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单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,Lead-in,The background picture is the whole cosmos,kzms,/universe (,宇宙,).,What do you know about it?,Its the Galaxy(,银河系,).,Theyre planets(,行星,) and stars(,恒星,).,Its the black hole.,Its the solar system.,Can you enumerate,nju:mret,(,列举,) the planets?,，,History of the Universe,Unit 4,Astronomy :,the Science of the Stars,Science Subjects,Physics,Chemistry,Biology,Geology,Mathematics,Medicine,Biochemistry,Geophysics,Astronomy,Warming up,Hawking and his theories,Can you name them in English?,Mercury,m:kjri,Venus,vins,Earth,Mars,Jupiter,du:pt(r),Saturn,st:n,Uranus,jrns,Neptune,neptju:n,Pluto,plu:tu ,The Sun,The Solar System,A Black Hole,The Moon,The Big Bang,Atom,The Globe Our Earth,Atmosphere (,大气层,),Reading,1. Fast Reading, and analyze its structure. Write down the main idea for each paragraph.,Answer key for question 1:,Paragraph 1:,A widely accepted theory about the formation of the universe.,Paragraph 2:,The formation of water for life.,Paragraph 3:,The importance of water for life.,Paragraph 4:,The development of plants and animals on the earth.,Paragraph 5:,The arrival of humans and their impact on the earth.,3. Detailed Reading:,Read the text loudly for a second time and then complete the fills in the following pictures according to the evolution(,进化，演变,) order of life on the earth.,1,2,3,4,5,678,Answer key for question 3:,small plants in water,shellfish and all sorts of fish,green plants on land,insects (on land),amphibians (on land and in water),forests,reptiles (on land),dinosaurs (on land),mammals (on land),Explanation,天文学,n.,Astronomy is the scientific study of the stars, planets, and other natural objects in space.,1. astronomy,相关短语,radar astronomy,雷达天文学,radio astronomy,电波,(,无线电,),天文学,2. star,(1),名词,(pl. stars),1,）,星,恒星,;(,日、月等,),天体,;,星形物,;,2,）,星号,;(,表示等级等的,),星级,;,星形勋章,如,：,While in Taipei she stayed at a four star hotel.,她在台北逗留期间住在一家四星级旅馆。,3,）,命运,;,星象,4,）,(,电影、体育等的,),明星,杰出人物,His wish to become a football star has come true.,他想当足球明星的愿望实现了。,(2),动词（及物）,( starred; starred; starring),1,）,用星形物装饰,2,）,用星号标出,3,）,使成明星,由,.,主演,Yesterday we saw a film starring Charlie Chaplin.,昨天我们看了一部查理,卓别林主演的电影。,3.,动词（不及物）,( starred; starred; starring),1,）,当明星,主演,。如：,She has starred in some thirty films.,她主演过大约,30,部影片。,star,2,）,表现出色,。如：,He didnt star at that job.,那份工作他干得并不出色。,(4),形容词,1,）,星的,;,星形的,2,）,明星的,主角的,3,）,出色的,优秀的。,如：,Tony is the star player on our team.,托尼是我队的主力。,star,3. globe,（,1,）,名词,(pl. globes),1),球,;,球状物,2),地球仪,;,地球,。如：,This plant can grow in many parts of the globe.,这种植物能在地球上的许多地方生长。,3),眼球,（,2,）,动词（不及物）,( globed; globed; globing),成球状,（,3,）,动词（及物）,( globed; globed; globing),使成球状,Then are you clear now about the evolution of life?,When the dust settled into a solid globe, the earth was so violent.,4.6 billion years ago,3 billion years ago,540 million years ago,250 million years ago,65million years ago,The Evolution of Life on the earth,i:vlu:n,plzk,meszk,si:nzuik,Shellfish,Amphibian,Reptile Dinosaur,Primitive(,原始的,),People,Language Points,1,. What it was to become,was uncertain,(,when the dust settled into a solid globe,),.,be to do,的用法,(1)be to do.,用于第一人称疑问句中，表示征求对方意见。如：,Am I to go on with the work,？,要我继续这项工作吗？,What are we to do next,？,我们下一步该怎么办？,(2),表示按约定、计划，或即将发生的动作，这是将来时的一种用法。如：,They are to pay a visit to the teacher together at 10 a,m. tomorrow.,他们约定明天上午,10,点一起去看这位老师。,be,be,We are to meet at the station at four this afternoon.,我们今天下午,4,点在车站见面。,(3),表示必须或应该，在意义上等于,must,，,should,，,ought to,或,have to,。,如：,You are to finish the work before five this afternoon.,你们必须在今天下午五点以前完成这项任务。,This medicine is to be taken three times a day.,这种药一天要服三次。,(4),用来表示注定要发生或不可避免要发生的事。