1英语专业四级词汇语法辅导从句!11

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,Company Logo,*,英语专业四级考试,词汇语法篇,语法与词汇,1.,考试大纲要求：,能灵活、正确地运用教学大纲语法结构表一级至四级的全部内容，掌握大纲规定的基础阶段认知词汇（,5500-6000,），并且能正确、熟练地运用其中,3000-4000,个单词及其最基本的搭配。,测试时间为,15,分钟，题型为多项选择题，共,30,道题，每题有四个选择项，其中,50%,为词汇、词组和短语用法题，其余为语法结构题。测试学生运用词汇、短语、语法结构以及基本语法概念的能力。语法与词汇项目原始分,30,分，所占总分比重为,15%,。,语法与词汇,2.,历年考试与考点分析,语法部分,根据下面分析可以发现，历年英语专业四级考试语法与词汇部分中的语法试题主要围绕着,10,项语法点。其中，考试重点与难点集中在从属分句、虚拟语气、非谓语动词、代词、动词时态、情态动词等语法知识点的应用上。,题型,年份,从属,分句,虚拟,语气,非谓,语动,词,代词,动词,时态,情态,动词,形容,词,/,副词,句子,成分,结构,主谓,一致,反意,疑问,句,限定,词,倒装,省略,2001,4,1,2,1,2,2002,5,2,1,1,1,1,2003,6,3,1,1,1,2004,4,3,2,1,2005,2,2,2,4,3,1,1,2006,3,3,1,1,1,1,2,1,1,1,2007,3,4,2,3,1,1,1,2008,6,1,2,1,1,1,1,1,1,2009,4,1,2,1,2,2,1,2,2010,2,1,1,2,1,1,1,3,1,1,1,从句要点,从句可分为：,副词性从句：状语从句包括时间状语从句、条件状语从句、地点状语从句、原因状语从句、目的状语从句、结果状语从句、方式状语从句、,让步状语,从句和,比较状语从句,。,形容词性从句：,定语从句,名词性从句：主语从句、,宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句,时间状语从句,时间状语从句,-,常用的连词,表示“当,的时候”：,when,，,while, as, just as, next time (,下次,),，,the last time (,上次,的时候,),表示时间先后：,after, before, when,用于完成时态：,by the time, it is the first/second time,hardlywhen,，,no soonerthan,，,scarcelywhen, now that, since, ever since,时间状语从句,-,常用的连词,表示习惯性，经常性“每次”：,each time, every time, whenever,表示“一旦”：,as soon as, once,表示“直到”：,the instant, the moment, the minute, the second, the day, until, till,时间状语从句,-,注意事项,1.,时态：,1),时间状语从句中一般不用将来时，若谈论将来的事情，往往用一般现在时来代替一般将来时，用一般过去时替代过去将来时,。,I wont have dinner,until my mother,comes,back,.,I will discuss this with you when we,meet,.,2),用于完成时态：,by the time, it is the first/second time,hardlywhen,，,no soonerthan,，,scarcelywhen, now that, since, ever since,注意事项,no soonerthan, hardly/scarcelywhen,这一结构的时态搭配，,no sooner,与,hardly/scarcely,引导的主句谓语动词用过去完成时，而,than,与,when,从句中谓语用一般过去时。此外，当把,no sooner,和,hardly/scarcely,提到句首时，就用倒装语序。,I had hardly got home when it began to rain.,Hardly had I got home when it began to rain.,注意事项,2.,特殊时间状语从句,The police went into action _ they heard the alarm.,A. promptly B. presently,C. quickly D. directly,I will telephone you,directly/ immediately/ instantly/the moment,I hear the news.,注意事项,3. It + be +,时间,+ before-clause,这个句型中的时间一般为表示一段时间的词语,(,如：,long years , months , weeks , days ,hours , minutes ),，主句中的谓语动词用肯定式，意为,过多长时间才,.,。,主句的谓语动词是否定式时，意为,没过多长时间就,.,。主句的时态可用过去时,was,或将来时,will be,；用,was,时，,before,从句的动词用一般过去时；用,will be,时，,before,从句常用一般现在时。 例如：,It was long/one year before,she came home.,It will not be long before,we meet again.,It was a long time _ the guards discovered what had happened.,A before B until C since D when,真题,60. The couple had no sooner got to the station _ the coach left. (2009),A. when B. as C. until D. than,56. I enjoyed myself so much _ I visited my friends in Paris last year. (2008)A. when B. which C. that D. where,D A,真题,1. Come and see me whenever _. (1997-48),A. you are convenient,B. you will be convenient,C. it is convenient to you,D. it will be convenient to you,c,条件状语从句,条件状语从句,常用,if,，,unless,（除非，如果不），,as/so long as,只要，,only if, once, on condition that (,条件是,), provided/providing (that), suppose/supposing (that) (,多用于问句,),，,assuming (that), in the event (that),in case (that), given (that),等。