大学英语四级作文讲座1

一、我校历年四级考试基本情况介绍：,1.,四级考试简介,2.,我校历届考试概述（平均分，通过率，备考措施）,3.,四级作文简述（目的、题型、意义、历届考试平均得分）,4.,学练作文的益处,二、作文讲座内容安排,第一讲:,(1) 作文存在的障碍和问题(2) 词语和句子的运用(3) 段落的构成,第二讲:,(1) 四级作文的写作要求(2) 四级作文的写作方法(3) 作文的连接手段,第三讲:,(1) 作文常用句型(2) 四级考试注意事项,第 一 讲,1),作文存在的障碍和问题,语言障碍,a.,翻译式作文,。,例:,On books,There are various kinds of books. Books can tell people many,knowledges,.,History books tell people about the history of human society. Scientific and technological books,make,people understand the unknown world and,make the society progress,. Books about art and literature help us enjoy nature and people.,Books are beneficial to people. We can learn all things from books. By reading books we get to know things we dont know. Also we can learn things we cant experience by ourselves. Actually, books are our lifelong friends.,However, some books are harmful. Books that tell people to do bad things will certainly do great harm to us. Especially,yellow,books will ruin the young people. These books are no good. So we must choose books to read.,The First Day I Came to College,I always remember the day I,come,to college. It was a sunny day and I was very excited. I,have arrived,at the college in the afternoon. Everything,had seemed,fresh to me. The campus was beautiful. The college was located at the foot of a Mountain and was surround with trees. To the east of it we,can see,a blue river.,b.,时态混杂,。,例:,There,are,so many teaching buildings. It was here that I would study for four years. I thought that I must study hard in order to live up to the expectations of my parents and friends. It,is,true that there are many challenges, but I,will,prove myself a worthy college student.,Computer,Nowadays computers are widely used in our society. We can see computers everywhere. Many people use computers in schools and colleges. We also use computers in offices, libraries, banks and at home.,c.,没啥可写,。,例:,Failure Is The Mother of Success,Because we often fail. No failure no success. Different people have different attitudes toward failure. Failure is natural. If we are not afraid of failure, it will become the mother of success. Failure is very important. No pains no gains. Failure can lead to success.,Fake Commodities,Fake commodities are bad to us. They not only are bad to our life, but also to our health. In a store, even a supermarket, all kind of fake commodities always can be found. It is very harmful to customers, society and even to a country.,Traveling,1),I think traveling is really good to everyone of us. Do you agree with me, my dear friend?,2),Do you like traveling? Probably you will say “Yes, I like it very much!” Thats right.,d.,套近乎,。,例:,e.,主题模糊,。,例:,The First Day I Came to College,As I was a little tired from the journey to the college, I went to bed early. At mid night, I suddenly woke up. I found that there was no gate in the college.,2) 词语和句子的运用,(,1) 作文与词语,如何用恰当的英语词语来表达意思，是初习作文者最为头疼的。虽然我们在作文时冥思苦想，但词语老跟人闹别扭。而正是由于词难达意，或想到某个词语却拼写不对，有些同学觉得英语作文的困难，就是词语的困难。甚至竟有词语出不来，情急之下用汉语或拼音来表达某个意思的现象。,例如:,Im a student of Hunan University. Im studying in Tumu Department. I like my major very much.,尽管这样做是不得已而为之，但多少反映了英语作文时的窘态。词语的运用过不了关，英语作文的水平就无法提高。作文不同于阅读练习和词汇练习，不仅要有一定词汇量和词语辨析能力，更要求能较熟练和恰当的运用所学过的词语。,要能正确和恰当地用词语表达意思，首先必须意识到英语词语和汉语词语并非是一一对应的。试比较两篇中英对照的作文：,时间就是生命。常言说：一寸光阴一寸金。的确，钱用完了可以再挣。但时间一去将永不复返。从这一点上说，时间是无价的。,我 的 时 间 观,我们都知道，生命是短促的，时间也是有限的。因此，很多人能够利用一切可利用的时间努力学习和工作。以便在有生之年多做一点力所能及的事。但也有一些人，终日无所事事，胡思乱想，或闲聊着打发日子。到头来，这些人终将追悔莫及。,年青人都有自己的理想和抱负。要使理想和抱负变为现实，就必须抓紧时间。为了充分利用时间，最好制定一个可行的时间表。必须做到今日事今日毕。此外，业余时间也可以充分利用。总之，科学地利用时间，必将得到最大的回报。