英语翻译---增词法

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,What is the definition given by the writer of the translation technique of addition of proper words?,The translation technique of addition of proper words is commonly employed in English-Chinese and Chinese-English translation. It is used mainly to make the version easy and natural to read and understand. It is used flexibly in various cases. Sometimes, it is necessary to add some words and expressions that are omitted grammatically or syntactically in the original. Sometimes, it is essential to add words or phrases to the version that are not visible but implicit in the original when the original context and logical relations as well as idiomatic usage of the target language are considered.,1,How many types of meaning does a word usually possess?,According Geoffrey Leech, a famous linguist in Britain, words normally possess seven types of meaning:,conceptual meaning or sense,connotative meaning,social meaning,affective meaning,reflected meaning,collocative,meaning,and thematic meaning,2,增补词语 -,根据内容增补词语,译文中增加原文词语暗含的意思,增加说明文化背景的词语,通过联想或想象增加词语,3,译文中增加原文词语暗含的意思,翻译抽象名词时要适当增词 (1),在翻译由动词或形容词派生来的英语抽象名词时，通常要根据语境在其后面增添适当的名词，使译文符合译语的表达习惯。例如：,to develop 发展 development 发展,水平（状况）,to persuade 说服 persuasion 说服,工作,to prepare 准备 preparation 准备,工作,poor 贫穷的 poverty 贫困,状态,emergent 紧急的 emergency 紧急,情况,tense 紧张的 tension 紧张,局势,4,译文中增加原文词语暗含的意思,翻译抽象名词时要适当增词 (2),They are sanguine about building up a near,peace.,他们对建立一种准,和平,局面,非常乐观。,After all,preparations,were made, the planes flew across the U.S. to San Francisco.,一切,准备,工作,就绪之后，飞机便飞越美国，直达旧金山。,In the summer of 1969, the Administration publicly urged an easing of,tensions,with China. 1969,年夏天，政府公开主张缓和同中国的,紧张,关系,。,Profanity,was tacitly given up.,亵渎神灵,的粗话,全都心照不宣地放弃了。,These fighters are able to cope with various,emergencies,.,这些战士们能对付各种各样的,紧急,情况,。,5,译文中增加原文词语暗含的意思,在形容词前后加上它所说明的名词,在翻译英语形容词时，为了使译文清楚流畅，有时需要在形容词前后增加所说明的名词。,She was,small,and,slight,in person,pale, sandy-haired.,她,身材,瘦小,，,脸色,苍白,，头发是淡黄色的。,These early cars were,slow,clumsy,and,inefficien,t.,这些早期生产的汽车,速度缓,慢,，,操作,笨拙,，而且,效率很,低,。,The invention of the electronic word processor was as,great,an information revolution as the invention of the printing press.,电子文字处理器的发明是一场信息革命，它的,重大,意义,可以与印刷机的发明相媲美。,值得注意的是，一些由形容词派生来的名词和副词也要增补适当的词语。,如：,Amelia took the news very,palely and calmly,.,埃米丽亚获悉这个消息的时候，,脸色,苍白，,神情,镇静,。,6,译文中增加原文词语暗含的意思,具体名词表抽象概念时也要增加适当的名词,He felt,the patriot,rise within his breast.,他感到,爱国,热情,在胸中激荡。,He allowed,the father,to be overruled by,the judge, and declared his own son guilty.,他让,法官的,职责,战胜,父子的,私情,，判决他儿子有罪。,上述例句,1,和例句,2,均包含借代辞格（,metonymy,）。,1,中的,the patriot,指代爱国激情或爱国热情，,2,中的,the father,和,the judge,分别指代父子情感和法官职责。,7,译文中增加原文词语暗含的意思,有些动词用作名词，应根据语境补上适当的宾语,After his,return,Triptolemus,built a magnificent temple to Ceres in,Eleusis, and established the worship of the goddess, under the name of the Eleusinian mysteries, which, in the splendor and solemnity of their observance, surpassed all other religious celebrations,among the Greeks.,特里普拖勒墨斯,回到,家乡,之后，为刻瑞斯在埃莱夫西斯修建了一座宏伟的庙宇，并确立了对女神的崇拜，即埃莱夫西斯神秘祭典。在希腊人中间，纪念刻瑞斯的祭典活动在气派和庄严方面都超过了其他一切宗教庆祝活动。,A domestic robot which can be left indoors to clean carpets could bring to a close nearly a century of manual vacuum,cleaning,.,一种可以清洁居室地毯的家用机器人有可能结束将近一个世纪以来人们自己动手用真空吸尘器,清洁,居室,的历史。