y, et al. Hepatic CTP:phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase-alpha is a critical predictor of plasma high density lipoprotein and very low density lipoproteinJ. J Biol Chem, 2008,283(4):2147-2155.,Jacobs R L, Devlin C, Tabas I, et al. Targeted deletion of hepatic CTP:phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase alpha in mice decreases plasma high density and very low density lipoproteinsJ. J Biol Chem, 2004,279(45):47402-47410.,Mourot J, Guy G, Lagarrigue S, et al. Role of hepatic lipogenesis in the susceptibility to fatty liver in the goose (Anser anser)J. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol, 2000,126(1):81-87.,Fast D G, Vance D E. Nascent VLDL phospholipid composition is altered when phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis is inhibited: evidence for a novel mechanism that regulates VLDL secretionJ. Biochim Biophys Acta, 1995,1258(2):159-168.,Piepenbrink M S, Overton T R. Liver metabolism and production of cows fed increasing amounts of rumen-protected choline during the periparturient periodJ. J Dairy Sci, 2003,86(5):1722-1733.,Workel H A. The truth about feed choline contentJ. World Poultry, 2002,9(18):22-25.,Pinotti L, Baldi A, DellOrto V. Comparative mammalian choline metabolism with emphasis on the high-yielding dairy cowJ. Nutr Res Rev, 2002,15(2):315-332.,S D. Rumen-protected choline,:,potential for improving health and production in dairyM. Tri-State Dairy Nutr Conf Proc, 2002.,Hartwell J R, Cecava M J, Donkin S S. Rumen undegradable protein, rumen-protected choline and mRNA expression for enzymes in gluconeogenesis and ureagenesis in periparturient dairy cowsJ. J Dairy Sci, 2001,84(2):490-497.,Hartwell J R, Cecava M J, Donkin S S. Impact of dietary rumen undegradable protein and rumen-protected choline on intake, peripartum liver triacylglyceride, plasma metabolites and milk production in transition dairy cowsJ. J Dairy Sci, 2000,83(12):2907-2917.,Erdman R A, Shaver R D, Vandersall J H. Dietary choline for the lactating cow: possible effects on milk fat synthesisJ. J Dairy Sci, 1984,67(2):410-415.,Emmanuel B, Kennelly J J. Kinetics of methionine and choline and their incorporation into plasma lipids and milk components in lactating goatsJ. J Dairy Sci, 1984,67(9):1912-1918.,陈伟,林映才,张罕星,等,.,家禽脂肪酸代谢及其在禽蛋中的沉积和营养调控,J.,动物营养学报, 2012(2):204-211.,Wu G, Aoyama C, Young S G, et al. Early embryonic lethality caused by disruption of the gene for choline kinase alpha, the first enzyme in phosphatidylcholine biosynthesisJ. J Biol Chem, 2008,283(3):1456-1462.,Kulinski A, Vance D E, Vance J E. A choline-deficient diet in mice inhibits neither the CDP-choline pathway for phosphatidylcholine synthesis in hepatocytes nor apolipoprotein B secretionJ. J Biol Chem, 2004,279(23):23916-23924.,Kiba T. The role of the autonomic nervous system in liver regeneration and apoptosis-recent developmentsJ. Digestion, 2002,66(2):79-88.,谢谢!,
展开阅读全文