,Time means life. A Chinese proverb says, “One inch of time is as precious as one inch of gold.” Actually, when money is spent, it can be regained. But time will never come back when it is gone. In this sense, time is valueless.,My View On Time,It is generally acknowledged that life is short and time is limited. So many people will try to make the best use of their time to study and work. In this way they can accomplish as much as they wish during their lifetime. But some people just idle away their time by daydreaming or talking nonsense. Surely, it will be too late for them to repent when they come to know the value of time.,Young people should have ideal and ambition. To reach ones goal, a person is supposed to seize time and spend his time efficiently. In order to make the full use of time, it is advisable to work out a feasible timetable for things to be done. One thing to remember is that we are not supposed to leave todays work till tomorrow. Moreover, an awareness of the odds of time is also important. On the whole, it pays to spend time scientifically.,只有通过反复实践，不断体会词语的含意和用法，掌握有关英语词语运用的一些基本要求，才能减少失误，并逐步提高表达能力。,(,2) 文体与词语：,文体指的是社会交际的需要而产生的不同的语言功能变体。一般来说， 文体大致可分为口语体和书面语体。进一步再分为正式文体和非正式文体。因为文体的变化，词汇的使用亦有所不同。对初练写作的人而言，应适当了解正式文体与非正式文体的差异，尤其是词语的区别。试比较两个内容相同，语言却不一样的图书馆的告示：,1,The number of books in the library has been going down. Please make sure you know the rules for borrowing, and dont forget that the library is for everyones convenience. So from now on, were going to enforce the rules strictly. You have been warned.,It has been noted with concern that the stock of books in the library has been declining alarmingly. Students are requested to remind themselves of the rules for the borrowing and returning of books, and to bear in mind the needs of other students. Penalties for overdue books will in the future be strictly enforced.,2,如果不管三七二十一乱用一通，作文读来就显得不伦不类。例如：,Water,Except in the,arid,desert, water can be found everywhere. As a great part of the globe is covered with water, many people take it for granted that water is inexhaustible and there is no need to worry about it.,However, water shortage is really a threat to people. In many densely populated cities and towns people have to use water,grudgingly,. Some factories cannot keep going normally because of insufficient supply of water. Droughts in countryside are becoming more and more serious. Obviously, water shortage is endangering the survival of human beings.,Therefore, it is crucial to take drastic measures to protect water against being polluted and overused. Recycling of water must be encouraged, pollution of water must be,eradicated, and anyone who cares greatly for water should be praised. We all must be aware of the fact that water means our survival.,作文是一般文体，而个别词则不太得体。值得注意是，有的学习者为了使作文增色，不管恰当与否，依自己要表达的汉语意思，根据汉英词典上给出的英语词，乱加套用，这种做法是不可取的。往往会因词害义。还有的学习者，将各种类型的作文书上提供的范文不加消化死记硬背，将其中的词语生搬硬套，很容易张冠李戴，适得其反。,(,3) 词汇量与作文,大学英语作文涉及的多为日常话题，因而日常词语也使用较多。如果能把自己熟悉的日常词语用好用活，则足以充分表达自己的意思。,有一篇四级作文，题目是“,An Early Morning Walk,”，看看一位学生的习作：,An Early Morning Walk,One morning I got up very early, and everything around was very quiet. The morning star was still high up in the blue sky. (描述清晨天气晴朗好不一定说“It was a sunny day.) No people were in sight. (静悄悄见不到人) Somewhere there came the singing of unknown birds. (试比较The birds are singing in the trees.) Walking on the street, I could feel the smell of the early morning. (感受到清晨的气息),But when I arrived at the park, I was surprised to see many people there. Some boys and girls were playing merrily (欢快地) on the grass. Some young people were doing morning exercises. Some old men and women were practicing Taiji boxing by the lake.,I never expected (没料想到) that the morning world was so charming (迷人), and I became to understand those people who were enjoying themselves in the garden. I myself also felt alive and free (精神抖擞，心旷神怡) after the walk. Taking early morning walk makes a man healthy and happy.,灵活运用常用词语还可使作文的词语不显得太单调，例如：,没能,cant fail to / unable to /,not be in a position to,很多,a lot of,various/ plentiful/ numerous/ countless/ abundant/quite a few,必须,must be supposed to/be obliged to/,have no alternative,希望,hope feel like / would like / expect,/ be dying to,努力,work hard hardworking / diligent / industrious,得到,get obtain / acquire/ achieve/ gain,/ win /earn,有趣,interesting fascinating/ attractive/,entertaining/ pleasant/ enjoyable,增进,increase expand/add to/ enhance/ enlarge / broaden/ develop/ improve,(,4) 力求表达正确：,正确使用词语是作文的基本要求。