,8,译文中增加原文词语暗含的意思,增补某些固定词组的隐含语义成分,air alarm,空中,袭击,警报 （不是空中警报）,electricity cut,减少电能,供应,（不是电能减少）,solid engine,固体,燃料,发动机 （不是固体发动机）,logical computer,逻辑,程序,计算机 （不是逻辑计算机）,9,译文中增加原文词语暗含的意思,增加原文暗含的动词 (1),根据原文的具体语境和译文的习惯表达，有时必须在英语的名词前后增加必要的动词。,In the evening, after,the banquets, the concerts, and the table tennis exhibitions,he would work on the,draftingof,the final communiqu.,晚上在,参加,宴会、,出席,音乐会、,观看,乒乓球表演,之后，他还得起草最后公报。,They had been through it all at his side ,the bruising battles, the humiliation of the defeat,.,他们始终站在他的一边，,经历过,残酷的撕杀，,忍受过,辛酸的失败,A recent wave of high-tech renovation in agriculture promises to make the green revolution of the 1960s look like a backyard vegetable garden.,最近,掀起的,农业高技术革新浪潮有可能使得,60,年代的绿色革命看上去犹如后院的植物园一样，一点也不引人瞩目。,10,译文中增加原文词语暗含的意思,增加原文暗含的动词 (2),In some years, April bursts upon our Virginia hills in one prodigious leap and all the stage is filled at once,whole choruses of tulips, arabesques of forsythia, cadenzas of flowering plum.,有几年的四月猛然一跃，突然来到了弗吉尼亚的山坡上,转眼到处生机勃勃。,郁金香,盛开宛如张嘴欢唱的,合唱队，连翘,构成了,阿拉伯式图案，洋李花儿灿烂，,争奇斗妍，独具特色。,There were no,speeches, no,foreign diplomat,s, no “ordinary Chinese” with paper flags and bouquets of flowers.,没有人,发表,演说,，没有,外国外交官,到场,，也没有“普通中国人”挥舞纸旗、花束的场景。,11,译文中增加原文词语暗含的意思,增加原文暗含的形容词(1),It is the same old story of not being grateful for what we have until we lose it, of not being conscious of,health,until we are ill.,事情往往是这样，失却之物，方知珍惜；生了病才知道,健康,之可贵,。,But the misfortunes of their children still weighed upon their minds; and one day,Cadmus,exclaimed, “If a serpents life is so dear to the gods, I would I were myself a serpent.”,但儿孙们的厄运始终使他们忧郁寡欢。有一天卡德摩斯,哀,呼道,：“既然众神对一条蛇的生命如此看重，我倒不如就是一条蛇吧。”,12,译文中增加原文词语暗含的意思,增加原文暗含的形容词(2),Fine writer though he was, nobody believed that Winston Churchill received the 1953 Nobel Prize for literature for,the quality,of his books, but for his political prowess.,虽然温斯顿,邱吉尔是个写作能手，但是没有任何人认为，他荣获,1953,年诺贝尔文学奖是因为他的著作,质量,优异,，他获此殊荣是因为他在政治上英勇无畏。,What an idea!,多么,绝妙的,主意！（什么,狗屁,主意！）,What a sight!,多,美（难看）,的景色啊！,What a day!,多,好（糟糕）,的天气啊！,13,译文中增加原文词语暗含的意思,在译文中增加原文暗含的副词(1),通过分析语境，透彻理解原文中隐含的逻辑意义，这是非常必要的。有时，必须在译文中增加合适的副词或状语，才能把原文包含的逻辑意义表达出来，使译文忠实准确。,Yet, despite,Pittheuss,warnings and his mothers entreaties, he would not visit Athens by,the safe sea route,but insisted on traveling overland; impelled by a desire to emulate the feats of his cousin Heracles, whom he greatly admired.,然而他不听庀透斯的警告和母亲的哀求，决意不取,较为,安全的水路,去雅典。他坚持要走陆路旅行，因为他十分崇拜他的表兄郝拉刻勒斯，渴望在建立丰功伟绩方面跟他竞赛。,According to Einsteins general theory, the presence of a massive body like the Sun,distorts,the geometry of space and time.,根据爱因斯坦的“广义相对论”，像太阳那样的巨大天体的存在,势必,使,时空结构,变形,。,14,译文中增加原文词语暗含的意思,在译文中增加原文暗含的副词(2),(,近十几年来我国科技进步不小，,),希望在新的世纪，进步更快。,I hope still greater progress can be made in the new century.,我读的书并不多，就是一条，相信毛主席讲的实事求是。过去我们打仗靠这个；现在搞建设、搞改革也靠这个。,I have not read too many books, but there is one thing I believe in: Chairman Maos principle of seeking truth from facts. That is the principle we relied on when we were fighting wars, and we continue to rely on it while we are carrying on our socialist construction and,and,making reforms.,15,译文中增加原文词语暗含的意思,增加使译文符合逻辑的词语,为了使译文清楚易懂，忠于原文，有时必须增加使译文符合逻辑的词语。