汉英语法对比

,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,汉英语法对比,语法研究和,对比,汉英语法,对比,汉英语句子,对比,语法研究的对象和方法,对象,转换生成学派,语音,语义,句法,Halliday,词汇,形态,传统,屈折形态,教材,词的,形态变化,语法范畴（性、数、格、时、体、态）,组词成句的规律和法则,语法,单位,句法结构,方法,类别,系统,依存关系分析法(中心词分析法),构成成分分析法(直接成分分析法,),辅助分析(深层、表层、转换),IA,WP,IP,P147-149,自由、粘着语素,动词、名词,主、从句,疑问、祈使,简单、复杂,过去时、现在时、将来时,完成体、非完成体,进行体、非进行体,定式、不定式,肯定式、否定式,主动式、被动式,汉英语法对比概要,对比的,主要内容,对比的,常用方法,对比的主要内容,语法：语言的组织规律,词法&,句法,语法,结构层次,句,型,句,类,句子,成分,语法,形式,语法/,语义,范畴,语法结构层次,1、确定最小语法结构单位：,汉语 英语,语素 词素,2、语法结构层次,汉语：,英语：,语素、词、短语、（分句）、句子,词素、词、短语、（分句）、句子,弄,清楚它们的结构特点和功能,句型对比,句子：语法结构层次中最高一级的语法结构单位,人们进行交际、表达思想的基本语言单位。,句型：语言中句子总和的缩影。（语言的结构特点和造句规律）,发现它们在结构特点和造句规律和语用功能上的异同,汉语基本句型 英语基本句型,动词谓语句,主谓,主系补,主谓宾,主谓宾宾,主谓宾补,主谓宾状,主谓状,连动句,名词谓语句,形容词谓语句,主谓谓语句,SV,SVC,SVO,SVOO,SVOC,SVOA,SVA,特殊句型对比,存现句,比较句,被动句,使动句,句类对比,功能：,陈述句、疑问句、肯定句、否定句、感叹句、祈使句,结构：,简单句、复杂句、多重复句,了解它们在句法结构和语用功能上的差异,句子成分对比,主、谓、宾、定、状、补,弄清它们在句法功能、表现形式和语义特点上的差异,语法形式对比,形态、,语序、虚词,、语调、重音,弄清它们在在两种语言中表达语法关系时的不同地位和不同规律,语法/语义范畴对比,性、数、格,时、体、态、式,级,常用对比方法,求同对比与求异,对比,静态对比与动态,对比,共时对比与历时,对比,“由外到内”对比与“由内到外”,对比,微观对比与宏观,对比,求同对比与求异对比,目的：,求异,对比：,指导教学和翻译,求同对比：,寻找语言结构的普遍现象,求异对比的方法和步骤：,1、找出汉英语法中完全不同的内容。如：,动词（谓语、非谓语）,语气助词,2、找出同中有异和貌同实异的内容。如：,附加疑问句,静态对比与动态对比,静态对比：在,静止的状态,下对英汉语法结构进行 对比。,静止的状态：只表示词汇意义和语法意义，不表示语用意义时。,动态对比：语用对比,共时对比和历时对比,历时对比的方法：,先对每种语言分别进行历时对比，再将得到的结果横向对比。,目的：,考察两种语言语法结构的延边规律，找出两者之间差异形成的历时渊源。,“由外到内”对比与“由内到外”对比,由外到内：,从语言形式出发探求其所表达的意义。,由内到外：,从意义出发探求能表达这一意义的形式。,微观对比和宏观对比,微观对比：,对汉英语的语法结构的各个层次逐一进行对比。,宏观对比：,将两种语言的语法结构置于社会环境、文化背景、民族心理和思维模式等环境中进行对比。,汉英语句子对比,基本,句型（谓语特征）,基本句型的,语序,基本句型对比,英语,基本,句型,汉语,基本,句型,英语基本句型,1、,SV,句型,V,完全不及物动词,例：,Gold glitters.,2、SVC,句型,S,系动词,C,主补,例：,Children are happy.,3、,SVO,句型,S,简单及物动词,例：,Bad workmen blames their tools.,4、SVOO,句型,S,双重及物动词,例：,Please hand me the cup.,5、,SVOC,句型,例：,The named their son Jack.,6、SVOA,句型,例：,His cruel remarks cut deeply.,7、SVA,句型,例：,The building stood for many years.,汉语基本句型,动词谓语,句,名词谓语,句,形容词谓语,句,主谓谓语,句,动词谓语句,1、主谓,SV,莺歌燕舞。,Orioles sing and swallows dart.,2、,主系补,SVC,童年是难忘的。,Childhood days are unforgettable.,3、,主谓宾,SVO,暴风雨毁了许多房屋。,The storm destroyed many houses.,4、,主谓宾宾,SVOO,我借给他5块钱。,I lent him five,yuan,.,5、,主谓宾补,SVOC,敌人逼他招供。,The enemy forced him to confess.,6、,主谓宾状,SVOA,他爱财如命。,He loves money like his very life.,7、,主谓状,SVA,这孩子长得又高又大。,The child has grown big and tall.,主语连动式,他,躺在床上看书。,我们打完球洗澡。,你可以排队买票看电影消磨时间。,Lets go see him play.,Lets go help him do it.,He is laying in bed reading.,We,ll,take a both after we,ve,played basketball.,You can kill time by going to the cinema, lining up, buying a ticket and seeing a film.,名词谓语句,这,孩子才5个月。,今天星期三。,一把椅子4条腿。,我家3口人。,祖国万岁！,The baby is only eight months old.,Today is Friday.,A chair has four legs.,There are three people in my family.,Long live our motherland!,形容词谓语句,她的,嗓子很甜美。,南方的天气好。,She has a really sweet voice.,Her voice is really sweet.,The weather in the south is nice.,People in the south enjoy good weather.,主谓谓语句,1、“大主语（小主语动词谓语）”型主谓谓语句(,SSVP),2、“,大主语（小主语名词谓语）”型主谓谓语句(,SSNP),3、“,大主语（小主语形容词谓语）”型主谓谓语句(,SSAP),他智力发育得很快。,他歌唱得好。,He grows very fast in intelligence.,He sings very well.,西瓜一公斤6角钱。,老张体重80公斤。