词语错误较多的话，意思就无法准确表达，也肯定会影响考试作文的得分。奇怪的是，不少词语的错误，很多学习者在词汇填空或改错练习时，一般往往能一眼就看出来。但一旦写作文，却“明知故犯”，而且怎样错的竞浑然不觉。错误并不可怕，因为，练习英语写作的过程是一个不断犯错误和反复纠正错误的过程。关键是不要把作文当包袱，草草写完了事。写完后应当认真检查修改。,此外，对作文中常反复出错的词语多加分析和归类，并有针对性的对照检查，也可避免一些常见错误。例如，不少人常将下列名词作单数用的名词作复数用：,knowledge progress trouble experience work money advice,behavior information traffic,equipment homework damage,这些单词在作文中出现频率较高，有必要格外小心，频繁出错，就会给读者或阅卷人以不好的印象。,词语用得具体，有助于展开细节，使作文不至于总是干巴巴的几句话。试比较：,(,5) 抽象与具体：,Television,Television presents a vivid world in front of us. We can learn about many things in the world. We can also enjoy the world without going out. Also, there are a lot of wonderful TV films and beautiful MTV music. In fact, TV helps broaden our views in a vivid way.,Television can also play an educational role in our daily life. We can have many programs about science and technology. A housewife can learn how to cook and a student will learn a foreign language from it.,However, television can also be harmful. Some of the programs are not suitable for young people. If they watch these programs, they will do bad things. What is more, spending too much time before TV will certainly have a bad effect on our eyes and study.,Television,Television presents a vivid world in front of us. By watching TV, people will not only get to know currents events both at home and abroad, but also enjoy seeing various world wonders. TV can also entertain us with exciting sports games, lovely wild animals and colorful foreign customs. It is through TV that we feel close to nature and human world.,Television can also play an educational role in our daily life. Actually, TV provides people with almost all kinds of educational programs ranging from popular science to foreign language learning. Even housewives, farmers and self-taught students are able to learn what they need from different special programs.,However, television can also be harmful. Quite a few parents complain that a number of TV programs about sex and violence have bad effects on their children. Moreover, people who watch TV too much can hardly work or study regularly and efficiently. Therefore, it is sometimes necessary to turn off TV for the good of everyone of us.,第一篇作文好几次用到many (a lot of), 给人印象模糊。第二篇则以various, colorful, all kinds of, quite a few, a number of 使内容显得较丰富，理由也说得更透。,(,6) 恰当运用比喻,恰当运用比喻，可以使作文读起来更为生动。例如：,Why I want To Be An Architect,When I was a child, I dreamed of becoming a teacher, a singer or an engineer. But now I am learning architecture in the university, and I hope someday I will become a famous architect like I. M. Pei. Why I want to be an architect? I think the reasons are as follows:,First,an architect should have rich imagination and creativity like an artist,.,He is supposed to bring together beauty and art with professional business sense. As a matter of fact, every architectural design is,a work of art,and art is not so boring as some pure scientific subjects.,Second, the skill of drawing is quite important in architecture. I like drawing pictures, and I will be very happy when,I see hotels of different styles and even skyscrapers are rising from drawings of my design.,Third, architecture is challenging. The designs of an architect must stand up to the critic eyes of people and the test of time. As for me, challenge is constructive rather than destructive. It is by challenge that I can improve my work and create stronger and modern buildings appealing to customers.,A man must do something useful in his life. Hopefully, I will be able to do something by my architectural design.,根据新大纲的要求, 四、六级作文的字数为120词150词。按平均每个句子78个词计算，一篇作文约十几个句子。而不少考生往往问题就出在这十几个句子上。有些作文因为句式表达失误，结果让人越读越糊涂。有的则随意乱打标点符号，叫人看半天也不知句子应从哪儿开始，哪儿完结。还有的纯粹是“意识流”，想怎么写就怎么写, 你明不明白我不管。,(,7) 句子的运用,其实, 阅卷人最怕的就是一串莫测高深的句子。一般来说,一篇作文只要把握好主题, 句子基本通顺, 即可得10分左右。反之，则只有6分或低于6分。这是我们不得不认真对待的。,要写好句子，应注意以下几个方面：,1.,句子要有明确的主语和谓语以及其它必要的成分。,2.,尽量用自己熟悉和能够把握的句型。,3.,句子的长、短要适当。