例如：,Paleontologists say that a dinosaur,specimen,found in Madagascar provides important clues to how the continents broke up and drifted apart 70 million years ago.,古生物学家说，在马达加斯加发现的恐龙,化石,标本,为研究,7000,万年前各大洲怎样断裂、漂流提供了重要线索。,The voter turnout was small and,the margin,tiny, in contrast to the previous election, when the Populist Party swamped the opposition, which was widely touted as a pro-business lobby.,选民参选率很低，,两党得票,差额极小,，与上次选举形成对照：在上次选举中，平民党以压倒多数的选票战胜了反对党，当时反对党被大肆张扬地说成是商界利益的代言人。,New fathers,should have at least two weeks paternity leave to help their wives recover from postnatal depression.,新,生儿的,父亲,应当有至少两个星期的产假，以帮助妻子从产后抑郁中恢复过来。,In 1903, Henry Fords first mass-produced Model T cars cost $850. 1903,年，亨利,福特第一批大量生产的,T,型轿车,每辆,售价为,850,美圆。,16,增加说明文化背景的词语,中文典故、习语等蕴含深刻的文化意义，翻译时必须增添必要的信息。,世上先有伯乐，然后有千里马，千里马常有而伯乐不常有。,Only when,the world has a,Pailo,who knows about horses,can there be fine steeds. There are always fine steeds that can cover a thousand,li,a day, but we cannot frequently find a,Pailo,.,三个臭皮匠顶个诸葛亮。,Three cobblers,with their wits combined,equal Zhu,Geliang,the mastermind.,不要班门弄斧。,Dont show off your skill with the axe before Lu Ban,the master carpenter.,It was only when the economic bubble burst that Thailands leaders realized that,they had been burying their heads in the sand,for many years.,直到经济肥皂泡迸裂，泰国领导人才意识到多年来,他们一直,像鸵鸟那样,把脑袋埋在沙堆里,。,17,增加说明文化背景的词语,罕见的人名、地名或其他专有名词以及文化负荷重的词语也需要加以解释,Le Monde, the BBC, the New York Times, the entire Arab press, all quote,Heikal,regularly at length.,法国,世界报,、英国广播公司、,纽约时报,和整个阿拉伯报界，都经常大段引用海卡尔的话。,The death of the Princess of Wales,unleashed outpourings of newly-coined honorifics, for instance “a present-day Cinderella whose clock struck midnight all too soon.”,威尔士王妃,戴安娜,之死，导致有关她的新敬语如潮水一般涌流出来，比如有人说她是“当今灰姑娘，只是午夜的钟声过早地敲响”。,她在戏中扮演,包工,。,I,n the opera, she played the,male,role of Judge,Bao,the just and impartial judge in Chinese history.,18,增加说明文化背景的词语,略缩词的翻译要增加解释性文字,OPEC,has had to accept what it was told from the start but chose not to believe: that,non-OPEC,co-operation would not be forthcoming.,现在，,石油输出国组织（欧佩克）,不得不接受人们一开始就告诉它的这样一个事实，即,非欧佩克产油国,是不会合作的。但,欧佩克,原先不愿相信这个事实。,深入开展“,严打,”斗争和,专项治理,。,We cracked down on all criminal activities and launched,special campaigns to fight various crimes and social evils that the people detest most.,要对青少年进行“,五讲四美三热爱”,的教育。,It is necessary to educate the youngsters,in,terms of five stresses, four points of beauty and three aspects of love ( stress on decorum, manners, hygiene, discipline and morals; beauty of the mind, language, behavior and environment; love of the motherland, socialism, and the Communist Party).,19,通过联想或想象增加词语,Now, I had to,become a miser with words and stretch every sentence like a poor man spending his last dollar.,我决定,对词语要像守财奴那样,不轻易放过；,也要象穷人过日子，把每个句子当作身边最后一块钱，,尽量拖延，慢慢花掉。,The opposition leaders speech,stole the headlines from the government.,反对党领袖的演讲,在报纸上大出风头，使政府相形见绌,。,我们倚在青色的船栏上，,默默地望着那绝美的海天,；我们一点杂念也没有；我们是被沉醉了；我们是被带入晶天中了。,We were leaning against the green rails of the ship,silently looking at this most splendid,marriage,of the sea and the sky;,we cherished no other thoughts; we were intoxicated; we were transported into the crystal heavens.,科学是老老实实的学问，来不得半点虚假，需要,付出艰巨的劳动,。,Science means honest, solid knowledge, allowing not an iota of falsehood, and it involves,herculean,effort and,gruelling,toil.,20,