如：,His theory was to change the views on the universe.,Language Points,1. It,exploded,loudly with fire and rock, which were,in time,to produce carbon, nitrogen, water vapour and other gases, which were to make the earths atmosphere.,loud, aloud, loudly,这三个副词词义很接近，但含义有所不同。,aloud,的意思是“出声地、高声地”，强调能让人听得见。如：,Read aloud so that we can all hear you.,读大点声，以便我们大家都能听见你。,They are shouting aloud.,他们在大声感叫。,loud,意思是“大声地、高声地、响亮地”，强调声音响亮。常与动词,speak, talk, say, laugh,等连用。,如：,Dont talk so loud.,讲话声音不要这么大。,Facts speak louder than words.,事实胜于雄辩。,loudly,的意思是“高声地”，有时可与,loud,通用，但含有“喧闹”的意味。,如：,Someone knocked loudly at the door.,有人在大声敲门。,Dont talk so loudly/loud.,说话声音不要这么大。,在现代英语中有时在并不喧闹的场合也用,loudly.,如：,Will you please read the text loudly?,你能不能大声读这篇课文？,explode,1)（使某物）炸开，爆炸,。,如：,The firework,exploded,in his hand and he was hurt seriously.,2)（指感情）激发,。,如：,I was frightened when she,exploded,into loud laughter.,3)（指人口）突然或迅速增加,。,如：,Now it is not easy to find jobs with the,exploding,population.,explosion,n.,爆炸（声）,explosive,adj.,爆炸性的，易爆炸的,n.,炸药，爆炸物,in time,(for sth,.,/to do sth,.,):,最终；及时，,如,She will be back,in time,to prepare dinner.,她会及时赶回来准备晚饭。,3. What many science believe is that the continued presence of water,allowed,the earth to dissolve gases and acids which,are harmful to,the plants into the oceans and seas.,allow,v.,允许、许可、容许,allow + n ./ pron. / doing,allow sb. to do sth.,be allowed to do sth.,2.,continuous,连续不断的（强调一个动作没有间断过）,continual,反复的，频繁的（强调一个动作在某个时期反复出现）,continued,和,continuing,可以互换，都表示“连续不断的”“继续不变的”，但是它们只能用于名词前。总的来说，其差异正逐渐消失，特别是,continual,亦含有,continuous,相同的意义，尤指不愉快的事：,Life was a continual struggle for them.,生活对他们来说是不断的挣扎。,Present1 presence n.,出席，到场，存在,形容词,a.,1.,出席的,在场的,How many people were present at the meeting?,到会的有多少人,?,2.,现在的,当前的,Im not at all satisfied with the present situation.,我对目前的情况一点都不满意。,名词,n. 1.,现在,目前,There is no time like the present.,机不可失,时不再来。,present2,名词,n. 1.,礼物,赠品,CHe often gave his neighbors kids little presents.,他常常送些小礼物给邻居的孩子。,Present3 presentation n.,授予，颁发，呈现,及物动词,vt. 1.,赠送,呈献,(+to/with)They presented him with a bunch of flowers.,他们献给他一束鲜花。,2.,引起,(,问题,),造成,(,困难,)(+to/with)All this presented new safety problems.,所有这些都造成了新的安全问题。,3.,提出,提交,呈递,(+to)Some 300 papers were presented at the conference.,会上提出了大约三百篇论文。,4.,呈现,;,描述,;,出示,(+to)He had to present a smiling face though heavy-hearted.,虽然忧心忡忡,但他还得露出一副笑容。,My father doesnt,allow smoking,at home. In fact he doesnt allow us to smoke anywhere at any time.,父亲不允许在家里吸烟。实际上，他不允许我们在任何地方任何时候吸烟。,Are we,allowed to use,the computer?,我们可以用电脑么？,be harmful to,对,有害,do harm to sb. = do sb. harm,伤害某人，对某人有害处,1) Pollution,is,especially,harmful to,animals.,2) Smoking will,do,you,a lot of harm.,4. They produced young,generally,by laying,eggs.,Its generally believed that,一般认为,generally speaking,一般而言，概括来说,1),Its generally believed,that girls work harder than boys do.,2),Generally speaking, women cry more easily than men.,by doing,用于说明做某事的手段、方式。,如：,I dont think she can help him,by just giving,him money.,我认为她光靠给钱是帮不了他的。,5. They are putting too much carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, which,prevents,heat from escaping,from the earth into space.,阻止某人做某事,:,prevent sb. (from) doing sth.,stop sb. (from) doing sth.,keep sb. from doing sth.,1) We must,prevent them from,making trouble.,2) You should,prevent the child from,injuring himself.,If nothing prevents, ,如果没有什么阻碍的话,6. Whether life will continue on the earth for millions of years to come will,depend on,whether this problem can be solved.,depend on :,相信，信赖,依靠,依赖,视,而定，取决于,Depend on it.,没问题，请放心（句末或句首）,That /It (all) depends.,那得看情况而定,.,1),Depend on it, youll succeed.,2) He may support me, but,it depends,.,宾语从句可以分为三类,(1).,动词的宾语从句,1.1,大多数位于动词后面,Eg,：,I hope you can join us in the game.,1.2,有些是“动词,+,副词”后,Find out / point out / figure out / turn out/ figure out,Eg,：,Can you figure out what the poet really means in this poem?,1.3,有些动词短语后面,Make sure / make up ones mind / keep in mind,Eg; we should keep in mind that sports can be a great boost to our health.,(2,) it,作形式宾语代替宾语从句,第一类动词,; find/ feel/ think/ consider/ make / believe/ guess/ suppose /assume,等后面有宾语不足语时，需要用,it,作形式宾语而将,that,引导的真正的宾语从句后置。