管理才能考核表Title

Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,Thursday, May 17, 2007,*,Lecture on DHCP, DNS & SNMP,Debashis Saha,DHCP, DNS, SNMP,Debashis Saha,MIS Group, IIM Calcutta,1,First Question,How does your computer know which IP to use?,How does your computer know that is at IP 202.54.116.3?,How can you track your networks health?,The Internet and Addressing,All machines on the Internet are accessed via their IP address,Dotted quad: xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx,Problem: IP addresses are hard to remember and hard to statically assign on large networks,Solution: Need to come up with a way to automatically assign IP addresses and a text based representation of machine addresses instead of just 4 numbers,Addressing Solutions,Two protocols have been developed to solve these problems,DHCP, automatic network configuration (including IP address),DNS, translates textual based names into IP addresses and vice versa,DHCP Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol,DHCP,Allows client machines to receive an IP address, DNS information, etc automatically,Before DHCP came into use, users had to type in all this information by hand, which is bad:,Easy to mistype something when entering by hand,Manually changing network configuration every time you move your laptop is a pain,Bootp resolved some of these issues, and DHCP still uses the same port as bootp,Purpose of DHCP,From RFC-2131 (the Internet standard):,The Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) provides a framework for passing configuration information to hosts on a TCP/IP network.,DHCP consists of two components:,a protocol for delivering host-specific configuration parameters from a DHCP server to a host and,a mechanism for allocation of network addresses to hosts.,DHCP functional goals,A host without a valid IP address locates and communicates with a DHCP server,A DHCP server passes configuration parameters, including an IP address, to the host,The DHCP server may dynamically allocate addresses to hosts and reuse addresses,Hosts can detect when they require a new IP address,Unavailability of DHCP server has minimal effect on operation of hosts,DHCP: Basics,A client leases an IP address from a DHCP server for a given amount of time,When lease expires, the client must ask DHCP server for a new address (clients attempt to renew lease after 50% of the lease time has expired),Typical leases may last for from 30 seconds to 24 hours, or even longer.,What does DHCP do?,Provides protocol stack, application and other configuration parameters to hosts,Eliminates need for individual, manual configuration for hosts,Includes administrative controls for network administrators,Backward compatible packet format for BOOTP interoperation (RFC 1542),Can coexist with hosts that have pre-assigned IP addresses and hosts that do not participate in DHCP,Design Goals,Eliminate manual configuration of hosts,Prevent use of any IP address by more than one host,Should not require a server on every subnet,Allow for multiple DHCP servers,Provide a mechanism, not a policy,Provide the same configuration - including IP address - to a host whenever possible,What can you do with DHCP,Plug-and-play,Move desktop PCs between offices,Renumber,Other restructuring - change subnet masks,Mobile IP - laptops,Moving equipment - cartable,What DHCP,doesnt,do,Support multiple addresses per interface,Inform running host that parameters have changed,Propagate new addresses to DNS,Support inter-server communication,Provide authenticated message delivery,Configure routers and other network equipment,Design network addressing plan,Determine other configuration parameters,Locate other servers,DHCP: Messages Overview,Several messages are sent back and forth between a client and the DHCP server before it can successfully obtain an IP address,DHCP: DISCOVER,Hardcoding the addresses of DHCP servers kind of defeats the purpose of automatic configuration,Solution: A client using DHCP will broadcast a DISCOVER message to all computers on its subnet (addr 255.255.255.255) to figure out the IP address of any DHCP servers,Most routers are configured to pass this request within the campus or enterprise,DHCP: OFFER,(Optionally) sent from server in response to a DISCOVER,Contains an IP address, other configuration information as well (subnet mask, DNS