,条件状语从句,注意事项,如果主句是将来时,条件状语从句用一般现在时表示。例如,:,As long as I,live, I shall work hard.,I shall not go to the cinema unless I,finish,my homework.,In the event that our team,wins, there will be a big celebration.,Only if vs. if only,only if,引起的条件状语从句，是一个对“条件”限制更严的“限制性条件状语从句”，表示“只有,(,才,),；只有在,的时候；唯一的条件是,”,的意思；与,if,引起的一般条件句相比，它有一种增强主句语势的作用。例如：,Only if the case is urgent should you call out the doctor in the middle of the night.,只有患者情况紧急时，你才可以在半夜叫医生看病。,2. if only,引导的条件句，通常用来表示说话人对某事所寄予的某种强烈愿望，相当于,as long as,。它可以独立使用，用来表示由于客观条件限制，为某事不大可能或完全不可能实现而感到惋惜或遗憾的复杂心情，常用虚拟语气。例如：,If only I were as clever as you,！要是我像你一样聪明该多好啊！,注意,Only if,置于句首，需要倒装,If only,用于虚拟语气，谓语动词用一般过去时，表示现在没有实现的愿望，用过去完成时，表示过去没有实现的愿望，常译为“要是,就好了”,真题,1. He asked me to lend him some money, which I agreed to do, _that he paid me back the following week. (2005-64),A. on occasion B. on purpose,C. on condition D. only if,2._ both sides accept the agreement _ a lasting peace be established in this region. A. Only if, will B. If only, would C. Should, will D. Unless, would,CA,真题,3. You wont get a loan _ you can offer some security. (1996-41),A. lest B. in case,C. unless D other than,C,原因状语从句,原因状语从句,引导原因状语从句的从属连词有：,because, as, since, now (that),seeing (that),for the reason that,in that,considering that,。,原因状语从句,Because, since, as,和,for,because,语气最强，强调原因。回答“,why”,问句。表原因的强调句型中，也只用,because,。在“,notbut”,结构中，也用它。,e.g. He decided to give up the chance of going abroad, not because he did not want to but because his wife was ill.,since,语气弱于,because,其次是,as,，,for,的语气最弱。,Since,和,as,往往表达的是人们所知的或显而易见的原因，强调主句。,For,表示一种解释说明。,Since,和,now (that),since,既然：用来表达众所周知的理由,Since weve no money , we cant buy it.,Since you are going , I will go too.,now (that ),既然,表示新出现的情况,Now (that) we have gone so far , we might go a little further.,Now (that) you are well again , you can travel .,你已康复，可以远行了。,原因状语从句,-,真题,Barry had an advantage over his mother _ he could speak French. (2001-49),A. ever since B. in that,C. at that D. so that,54. Men differ from animals _ they can think and speak. (2008),A. for which B. for that,C. in that D. in which,让步状语从句,让步状语从句,常用,though/although,，,as,（尽管），,much as(,不管，尽管,),，,in spite of the fact that, while, even if/though,，,for all (,尽管,),，,however,，,whatever,，,wherever,，,whoever,，,no matter how/what/who,等引导。,让步状语从句,-though, although,Although,与,though,两者意思相同，一般可互换，可以与,yet, still,或,nevertheless,连用，但不能和,but,连用。,Though the sore be healed, yet a scar may remain.,伤口虽愈合，但伤疤留下了。 （谚语）,注意：,1,）,though,还可以用作副词，意为“可是，然而”，置于句末。,He said he would come; he didnt, though.,2,）,though,引导的从句也可象,as,引导的从句一样用倒装语序，但是,although,引导的从句只能用正常语序。,让步状语从句,-even if, even though,Even though he knows it, hell not let out the secret.,（他知道这个秘密）,.,Even if he knows it, hell not let out the secret.,（不确定他是否知道这个秘密）,.,though,常表示一些已经确定的消息，而,if,由它本身所带的“如果”的含义，表示了一种对假设信息的不确定。,Even though,是“虽说”，而,Even if,是“就算”。前者是事实而后者是假设。,让步状语从句,-as, though,as / though,引导的让步从句必须表语或状语提前（形容词、副词、分词、实义动词提前）。,Child as /though he was, he knew what was the right thing to do.= Though he was a small child, he knew what was the right thing to do.,Hard as/,though,he works, he makes little progress. (=,Though,he works hard, he makes little progress.),注意：,a.,句首名词,不能,带任何冠词。