,Water melon is six,jiao,a kilo.,Lao Zhang weighs 80 kilograms.,中国地大物博。,这部小说情节生动。,China is a big country abounding in natural wealth.,This novel is fascinating (in plot).,基本句型语序,顺装语序,倒装语序,基本句型的语序,静态语序：,当句子用于作通常情况下的一般性陈述和表达最一般的、不附带语境意义的语义时，它们就处于静止状态。这时的语序就是静态语序。,动态语序：,当句子不是用于作一般性陈述，而是用于表达特定的语用目的或意义时，它们就处于运动状态，这时的语序就是动态语序。,顺装语序,比较,汉语,英语,沉默是金。,Silence is golden.,事实胜于雄辩。,Facts speaks louder than words.,他给儿子买了一件衬衫。,He bought his son a shirt.,He bought a shirt for his son.,我祝你,幸福。,I wish you every happiness.,基本句型语序固定：主语在前，谓语及补足语在后。,双宾,结构语序复杂：英语间接可由介词引导出现在直接宾语之后。（,allow, fine, refuse, wish,除外。,比较,汉语,英语,周桐送了我一本诗集。,Zhou,Tong gave me a poetry anthology.,周桐送了一本诗集给我。,周桐给我送了一本诗集。,周桐把一本诗集送给了我。,李先生教我们日语。,Mr. Li teaches us Japanese.,*李先生教日语,给我们,。,?李先生给我们教日语。,李先生把日语教给我们。,教授告诉了我们答案。,The professor has told us the answer.,*教授告诉了答案,给我们,。,？教授给我们告诉了答案。,教授把答案告诉了我们。,双宾,结构语序复杂：汉语由介词“给”引导的简介宾语出现在直接宾语之后的情况较少，更多的是出现在动词之前，或将句子改为“把”字句。,倒装语序,主谓倒装,句法倒装,修辞倒装,宾语前置,句法倒装,修辞倒装,主谓倒装,谓语或谓语动词全部或部分出现在主语之前。,句法倒装：强制性的,目的：表达特定的语义,汉语,英语,Is the man still alive?,When was our country liberated?,Long live the Peoples Republic of China,May good luck attend you!,Were her here now, he would go also.,Could I see her once again, I would recognize her at no time.,Come what may, we will carry it through to the end.,Home is home, be it ever so homely.,“He is strong.” “So is his brother.”,“I dont like fish.” “Nor do I.”,台上坐着主席团。,Once upon a time there lived a giant.,来车,了。,There are seven continents in the world.,疑问句,祈愿句,虚拟条件句,让步句,附和句,存现句,修辞倒装,目的：达到不同的修辞效果,修辞目的,汉语,英语,真,伟大啊，中国人民！,So kind is the man that he is loved by all.,滚蛋吧，芳芳！,Speak you.,怎么了，你？,Dont you smoke again.,想,干什么，你这傻瓜？,Under no circumstance will we give in to difficulties.,强调,修辞目的,汉语,英语,Rap,rap,rap,came the knocks,on the door.,Off to the target,went the arrow,.,Here,belong,also,verbs,that are converted from adjectives.,A little way off,can be seen his parents, brothers, close friends, former classmates.,“Thats natural,”,said the man,.,“Ok, Im coming,”,was the answer,.,We live a much better life than,did the people,in the past.,He treated good, evil, virtue and sin as,would a psychologist, not a priest.,描写,平衡,衔接,对比,宾语前置,宾语出现在所属动词之前,近距离前置：,宾语直接置于所属动词之前,远距离前置：,宾语直接置于句子主语之前,句法前置,汉语,什么事他都做。/他什么事都做。,一句话他也不想说。/他一句话也不想说。,任何话/什么话你都别说。（你都别说任何话/什么话。 ）,他,一点东西也没吃。（他也没吃一点东西。 ）,英语,What did he do then?,I dont know who I should ask for help.,Whatever the newspaper print, some people always believe it.,You can talk about anything that youre interested in.,What an interesting game were watching.,How interesting a game were watching.,“,什么都”、“一点也不”（强调句）,宾语是疑问代词、连接代词、关系代词。,强调句,修辞前置,汉语,将来的形势会怎么样，谁也说不准。,这支歌我会唱；那支歌我不会唱。,我饭吃，菜不吃。,英语,Nothing else did he say.,Whether he will come or not, I dont care.,Money he likes, but work he hates.,强调宾语、对比宾语,语法范畴对比,以汉英格对比为例,深层格：表达句子中名词与动词所发生的语义关系。,施事格、受事格、与格、工具格、结果格、方位格、时间格、属格,表层格：通过词形变化等格标记手段表达的一种语法类别。,宾格、主格,名词的句法功能：名词在句中充当的句子成分。,主语、宾语、定语,格标记,汉语：,1、语序,2、前置词,3、动词类,4、名词类,5、屈折后缀,英语：,1、语序,2、前置词,3、动词类,4、名词类,5、屈折变化,格标记,汉语,英语,语序,前置词,从、往、朝、向,方位格,in, on, out, from ,方位格,较多,动词类,到、在、来、去,名词类,屈折形态,屈折后缀,-上、-里,(方位格),词形变化,he-him,（,主、宾格）,