servers, default gateway, search domains, etc),Note that all DHCP servers that receive a DISCOVER request may send an OFFER;,since a client typically does not need more than one IP address, more messages needed to zero on one IP,DHCP: REQUEST,Sent by client to request a certain IP address,Usually the one sent by an OFFER, but also used to renew leases. Also can be sent to try to get same address after a reboot,This message is broadcast,Most OSs by default will send a REQUEST for the first OFFER they receive this means that if there is a rogue DHCP server on your subnet, most clients will,ignore,the OFFERs from the campus DHCP servers (since the OFFER from the rogue server gets to the users PC first)!,DHCP: ACK/NACK,Sent by server in response to a REQUEST,ACK: Request accepted, client can start using the IP it REQUESTed,NACK: Something is wrong with the clients REQUEST (for example they requested an IP address theyre not supposed to have),DHCP: RELEASE,Sent by client to end a lease,Not strictly required, but is the “polite” thing to do if done with the IP (could just let the lease expire),Some clients may not send RELEASEs in an attempt to keep the same IP address for as long as possible,DHCP: Big Picture,Summary,DHCP works today as a tool for automatic configuration of TCP/IP hosts,It is an open Internet standard and interoperable client implementations are widely available,Provides automation for routine configuration tasks, once network architect has configured network and addressing plan,Ongoing work will extend DHCP with authentication, DHCP-DNS interaction and inter-server communication,DHCP: Conclusion,Efficient way of assigning computers IP addresses and delivering configuration information to those computers,Does not solve other problem of addressing that IP addresses are hard to remember,IETF standards,Formal process for development, review and acceptance of TCP/IP protocol suite standards,Initial specifications published as Internet Drafts (I-Ds),Accepted specifications published as Request for Comments (RFCs),Protocol status,DHCP has been accepted as a Draft Standard; the specifications are published in:,RFC 2131: Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol,RFC 2132: DHCP Options and BOOTP Vendor Extensions,Several additional options are in development,Implementation status,DHCP is an open standard, with freely available specifications,Can be (and has been) implemented entirely from the specification,Commercial implementations are widely available,Non-commerical implementations are also available,DHCP Resources,Compilation of DHCP-related and other information:,DHCP FAQ (maintained by John Wobus),dhcp-v4,mailing list (admin requests to,listser,),IETF information can be retrieved from:,I-Ds and RFCs can also be retrieved from:,DNS Domain Name System,Second Question,How does your computer know which IP to use?,How does your computer know that is at IP 202.54.116.3?,How can you track your networks health?,Domain Name System (DNS),The first IP networks distributed host files on a regular basis,This became a burden and an automated distributed solution was needed,IP Addresses are great for computers,IP address includes information used for routing.,IP addresses are tough for humans to remember.,IP addresses are impossible to guess.,ever guessed at the name of a ?,Hostnames,DNS is born,Domain names comprise a hierarchy so that names are unique, yet easy to remember.,The,domain name system,is usually used to translate a host name into an IP address .,Ex: IP 212.87.7.181,(which one would you rather remember?),DNS: Basics,Hierarchical namespace,Distributed system very few core servers,Stores other information than simple hostname IP mappings,Request/response protocol,DNS Hierarchy,edu,com,org,in,rpi,albany,ac,iimcal,Host name structure,Each host name is made up of a sequence of,labels,separated by periods.,Each label can be up to 63 characters,The total name can be at most 255 characters.,Examples:,Domain Name,The domain name for a host is the sequence of labels that lead from the host (leaf node in the naming tree) to the top of the worldwide naming tree.,A domain is a subtree of the worldwide naming tree.,Hierarchical Naming,com,edu,gov,mil,net,org,us,arpa,colordao,cs,foobar,Top level domains,edu, gov, com, net, org, mil, ,Countries each have a top level domain (2 letter domain