,b.,句首是,实义动词,，其他助动词放在主语后。如果实义动词有宾语和状语，随实义动词一起放在主语之前。,Try hard as he will, he never seems able to do the work satisfactorily.= Though he tries hard, he never seems,虽然他尽了努力，但他的工作总做的不尽人意。,让步状语从句,-,Whether.or.,（不管,.,还是,.,）,Whether you believe it or not, it is true.,让步状语从句,-,no matter +,疑问词,或,疑问词,+,后缀,ever,No matter what happened, he would not mind.Whatever happened, he would not mind.,替换：,no matter what = whateverno matter who = whoeverno matter when = wheneverno matter where = whereverno matter which = whicheverno matter how = however,注意：,no matter,不能引导主语从句和宾语从句,。（错）,No matter what you say is of no use now.,（对）,Whatever you say is of no use now.,（错）,Prisoners have to eat no matter what theyre given,（对）,Prisoners have to eat whatever theyre given.,however,however,为连接副词，引导让步状语从句，其意义和作用相当于,no matter how,。,可用于如下结构：,however +,形容词,/,副词,+,主语,+,谓语,However late he is, Mother will wait for him to have dinner together.,Well have to finish the jog, however long it takes.,真题,1. _, Mr. Wells is scarcely in sympathy with the working class. (2005-52),A. Although he is a socialist,B. Even if he is a socialist,C. Being a socialist,D. Since he is a socialist,2. _I like economics, I like sociology much better. (2003-49),A. As much as B. So much,C. How much D. Much as,A D,真题,3. Fool _ Jane is, she could not have done such a thing. (2002-48),A. who B. as,C. that D. like,4. _he always tries his best to complete it on time. (1999-51),A. However the task is hard B. However hard the task is,C. Though hard the task is D. Though hard is the task,B B,真题,5. Much as _, I couldnt lend him the money because I simply didnt have that much spare cash. (1999-52),A. I would have liked to,B. I would like to have,C. I should have to like,D. I should have liked to,6. _he needed money for a new car, he decided not to borrow it from the bank. (1998-48),A. Much as B. Much though,C. As much D. Though much,A A,真题,7. _, he is ready to accept suggestions from different sources. (1997-46),A. Instead of his contributions,C. His making notable contributions,B. For all his notable contributions,D. However his notable contributions,B,8. _ he wanted to go out with his friends at the weekend, he had to stay behind to finish his assignment. (2008),A. Much though B. Much as,C. As much D. Though much,B,比较状语从句,比较状语从句,常用,as, than, the morethe more, Just as, so;,A is to B what,C is to D; as A is to B, (so) C is to D,; no more than;,not so much A as B(,与其说,A,不如说,B),等。,It rains more often in Shanghai than in Beijing.,As a man lives, so he dies.,Her mother is not as tall as she (is).,比较结构中的省略,More than,后面可以引导省略主语的比较从句,从句中常见的形容词有：,necessary, good, Possible, anticipate, expect, feel, suggest, report, require, think.,-,The man drank a little more than was good for him,. = The man drank a little more than what was good for him.,- There were more accidents than (what) was reported.,- He eats more than (what/it) is good for him.,As,后面可以引导省略主语的比较从句,- He eats as much as (what/it) is good for him.,- The man drank as much as (what) was good for him.,比较状语从句,1. The experiment requires more money than_. (2002-49),A. have been put in B. being put in,C. has been put in D. to be put in,2. There ought to be less anxiety over the perceived risk of mountain climbing than _ in the public mind today.