,Eg,：,I think it necessary that we do some sporting.,第二类动词 带宾语从句时需要在从句前面加,it,。,这类词：,hate / like/ dislike/ appreciate/ depend on/ see to /,Eg: I hate it when they talk without considering others feeling.,7. I,cheered up,immediately and floated weightlessly around in our spaceship cabin,watching,the earth,become,smaller and the moon larger.,cheer up,欢呼；喝彩；感到高兴；使高兴。,如：,The crowd,cheered up,when they saw the teams arrive.,观众看到运动队进场时欢声雷动。,He took her to the concert to,cheer her up,.,为使她高兴起来，他带她去听音乐会。,Astronomer,strnm(r),astronaut,strn:t,watch do /doing,观看；注视。,如：,We,watched the sun setting,behind the trees. Evening fell.,我们看着太阳一点点地落在树后，夜幕降临了。,Every day as they,watched the plant grow, their hearts were filled with hope.,他们每天都在观察这棵植物生长，心里充满了希望。,Weigh,1.,表示“称,的重量”,是及物动词,如：,He weighed the fish.,他称了这条鱼,.Do you often weigh yourself?,你经常称体重吗,?,2.,表示“重,(,多少,)”,是不及物动词,He weighs 60 kilos.,他体重,60,公斤,.,The meat weighs five pounds.,这肉重五磅,.,2.,比较,by weight / in weight,：,前者表示“按重量”,后者表示“重量上”,.,如：,Do they charge carriage by weight?,他们是按重量收取运费吗,?Its smaller in size but greater in weight.,它体积比较小,但分量比较重,.,3.,对重量提问,特殊疑问词用,How much?or How heavy?What is the weight of .,How much it weighs?,What=how much do you weigh?,What is the weight of the baby?,倍数的表达方式共：四种,1.,表示“几倍大小（长短；数量）”,由“倍数,+ the size,（,length,amount,）”,结构组成,.,例如：,The earth is forth-nine times the size of the moon.,地球是月亮的,49,倍大,.,2.,表示“,比,大几倍”,由“倍数,+,形容词（副词）比较级”结构组成,.,例如：,This box is three times bigger than that one.,这个盒子比那个盒子大三倍,.,The grain output is 8 percent higher this year than that of last year.,今年比去年粮食产量增加,8%.,3.,表示“,是,倍”,由“倍数,+ as +,形容词,+ as +”,结构组成,.,例如：,Our factory is twice as big as theirs.,我们的工厂是他们的三倍,.,I have three times as many as you.,我有你三倍那么多,.,注,一倍用,once,两倍用,twice.,4,、还可以用,by+,倍数,表示增加多少倍,.,The production of grain has been increased by four times this year.,今年粮食产量增加了,4,倍,.,9. We watched,amazed,as,fire,broke out,on the outside of the spaceship as the earths gravity increased.,此处的,amazed,是过去分词作状语。过去分词经常可以作状语，这是一种特定用法。,如：,He came in,unnoticed,.,他神不知鬼不觉地走了进来。,Many heroes lie,buried,in the churchyard.,许多英雄埋葬在教堂的墓地里。,break out,（战争，争吵，疾病等）爆发。,如：,A quarrel,broke out,suddenly at midnight.,半夜，（他们）突然大吵起来。,8. “Oh dear,” I cried, “walking does need a bit of practice,now that,gravity has changed.”,Now that :,既然，由于,。,如：,Now that,everybody is here, we can begin the meeting.,10. the Paleozoic era:,古生代，是地质时代的第三个代（第一、第二代分别是太古代和元古代）。约亿年前至亿年前,.,the Mesozoic era:,中生代，包括：三叠纪、侏罗纪、白垩纪。,the Cenozoic era:,新生代，约开始于,6500,万年前，现仍在持续。,11. Big Bang:,宇宙大爆炸理论,Learning about Language,1. Words,astronomy, atmosphere, system, violent, solid, explode, carbon, dioxide, oxygen, surface, planet, harmful, development, spread, method, depend, exist, presence, telescope, disappoint, disappointed, publish, publishing, gravity, force, gradually, cheer, float, mass,Use the correct prefix or suffix for each word. Write out the new word and explain the difference between the two.,present,violent,confident,different,patient,presence,violence,confidence,difference,patience,certain,fair,paid,like,kind,uncertain,unfair,unpaid,unlike,unkind,-(en)ce,un-,culture,globe,universe,agriculture,mathematics,cultural,global,universal,agricultral,mathematical,art,physics,chemistry,biology,science,artist,phsicist,chemist,biologist,scientist,-al,-ist,2. Expressions,solar system, in