name).,Such as .in, .uk, .it, etc.,New top level domains include:,.aero .biz .coop .info .name .pro,Domain Naming System,edu,com,harvard,mit,hbs,ee,www,physics,cisco,yahoo,nasa,nsf,arpa,navy,acm,ieee,gov,mil,org,net,uk,fr,DNS: Architecture,DNS servers are responsible for one or more domains of any level,“Root servers” are maintained throughout the world (one is in Palo Alto) and are responsible for all of the top-level domains,When you register a domain, an entry for that domain is added to the appropriate root server,Owners of each regular domain or subdomain maintain (or outsource) their own DNS servers containing the correct information,Name Servers,Partition hierarchy into,zones,edu,com,princeton,mit,cs,ee,ux01,ux04,physics,cisco,yahoo,nasa,nsf,arpa,navy,acm,ieee,gov,mil,org,net,uk,fr,Root,name server,Princeton,name server,Cisco,name server,CS,name server,EE,name server,Each zone implements two or more,name servers,Primary,secondary,Hierarchical Administration - “Zones”,arpa,com,in,gov,mil,net,org,us,arpa,ac,iimcal,www,Administration - Zones,A,zone,is a subtree of the DNS tree that is independently managed,Second-level domains (“ac.in”) are usually an independent zone,Most sub-domains (“iimcal.ac.in”) are also independent.,A zone must provide multiple,name servers,. This server records the members in the domain.,You typically need a,primary name server,and one or more,secondary name servers.,Secondary retrieves information from primary using a,zone transfer,.,Resolving an address,A.C.D,wants to know about,F.E.D,A,C,D,E,G,B,F,H,Host “A.C.D” asks “B.C.D” (the local name server) to resolve “F.E.D”,Name servers,Resolving an address,B.C.D doesnt know the answer.,It wants to ask the primary domain server for the “E.D” domain, so it asks the parent of the “B.C” domain (“D” in this example) to resolve “E.D”.,D asks H, the root server.,H doesnt know the answer, but its the top-level domain and knows that “G.E.D” is the primary domain server for the “E.D” domain,B.C.D now knows the primary domain server for the E.D domain, and can now ask “G.E.D” about “F.E.D”,Domain servers,What kind of records can be requested for a given domain?,Address translation,Caching information,Mail server information,Authoritative nameserver information,How is this data requested?,Each record has a type and certain data associated with it clients request records of a certain type from a server,DNS Organization,Distributed Database,The organization that owns a domain name is responsible for running a DNS server that can provide the mapping between hostnames within the domain to IP addresses.,So - some machine run by RPI is responsible for everything within th domain.,DNS DB,DNS DB,DNS Distributed Database,There is one primary server for a domain, and typically a number of secondary servers containing replicated databases.,DNS DB,Authoritative,DNS DB,Replicas,DNS server,DNS Clients,A DNS client is called a,resolver,.,A call to,gethostbyname(),is handled by a resolver (typically part of the client).,Most Unix workstations have the file,/etc/resolv.conf,that contains the local domain and the addresses of DNS servers for that domain.,/etc/resolv.conf,domai,128.113.1.5,128.113.1.3,nslookup,nslookup,is an interactive resolver that allows the user to communicate directly with a DNS server.,nslookup,is usually available on Unix workstations. (,dig,and,host,are also DNS clients).,DNS Servers,Servers handle requests for their domain directly.,Servers handle requests for other domains by contacting remote DNS server(s).,Servers cache external mappings.,Server - Server Communication,If a server is asked to provide the mapping for a host outside its domain (and the mapping is not in the server cache):,The server finds a nameserver for the target domain.,The server asks the nameserver to provide the host name to IP translation.,To find the right nameserver, use DNS!,DNS Data,DNS databases contain more than just hostname-to-address records:,Name server recordsNS,Hostname aliases CNAME,Mail ExchangersMX,Host InformationHINFO,The Root DNS Server,The root server needs to know the address of 1st (and many 2nd) level domain nameservers.,edu,com,org,jp,albany,rpi,Server Operation,If a server has no clue about where to find the address for a hostname, ask the root server.,The root server will tell you what nameserver to contact.,A request may get