(1999),A. exists B. exist C. existing D. to exist,C A,3. Western Nebraska generally receives less snow than _Eastern Nebraska. (1996),A. in B. it receives in C. does D. it does in,4. They stood chatting together as easily and naturally as _. (2008),A. it could be B. could be,C. it was D. was.,C B,1. _ the two, Bob is _ student. (1995),A. Of, more diligent B. In, more diligent,C. Of, the more diligent D. In, the more diligent,2. Mary is _ than Alice.(1992),A. more experienced a teacher,B. a more experienced teacher,C. more an experienced teacher,D. more experienced teacher,3. The less the surface of the ground yields to the weight of a fully-loaded truck, _ to the truck.(2003),A. the greater stress is B. greater is the stress,C. the stress is greater D. the greater the stress,CBA,1. Twelve is to three _ four is to one.,A. what B. as C. that D. like,2. Intellect is to the mind _ sight is to the body. (2001-45),A. what B. as,C. that D. like,A A,Fat cannot change into muscle _ muscle changes into fat.,A. any more than,B. no more than,C. no less than,D. much more than,A,1. That trumpet player was certainly loud. But I wasnt bothered by his loudness _ by his lack of talent.,A. so much as B. rather than,C. as D. than,2. It is not _ much the language as the background that makes the book difficult to understand.,A. that B. as C. so D. very,3. Language belongs to each member of the society, to the cleaner _ to the professor. (1998-47),A. as far as B. the same as,C. as much as D. as long as,ACC,结果状语从句,结果状语从句,常用,sothat, suchthat, to the extent that, to the degree that, to such a degree that, so much so that,等。,结果状语从句,e.g. They are such diligent students that they all performed well in the nationwide examinations.,e.g. He was excited to such a degree that he couldnt sleep last night.,结果状语从句,1. so much so that,用于形容词或副词后，表示“到如此程度以至于”,e.g. He was very weak, so much so that he couldnt walk.,2.,当名词前有,little, few, much, many,修饰时，要用,so,，不用,such.,e.g. He has so few friends that he often feels lonely.,3. sothat,结构有时可以放于句首，要用倒装。,e.g. So bright is the little boy that he has learned 100 poems up to now.,结果状语从句,so that,和,such that,so +,形容词或副词,+ that,；,such +,名词,+ that,。,He ran so fast that his brother couldnt catch up with him .,他跑得太快了，他弟弟赶不上他。,He is such a naughty boy that he becomes unwelcome in his neighborhood .,他是那么个调皮的孩子，以至在邻里中不受欢迎。,Does Alan like hamburgers,？,Yes. So much _that he eats them almost every day.,（,2003,）,A. for B. as C. to D. so,His remarks were _ annoy everybody at the meeting. (2005),A. so as to B. such as to,C. such to D. as much as to,方式状语从句,方式状语从句,方式状语从句放在主句之后, as, just as, (just) asso, as if/though, the way,等引导。,as if,和,as though,引导的从句一般用虚拟语气。但如果从句中所陈述的情况很可能实现,也可用陈述语气。例如,:,The old man runs very fast as if he were a young man.,The teacher told the students to do as he did.,Leave it as it is.,the way,the way,后面的引导词常用,that,而且经常省略。