不能因怕出错而都写短句，也不可刻意追求长句。,4.,句子成分不要总是主、谓、宾。要讲究一定变化。以增强可读性。,段落的句子常由简单句，复合句和复杂句交错构成，既是为了表达意思的需要，也可以使句子读起来不枯燥。,I passed all the other courses that I took at my University, but I could never pass botany. This was because all botany students had to spend several hours a week in a laboratory looking through a microscope at plant cells, and I could never see through a microscope. I never once saw a cell through a microscope. This used to enrage my instructor.,例,1：,He would wander around the laboratory pleased with the progress all the students were making in drawing the involved and, so I am told, interesting structure of flower cells, until he came to me. I would just be standing there. “I cant see anything,” I would say. He would begin patiently enough, explaining how anybody can see through a microscope, but he would always end up in a fury, claiming that I could too see through a microscope but just pretend that I couldnt. “It takes away from the beauty of flowered anyway,” I used to tell him.,“We are not concerned with beauty in this course,” he would say. “We are concerned solely with what I may call the mechanics of flowers.” “Well” Id say, “I cant see anything.” “Try it just once again,” hed say, and I would put my eyes to the microscope and see nothing at all, except now and then a nebulous milky substance-a phenomenon of maladjustment. You were supposed to see some vivid, restless clockwork of sharply defined plant cells, “I see what looks like a lot of milk,” I would tell him. This, he claimed, was the result of my not having adjusted the microscope properly, so he would readjust it for me, or rather, for himself.,And I would look again and see milk.,Home Computers,In recent years,computers have entered more and more families in China.,Many people,find that computer have brought them with great convenience and enjoyment.,It is true,that a home with a good computer may function like a library, a mini-school, a post-office, an office and a place for entertainment.,例,2：,With the assistance of home computers,people can enjoy reading and writing in a new way.,They can,even do banking and shopping at home. In addition, one can communicate directly with many places in the world and get rich information very quickly.,If one is tired,from his work, he can listen to music, watch films or play games through computer.,However, home computer can cause some problems.,Frequent,contact,with computer at home leads to ones detachment from the society.,Gradually, a person may indulge himself with a virtual world.,Moreover,children,who,are addictive to computer games will have trouble in study and life.,Home computer will be,a good helper if we use it properly, otherwise, it can become a killer.,如果要表达某个意思却不知用什么句型, 那会极为痛苦。练习运用不同句型(包括不同词语)来表达相似的意思，可有效地解决这一问题，同时也有助于避免句式的单调和重复。,例如：,(,8) 句子内在的变化(句型转换),语言不是随便可以学好的, 非下苦功不可。,1),It is not easy to learn a language and a good command of a language requires great efforts.,2),Great efforts are needed if one wants to learn a language well.,3),The mastery of a language is far from easy and requires painstaking efforts.,4),We can hardly expect to master a language without working hard.,5),A good command of a language calls for great efforts.,教授看到听讲座的人寥寥无几，很感失望。,1),The professor was disappointed to see so few people at his lecture.,2),Seeing so few people at his lecture, the professor felt disappointed.,3),To the professors disappointment, there were so few people at his lecture.,4),The professors disappointment was obvious when he saw so few people at his lecture.,5),Obviously, the professor was disappointed at seeing so few people at his lecture.,我出身在一个小镇上。镇上只有唯一的一所学校。 我在那所学校读了6年书。,1),I was born in a small town. In it there was only one school. I studies there for 6 years.,2),I the small town where I was born, there was only one school, and I studied there for 6 years.,3),I was born in a small town, where there was only one school, I studied there for 6 years.,4),I studied for 6 years at the only school in the small town where I was born.,要表达一个意思，可使用不同句型。