time, now that, prevent.from, depend on,cheer up, get the hang of,break out, lay eggs, give birth to, in ones turn, carbon dioxide, watch out, block out,Complete each of the sentences with a suitable word or phrase in the correct form.,surface, explode, develop, prevent, float, spread, violent, astronomy, force, publish, disappoint, solid,1. The _ of gravity makes things fall to the earth.,2. The robbers kicked the door _ and broke into the stars house.,3. Nothing can separate the two, because they have a _ friendship foundation.,4. In World War II, two atomic bombs _ in Japan, killing a large number of people.,5. With the _ of our countrys economy, peoples living standard has been greatly raised.,force,violently,solid,exploded,development,6. More than 70% of the earths _ is covered by water.,7. In the last few years the city has _ out rapidly in all directions.,8. That he failed the examination _ his lover very much.,9. They _ the canoe out into the middle of the river.,10. Mark Twain _ a lot of popular novels in that _ firm.,spread,disappointed,floated,surface,published,publishing,1.,他以前是靠画画为生的。,He used to _his living _.,2.,爆竹在他手里爆炸了，他伤得很严重。,The firework _ and he hurt seriously.,3.,乡村生活与都市生活是非常不同的。,Country life is_ city life.,4.,玛丽之所以没有通过这次考试，是因为她此前病了两个星期。,Mary _ in the exam, _she had been ill for two weeks.,Complete the following sentences.,5.,第二次世界大战是年爆发的。,World War II _in 1939.,6.,我担心是否伤害了她。,I worry _ I hurt her feelings.,7.,为使她高兴起来，她丈夫带她去听音乐会。,Her husband took her to the concert _.,8.,他们乘坐宇宙飞船穿越太空到月球上去。,They _ to the moon in a spaceship.,9.,天上有朵朵白云。,There were _ white clouds in the sky.,1. He used to make/earn his living by painting.,2. The firework exploded in his hand and he hurt seriously.,3. Country life is quite different from city life.,4. Mary failed in the exam. This was because she had been ill for two weeks.,5. World War II broke out in 1939.,6. I worry about whether I hurt her feelings.,7. Her husband took her to the concert to cheer her up.,8. They traveled through space to the moon in a spaceship.,9. There were masses of white clouds in the sky.,Answer Key:,3. Grammar,Noun Clauses as the subject,做主语用的名词性从句，因其在复合句中做主语，又称,主语从句,(Noun Clauses as the subject),，,引导主语从句的有从属连词,that,、,whether,，连接代词,who,、,what,、,which,，连接副词,when,、,where,、,how,、,why,等,。,1.,连接词：,1,）从属连词：,that,，,whether,等,.,that,引导主语从句只起引导作用，本身无实际意义，在主语从句中不充当任何成分，但不能省略。,That she left him cut him to the heart.,That he will come is certain.,由,whether,及其他连词引导的主语从句放在句首，句后都可。,Whether it will please them is not easy to say.,It doesnt matter too much whether shes coming or not.,2),连接代词,who,，,what,，,which,whatever,whichever,whoever,What seems easy to some people seems difficult to others.,Which side will win is not clear.,3),连接副词,when,，,where,，,how,，,why,等。,Why he did it remains a mystery.,When they will start is not known yet.,How he became a great scientist is known to us all.,2.,位置：主语从句可以前置，也可以后置。用,it,做形式主语，而把主语从句放在句末，常用下面几种句型。,1,）,It + be +,表语,+,主语从句,表语：（名词， 形容词，过去分词）,It is a pity that we cant go.,It is no surprise that our team should have won the game.,It is an honour that I was invited to attend the meeting.,It is certain that she will do well in her exam.,It is true that I told her everything.,It is said that Mr. Green has arrived in Beijing.,It is reported that China has sent another manmade earth satellite into orbit.,2,）,It+,不及物动词或短语,+,主语从句,It seemed (happened, doesnt matter, has turned out) that,It happens that they were absent.,It seems that Alice is not coming to the party at all.,It doesnt matter whether she will come or not.,It makes no difference where we shall have the meeting.,3,）,It+,及物动词（被动语态）,+,主语从句,It has been decided that the exhibition will not open on Sundays.,注意,:,主语从句在句首时，必须由连接词引导，不能省略这些连接词；但是如果用,it,做形式主语，而把,主语从句放在句末时，从属连词,that,可以省略。