一般不用,in which,。例如,:,We didnt like the way_ he treated us.,(A. which B. where C. that D. in which),此题答案应该是,C,。所以,the way,一般可以看作是引导一个方式状语从句的词组。,Sometimes we teach our children the way our parents have taught us. (,以,的方式,),真题,She did her work _ her manager had instructed. (2002-41),A. as B. until,C. when D. though,定语从句,关系代词,关系副词,起连词作用，本身又作从句中的主语、宾语、表语或定语,即起连接作用，本身又在从句中作时间、地点或原因状语,who,whom(,的人）,whose(,某人的,）,which(,东西，指物,),that(,的人或物，指物或人）,as(,象,那样的，和,相同，正如,),when(,的时候，修饰的时间名词,),where(,的地方修饰场所、方位等名词,),why(,原因；,理由,),关联词在定语从句中有三个作用：,a.,引导定语从句,b.,在从句中代替先行词,c.,在从句中担任某一句子成份,一、先行词是指,物,的名词或代词时，关系代词用,that,which,。,（一）,that,与,which,指物时一般情况可以互换，但在下列情况下通常用,that,不用,which,。,1.,当先行词（定语从句所修饰的名词或代词）是,everything, anything, nothing, all, much, few, little, none, the one, no one, some,等不定代词时。,e.g.,All,that,can be done has been done.,Is there,anything,that,you want?,2.,当先行词被,any, few, little, no, all, every, very, much, one of, the only, the very, the right, some,修饰时，常用,that,。,e.g.,The only thing,that,he remembered was her name.,There is,no difficulty,that,we cant overcome.,3.,当先行词被,序数词或形容词的最高级,修饰时，用,that,。,e.g. This is,the first letter,that,Ive written in English.,She is,the most careful student,that,Ive ever known.,4.,两个并列的先行词，,既有指人的，也有指物的,，用,that,。,e.g. They talked about,the teachers and the things,that,they remembered in,the school.,5.,当被修饰的成份在,主句中,是,系动词,be,后的表语或关系词本身在,定语从句,中,做表语,，用,that,。 （,be,的分类,: a. am, is, are. b.,表变化的,get. c.,感观动词,look, smell. d.,表保持的,stay.),e.g. China,isnt the country,that,she used to be fifty years ago.,It,s a book,that,will help you a great deal.,6.,当主句是由,who, which, what,开头的特殊疑问句（不管指人指物）用,that,。,e.g.,Who,is the man,that,is waiting at the bus stop?,What,did you hear,that,made you so angry?,Which,is the task,that,overtook as yesterday?,7.,主句是由,“,There be +,主语（表物）”,开头时，定语从句用,that,。,e.g.,There is a seat,that,is still free.,There are two tickets,that,are for you.,8.,当先行词是,基数词,时常用,that,。,e.g. caught two fish yesterday, now, you can see,the two,that,are still alive.,真题,1. Firms that use computers have found that the number of staff _ is needed for quality control can be substantially reduced.,A. whose B. as C. what D. that,2. He is quite worn out form years of hard work. He is not the man _he was twenty years ago.,A. which B. that C. who D. whom,D B,真题,3. I have never been to London, but that is the city _.,A. where I like to visit most,B. Id like to visit,C. which I like to visit mostly,D. where Id like most to visit,4. Ive never been to Lhasa, but thats the city _.,A. Id most like to visit,B. where I like to visit,C. which I like to visit mostly,D. Id like much to visit,5. there is no one in the world _.,A. that ever made mistakes,B. that has ever made mistakes,C. that never makes mistakes,D. that sometimes makes mistakes,B A C,（二）,that,与,which,指物时用,which,而不用,that,的情况,1.,在,非限制性定语从句,中用,which,。,2.,当关系代词的前面有介词时。,e.g. This is the factory,in,which,we once worked.,3.,当先行词本身是,that,或,those(,指物,),时，用,which,引导。,e.g. What was,that,which,flashed in the sky just now.,4.,当关系代词后面带有,插入语,时。,e.g. Here is the English grammar book,which,Ive told you, will help,improve your English.,二、当先行词是指,人,的名词时，通常用,who, that, whom,引导，但在下列情况下定语从句只用,who,不用,that,。