,1),We can express and idea by using different sentence patterns.,2),Using different sentence patterns, we can express a same idea.,3),A variety of sentence patterns can be used to express a same idea.,4),An idea can be expressed by using different sentence patterns.,5),Various sentence patterns are available if we want to express a same idea.,6),It is possible to express an idea by means of different sentence patterns.,(,9) 介绍两种有用的句型,1) 掉尾句,相声演员说话，常常“掉包袱”。非要听到末了，才明白所讲意思。等听众反应过来，便禁不住捧腹大笑。如果将句子里较有“份量”的部份移到句尾，形成整个句子的高潮，句子前面的部分产生一点儿“悬念”，非要读完全句才知究竟，这种句式就叫掉尾句。,例如,：,Who could tell that close to thirty, when a man should “stand firm”, he would lose his head like this over a little nun? (谁知他（阿Q）将到而立之年，竞被小尼姑害得飘飘然了) 。,It is true that some students who tend to do word for word translation in English writing will make some odd sentences.,Only ten years later did I get to know that the man who made fake commodities was killed by his own crime.,No one can expect to enjoy a happy life if he doesnt have any friends.,掉尾句可用于作文和段落的开头，便于引出要讨论的话题。如有一篇四级作文，题目是：,Getting to Know The World Outside The Campus,2. 了解社会的途径(大众媒界，社会服务等),3. 我打算怎么做,1. 大学生了解社会的必要性,1,利用掉尾句可写出不同的段落开头,a),It is quite necessary for college students to get to know the world outside the campus.,b),Apart from the book knowledge, college students should be encouraged to get to know the world outside he campus.,c),A college student can hardy expect to be a qualified student without necessary knowledge of the world outside the campus.,a),By watching TV, listening to radio, reading newspapers and participating in social activities, college students are able to acquire information about the world.,b),Generally, college students can acquaint themselves with the world outside the campus by TV, radio, newspapers and participation of social activities.,2,c),There are different ways for college students to keep themselves informed of the outside world, such as watching TV, listening to radio, reading newspapers and taking a part-time job.,a),As for me, knowledge can not only be available from books but also from social activities.,3,b),A college student is not a qualified one if he just confines himself to books.,c),Undoubtedly, a good way of applying what one has learned from books is to participate in social activities.,2) 排比结构,把语法结构相同，意思同等重，语气一致的句子结构或句子平行排列，可加重语气，增强节奏感。也是展开段落的一种有效方式。例如：,In writing English sentences, we should,by controlling,sentence structure,by exploiting,different positions of a sentence and,by manipulating,words and punctuation marks, help the reader to distinguish,the most important,the less important,and,the comparatively unimportant,.,排比句在一般作文段落中的具体运用：,Television presents a vivid world in front of us. TV programs not only,inform us,of,current events both at home and abroad, but also,bring us with,marvelous wonders in the world. By watching TV, we can also enjoy,exciting sports games, lovely wild,animals,and,colorful,foreign,customs,. It is true that television helps to,expand,our,knowledge,and,beautify,our,life,in a vivid way.,Sports and games are good for our health. Undoubtedly, regular participation in games and sports will enable one,to,build,a strong body,to,have,a,good,appetite,and,to,delay,the,process,of,aging,. What is more, by the training of sports and games that a person will be,quicker,in,doing,things and,stronger,in,fighting,against disease.,Project Hope is a great project sponsored by Chinese government to ensure the necessary education for children who cannot afford to go to school. The project encourages people,to,contribute,what they can to help build elementary schools,to,enable,poor children to receive education and,to,offer,better teaching facilities to schools in developing areas.,3）段落的构成,(1) 四级作文段落的类型:,a. 描述某一现象 (如: 伪劣商品)b. 原因分析c. 解决的途径,a. 阐述某一共知的道理 (如: 欲速则不达)b. 举例进一步说明c. 总结,a. 描述某一现象 (如: 数字的迷信)b. 原因探讨c. 此现象的危害性,a. 分类说明某现象(如: 大学生学费来源