,误：,They should like each other is natural.,正：,That they should like each other is natural.,正：,It is natural that they should like each other.,4),如果主语从句放在句首，不能用,if,引导，但是如果用,it,做形式主语，而把主语从句放在句末时，也可以用,if,引导,.,误：,If Mary really heard him is really doubtful.,正：,Whether Mary really heard him is really doubtful,正：,It was doubtful if Mary really heard him.,1._ you dont like him is none of my business.,A. What B. Who C. That D. Whether,2._ well go camping tomorrow depends on the weather.,A. If B. Whether C. That D. Where,3._is going to do the job will be decided by the Party committee.,A. That B. Why C. How D. Who,语法专项练习,Choose the best option.,4._well finish translating the book depends on the time.,A. When B. Why C. What D. That,5._he wont go there is clear to all of us.,A. How B. What C. Why D. This,6._the house will be built will be discussed at tomorrows meeting.,A. If B. Where C. That D. What,7._you come or not is up to you.,A. What B. If C. Why D. Whether,8._makes mistakes must correct them.,A. Who B. Anyone C. Whoever D. Anybody,9._ we go swimming every day _ us a lot of good.,A. If.do B. That.do C. If.does D. That.does,10.It _ Bob drives badly.,thinks that B. is thought what,C. thought that D. is thought that,11.Its uncertain _ the experiment is worth doing.,A. if B. that C. whether D. how,12._ the boy didnt take medicine made his mother angry.,A. That B. What C. How D. Which,13._ we cant get seems better than _ we have.,What, what B. What, that,C. That, that D. That, what,14._ you dont like him is none of my business.,A. What B. Who C. That D. Whether,15._ well go camping tomorrow depends on the weather.,A. If B. Whether C. That D. Where,轻松一刻,Report about Alien,Using Language,Listen to the tape and answer the questions 2 on page 30.,1. Listening,Isaac Newton,In pairs discuss the three scientists and their ideas on gravity.,Albert Einstein,Stephen Hawking,Isaac Newton,（,16431727,）,was the greatest English mathematician of his generation. He laid the foundation for differential and integral calculus. His work on optics and gravitation make him one of the greatest scientists the world has known.,AlbertEinstein (1879 1955) was a theoretical physicist. He is best known for his theories of special relativity and general relativity. Einstein received the 1921 Nobel Prize in Physicsfor his services to Theoretical Physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect.,Stephen Hawking,（,1942,）,is a British theoretical physicist. He is known for his contributions to the fields of cosmology and quantum gravity, especially in the context of black holes.,Isaac Newton,Albert Einstein,Stephen Hawking,Idea,Large bodies have a force which pull things towards them.,In space large objects make space and time bend; the larger the object, the further space and time bends.,Black holes have a very large mass and pull things towards them.,Development,The bigger the object the stronger the gravity.,Time goes slower in very strong gravity.,If you over the edge, you cannot get out; but if you do not, you may able to escape.,2. Reading, Speaking,Read the passage and imagine what you need if you travel to the moon.,Dont forget to use the expressions as follows:,表指示,（,instructions),Please pay attention to,Please check that,Please look at,Make sure that ,Dont forget to,Watch out for,You need ,Youd better,You must/mustnt,3. Writing,Then write a short article explaining one of the problems that you might have on the moon. Set out what you should do to overcome this difficulty and have a happy visit.,Summing,Up,重点单词：,system, theory, violent, unlike, harmful, exist, puzzle, pull, now
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