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单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,*,By amplification we mean supplying necessary words in our translation work so as to make the version correct and clear, to make it more like the language translated into. Of course words thus supplied must be indispensable either syntactically or semantically. In other words, a translator is not supposed to add any meaning to the original.,3.3,Amplification,(,增译法,),1,There are two kinds:,1)Words for syntactic constructionto secure correctness, 2)Words supplied for semantic completionto secure clearness. Both aim at making the version expressive and readily understood by the reader.,2,1,、增加动词,1). Reading makes a full man; conference a ready man; and writing an exact man.,读书使人充实,讨论,使人,机智,笔记（写作）,使人,准确。,2) . We dont regret, we never have and never will.,我们不会后悔，我们从来没有,后悔,过，我们将来也不会,后悔,。,3). After the basketball, he still has an important conference.,看完,篮球比赛之后，他还有一个重要会议,要参加,。,3,2.,增加形容词或副词,1). With what,enthusiasm,the Chinese people are building socialism!,中国人民正以多么,高的,热情建设社会主义啊！,人群,渐渐,散开了。,2). The crowds,melted,away.,他一坐下来就讲开了，,滔滔不绝地,讲个没完。,3). As he sat down and began talking, words poured out.,4,4). She lingered long over his letter.,5). In the films of those days, all too often it was the same one: boy tractor driver,meets,girl tractor driver; they,fall in,love and,drive,tractor together.,在那时候的电影里，,总是老一套：男拖拉机手和女拖拉机手始而相遇，,继而相爱，,终而,并肩开拖拉机了。,她,反反复复地,回味着他的来信。,5,玛丽的丈夫癌症去世后，就靠洗,衣服,维持生活。,2). Mary,washed,for a living after her husband died of cancer.,3). He,ate,and,drank, for he was exhausted.,他吃了 点,东西,，喝了点,酒,，因为他疲惫不堪了。,3.,增加名词,1). First you,borrow,then you,beg,.,头一遭借,钱,，下一遭就讨,饭,。,6,4). That black jacket is indeed,cheap,and,fine,.,那件黑夹克真是,价,廉,物,美。,5). He was,wrinkled,and,black, with scant gray hair.,他,满脸,皱纹，,皮肤,黝黑，头发灰白稀疏。,6). A new kind of car,small, cheap,is attracting increasing attention.,一种新型轿车正越来越引起人们的注意,这种轿车,体积,小，,价钱,便宜。,7,8). His,arrogance,made everyone dislike him.,他的傲慢,态度,使谁也不喜欢他。,9). After all,preparations,were made, the planes were flown across the U.S. to San Francisco.,一切准备,工作,就绪以后， 飞机就飞越美国去了旧金山。,由例,8,、,9,可以看出， 某些动词或形容词派生来的抽象名词，翻译时可以根据上下文在其后面增添适当的名词，使译文更符合规范。,又如,：,8,to persuade,说服,persuasion,说服工作,to prepare,准备,preparation,准备工作,backward,落后,backwardness,落后状态,tense,紧张,tension,紧张局势,arrogant,自满,arrogance,自满情绪,mad,疯狂,madness,疯狂行为,antagonistic,敌对,antagonism,敌对态度,9,4.,增加代词,1).,小不忍则乱大谋。,If,one,is not patient in small thing,one,will never be able to control great ventures.,2).,交出翻译之前，必须读几遍，看看有没有要修改的地方，这样你才能把工作做好。（钟述孔,英汉翻译手册,）,Before handing in,your,translation,you,have to read,it,over and over again and see if there is anything in,it,to be corrected or improved. Only thus can,you,do,your,work well. (,Zhong,Shukong,A Handbook of Translation,),10,He,who,makes no investigation and study has no right to speak.,3).,没有调查就没有发言权。,当然了，例还可以认为是增补主语“,he”,。,又如：“又要马儿跑得快,又要马儿不吃草,简直可笑。”,You,want the horse to run fast and yet,you,dont let it graze. Isnt it ri,d,iculous!,Dont put,your,hands in,your,pockets.,4).,别把手搁在口袋里。,11,5).,一天天冷起来了。,It,is getting colder day by day.,6),尝试而失败还是比不尝试好。,It,is better to try and fail than never try at all.,7).,你三星期完成这项设计不容易。,It,was not easy for you to finish this design in three weeks.,8).,把钟拆开比把它装起来容易。,It,is easier to take a clock apart than to put it together again.,12,5,、增加语气词或量词,汉语有许多语气助词，如“的”、“吧”、“呢”、“啊”、“呀”、“嘛”、“吗”、“啦”、“了”,不同的语气词可以发挥不同的作用，英汉互译时需用心体验，以期译出从意义和修辞色彩等都符合的译文。同时，英语中的数词（包括不定冠词,a,）与可数名词直接连用，它们之间并无量词，而汉语往往要借助量词。因此英译汉时，应根据实际情况恰当地增加表示其形状、特征或材料的名量词。,不要生气,嘛,！我不过开开玩笑,罢了,。,1). Dont get angry. Im just making fun of you.,13,3). They (the eyes) were the same,colour,as the sea, cheerful and undefeated.,2). As for me, I didnt agree from the very beginning.,我,呢,，从一开始就不赞成。,那双眼睛,啊,，像海水一样的蓝，令人愉快，毫不沮丧,4). A red,sun,is rising slowly on the horizon.,一,轮,红日正从地平线上冉冉升起。