,1.,先行词为,the one, ones, anyone,等时,e.g.,Anyone,who,breaks the law should be punished.,2.,先行词为,those(,指人,),或被,those,修饰时,e.g.,Those,who,learn not only from books, but also through practice will succeed.,3.,在由,“,There be +,主语,(,指人,)”,开头的句子中,e.g.,There is a man,outside,who,wants to see you.,4.,当先行词带有,较长的后置定语,时,e.g. The woman,in blue with a boy on her back,who,is working in the fields.,5.,在,非限制性定语从句,中用,who,。,三、关系代词,as,1.,引导限制性定语从句，常与,such,或,the same,连用，构成,the sameas; suchas,结构，,as,用于代替指人或指物的先行词。,e.g. I have got into the same trouble as he (has).,e.g. He is not such a boy as would cheat in the exam.,关系代词,as,2.,引导非限制性定语从句，代替整个主句，意思“正如”，位置比较灵活，既可以指代前面提到的内容，也可指后面要提到的内容。,e.g. As is mentioned above, this method aims at improving the students ability in a more effective way.,e.g. The test is cancelled as you have hoped.,e.g. The test, as you have hoped, is cancelled.,在引导非限制性定语从句时,as,和,which,所代表的都是整个句子所表示的内容。不同之处：,、在形式上,as,引导的非限制定语从句可位于主句后面，也可位于主句之前；而,which,引导的非限制定语从句只能位于主句之后，不能位于主句的前面。,、,as,在从句中常作宾语；作主语时，从句的谓语动词常为系动词，即：系表结构或被动结构。若为行为动词，则从句中的关系代词只能用,which,。,As you expected, he turned up on time.,正如你所愿，他按时到了。,As is said above, he has conquered the difficulty.,正如上面所说，他征服了困难。,关系代词,as,和,which,It rained hard yesterday, _ prevented me from going to the park.,A. that,B. which,C. as,D. it,答案,B.,真题,1. Only take such clothes _ really necessary.,A. as were B. as they are,C. as they were D. as are,_ is often the case with a new idea, much preliminary activity and optimistic discussion produced no concrete proposals.,A. That B. It C. This D. As,D D,关系副词引导的定语从句,四、,where (=at, in which),表地点,e.g. That is the place where they met for the first time.,注意：在下列“,case, policy, point, condition, situation, circumstance”,等表示“情况，方面，条件”等词引导定语从句时，也用,where,，等于,under which.,e.g. Everyone may face the situation where you have to make a decision yourself.,真题,1. This company has now introduced a policy _ pay rises are related to performance at work.,A. which B. where,C. whether D. what,2. Have you ever been in a situation _ you know the other person is right yet you cannot agree with him.,A. by which B. that,C. in where D. where,B D,“介词关系代词”引导的定语从句,1.,在非限制性定语从句中只能用关系代词,which/whom,不能用,that,。,2.,在非限制性定语从句中，,of which/whom,可以用来修饰不定代词,all, each, one, many, much, more, most, any, some, a few, a little, none, both, several,等,。,e.g. Many people came to her party, most of whom were her former classmates.,e.g. There are 50 students in our class, up to 20 of whom are from the south.,3. “,介词,which+,名词”引导的定语从句,e.g. He spent two years in the U.S.A., during which period she studied law.,e.g. Water boils at 100C, at which temperature it changes into gas.,真题,That is the robber _ arrest a reward was offered.,A. for whom B. for whose,C. about whom D. about whose,B,关系代词和关系副词的省略,1.,在从句中作直接宾语时,2.,当,that,在从句中作补语时,e.g. He is all (that) a teacher should be.,e.g. He is not the man (that) he used to be.,3. there be,结构中出现定语从句，或在定语从句中出现,there be,时，用作主语的关系代词,that, who,可以省略,e.g. There is a man downstairs (who) wants to see you.,e.g. This is the best dictionary (that