forwarded a few times.,DNS Message Format,DNS Message Header,query identifier,flags,# of questions,# of RRs,# of authority RRs,# of additional RRs,16 bit fields,Response,Message Flags,QR: Query=0, Response=1,AA: Authoritative Answer,TC: response truncated ( 512 bytes),RD: recursion desired,RA: recursion available,rcode: return code,Recursion,A request can indicate that recursion is desired - this tells the server to find out the answer (possibly by contacting other servers).,If recursion is not requested - the response may be a list of other name servers to contact.,Question Format,Name: domain name (or IP address),Query type (A, NS, MX, ),Query class (1 for IP),Response Resource Record,Domain Name,Response type,Class (IP),Time to live (in seconds),Length of resource data,Resource data,UDP & TCP,Both UDP and TCP are used:,TCP for transfers of entire database to secondary servers (replication).,UDP for lookups,If more than 512 bytes in response - requestor resubmits request using TCP.,Lots more,This is not a complete description !,If interested - look at:,RFC 1034: DNS concepts and facilities.,RFC 1035: DNS implementation and protocol specification.,play with nslookup.,Look at code for BIND (DNS server code).,Name to Address Conversion,There is a library of functions that act as DNS client (resolver).,you dont need to write DNS client code to use DNS!,With some OSs you need to explicitly link with the DNS resolver library:,-lnsl,(,nsl,is “Name Server Library”),Suns (Solaris) need this!,DNS library functions,gethostbyname,gethostbyaddr,gethostbyname2,IPV6!,gethostbyname,struct hostent *gethostbyname( const char *hostname);,struct hostent,is defined in netdb.h:,#include ,struct hostent,struct hostent ,char *h_name;,char *h_aliases;,int h_addrtype;,int h_length;,char *h_addr_list;,;,official name (canonical),other names,AF_INET or AF_INET6,address length (4 or 16),array of ptrs to addresses,hostent,picture,h_name,h_aliases,h_addrtype,h_length,h_addr_list,Official Name,alias 1,alias 2,null,IP address 1,IP address 2,null,Which Address?,On success, gethostbyname returns the address of a hostent that has been created.,has an array of ptrs to IP addresses,Usually use the first one:,#define h_addr h_addr_list0,gethostbyname,and errors,On error,gethostbyname,return null.,Gethostbyname,sets the global variable,h_errno,to indicate the exact error:,HOST_NOT_FOUND,TRY_AGAIN,NO_RECOVERY,NO_DATA,NO_ADDRESS,All defined in,netdb.h,Getting at the address:,char *h_addr_list;,h = gethostbyname();,sockaddr.sin_addr.s_addr =,*(h-h_addr_list0);,This wont work!,h_addr_list0,is a,char*,!,Using,memcpy,You can copy the 4 bytes (IPv4) directly:,h = gethostbyname();,memcpy(&sockaddr.sin_addr,h-h_addr_list0,sizeof(struct in_addr);,Network Byte Order,All the IP addresses returned via the hostent are in network byte order!,Repeat after me:,Thank you,gethostbyname,!,gethostbyaddr,struct hostent *gethostbyaddr( const char *addr,size_t len,int family);,AF_INET (could be AF_INET6),sizeof(struct in_addr),Some other functions,uname,: get hostname of local host,getservbyname,: get port number for a named service,getservbyaddr,: get name for service associated with a port number,References,RFC 1034,RFC 1035,SNMP - Simple Network Management Protocol,Third Question,How does your computer know which IP to use?,How does your computer know that is at IP 202.54.116.3?,How can you track your networks health?,SNMP is ,A network management tool,Designed to allow data acquisition from SNMP capable network equipment,Allows control of SNMP capable equipment by the distant controller,Based on inquiry/response architecture with simple response parameters,Used for management of fault conditions prevention of and response to network failure,Designed to manage performance coping with deterioration of performance due to congestion, changing traffic conditions,SNMP is ,SNMP Message Protocol,Messages use UDP, ports 161 (requests/responses) and 162 (notifications),Message types:,GetRequest: request values of variables from device,GetNextRequest: request value of variable following the one supplied,GetResponse: return values,SetRequest: instruct device to set values of variables,Trap: from device - notify monitor / manager of value change,To know more on SNMP,“,Essential,SNMP”, Douglas R Mauro & Kevin J Schmidt, Shroff Publishers & Distributors, Calcutta, 2001,