,14,5). A stream was winding its way through the valley in into the,Dadu,river.,一,弯,溪水蜿蜒流过山谷，汇合到大渡河去了。,6,）,This too was a complicate lie.,这也纯粹是一,派,胡言。,7). Once, they had a quarrel.,有一次，他们争吵了一,番,。,15,从例,7,、,8,、,9,可见，英语中有些动词或动作名词，译成汉语时常需增加一些表示行为、动作的动量词。又如：,have a rest,休息一下,; make a stop,停一下,.,8). Seeing is believing.,百,闻不如,一,见。,9). The essence remains its identity while appearances may vary.,万,变不离其宗。,16,White clouds float over the blue sky.,Can you manage without help?,I dare say that the Chinese way of reforms is more characteristic and effective than others.,In general, all the metals are good conductors, with silver the best and copper the second.,Dont be weaving.,He was wrinkled and black, with scant gray hair.,“ How shall I do it?” “Just as you wish!”,He felt the patriot rise within his breast.,17,蓝蓝的天上漂浮着朵朵白云。,如果没有人帮忙， 你能应付的了吗？,我认为， 中国的改革方式比别国的改革方式更富有特色、更卓有成效。,一般说来， 金属都是良好的导体，其中以银为最好，铜次之。,18,5.,不要三心二意。,6.,他满脸皱纹，皮肤黝黑，头发灰白稀疏。,7.,这事儿我该怎么办才好？,你想怎么办，就怎么办。,8.,他感到一种爱国热情在心中荡漾。,19,Opposite to the principle of amplification, omission is however not contradictory to it. On contrary, omission supplementary to amplification, omits what is considered necessary and indispensable in English may be deemed useless, su,p,erfluous and even en,c,umbrance.,This principal makes the version brief, concise and clear,. For example,3.4 Omission,(,省译法,),20,1). A book is useful.,书（是）有用（的）。,2).,The,earth goes around,the,sun.,地球绕太阳转。,3).,On,Sundays we have no school.,礼拜天我们不上课。,21,1.,省略代词,英语中通常每句都有主语。但根据汉语习惯，但前句出现一个主语且后句仍为同一主语时，后句主语一般省掉。如：,1).He was thin and haggard and,he,looked miserable.,他消瘦而憔悴，看上去一副可怜相。,2).,We,live and learn.,活到老，学到老。,22,3). Everywhere,you,can find new types of men and objects in new Campus.,新校区处处可以看到新人、新事物。,4).,If you,give,him,an inch,he,will take a mile.,得寸进尺。,23,5). I have received your letter and read,it,with delight.,我收到了你的信，愉快地读了。,6),有条件要上；没有条件，创造条件也要上。,When,conditions exist, go ahead; when,they,dont, create,them,and go ahead.,24,解说：例,4,、,5,、,6,汉译时常把英语中作宾语的代词省掉。尤其是例,4,，省略了做主语的代词，宾语的代词，连句中的连词 “,if”,也省略了，但思想内容却丝毫未变，可谓形神皆备。而下面的例子（,7,、,8,）却恰当地省略了物主代词。,7). I wash,my,face in the morning.,我早上洗脸。,8). He shrugged,his,shoulders, shook,his,head, cast up,his,eyes, but said nothing.,他耸耸肩，摇摇头，两眼看天，一句话不说。,25,2.,省略连词,我们在讨论增译法时，提到“汉语语言精炼，并列连词较少使用，其上下逻辑关系常常是暗含的，由词语顺序来表示。但译为英语时，需要增补。证实了英语是形合语言，汉语是意合语言的命题。”相反，把英语译成汉语时，很多情况则需省略连词。如：,1).,26,He looked gloomy,and,troubled.,（表并列）,他看上去有些忧愁不安。,2).,As,the temperature increase, the volume of water becomes greater.,（表原因）,温度升高，水的体积就增大。,27,3). We knew winter vocation was coming,as (because),we had seen the big stone in the River.,（表原因）,（我们）看见了河里大石头，就知道寒假要来了。,4).,If,winter comes, can spring be far behind?,（表条件）,冬天来了，春天还会远吗？,5).,When,it is dark in the east, it is light in the west;,when,things are dark in the south there is still light in the north.,（表时间）,东方不亮西方亮，黑了南方有北方。,28,3.,省略前置词（介词,）,一般说来， 表示时间和地点的英语前置词，译成汉语如,出现在句首，大都可以省略，出现在句尾时大都不省,。如：,1). The Peoples Republic of China was founded,in,1949.,一九四九年中华人民共和国成立。,比较：中华人民共和国成立于一九四九年。,29,2).,In,July, 1956, Egypt had seized the Suez Canal.,一九五六年七月，埃及占领了苏伊士运河。,比较：埃及占领苏伊士运河是在一九五六年。,3). And,on,July 1st, 1999, I graduated from university.,一九九九年七月一日，我大学毕业了。,4). Smoking is prohibited,in,public places.,公共场所不准吸烟。,30,4.,省略冠词,英语有冠词，汉语没有冠词；因此，英译汉时往往要将冠词省略。相反，汉译英时，多要增加冠词，也就是增译法中的增加冠词。如：,1). A book is useful.,书（是）有用（的）。,2).,The,earth goes around,the,sun.,地球绕太阳转。,（省略表示独一无二的事物的定冠词,the,）又如：,The moon was slowly rising above the sea.,）,31,3). A teacher should have patience in his work.,当教员的应当有耐心。（省略表示类别的不定冠词,A,）,4). The girl,standing at the window,is his girlfriend.,站在窗口的（那个）女孩是他女朋友。,此句中,girl,后有定语，汉译时定冠词,The,可省也可保留。）,5). Milk is sold by the pound.,牛奶按磅计价。（牛奶是 论磅卖。）,32,当然，有些场合，冠词是不能省略的。比如不定冠词,a,或,an,表示数量“一”时，定冠词,the,表示“这”或“那”时，均不能省略。,6). He left without a word.,他一句话不说就走了。,7). The children are of an age.,这些孩子都是同岁的。,33,
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