专题四动词和动词短语

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,近年来，高考把动词和动词短语放在具体真实的语境中来考查其用法，且注重短语间的横向的比较和纵向的延伸。能够在真实的语言环境中恰当使用意义相近的动词、动词短语或固定搭配中的动词是新课标对我们的要求，也是高考的热点所在，在单项填空和完形填空中多有涉及。在动词及动词短语的测试中，绝大多数为基础动词的考查，出现频率较高的词有：,get,，,turn,，,make,，,put,，,go,，,give,，,break,，,cut,，,come,，,look,，,keep,，,bring,，,show,，,pick,，,hold,，,fall,，,carry,，,pull,，,catch,，,call,，,take,等。,一、常见动词近义词辨析,1.grow,，,increase,，,improve,，,raise,(1)grow,“,生长,”,，侧重于人或物的生长、发育，也可指实,力的增长。,(2)increase,“,增加,”,，侧重于数量上的增加。,(3)improve,“,改进，改善,”,，侧重于质量的提高或改善。,(4)raise,“,抬高，举起,”,，侧重于高度和水平的提高。,She has grown into a pretty woman.,她已长大成为漂亮的女人。,Her salary has increased by 20 percent.,她的薪水增加了,20%,。,Her handwriting has improved.,她的书法有进步。,With a shaky hand,，,he slowly raised the cup to his lips.,他手颤抖着慢慢地把杯子举到唇边。,2.hurt,，,wound,，,injure,，,harm,(1)hurt,表示,“,肉体或情感上的痛苦,”,，强调疼痛感；作,“,疼痛,”,讲时是不及物动词。,(2)wound,常指外伤，尤指在战争、战斗中造成的伤害。,(3)injure,一般指在意外事故中受伤。,(4)harm,表示,“,引起疼痛、痛苦或损失,”,，其对象可以是,自己，也可以是其他人或物。,It hurts when I lift my arm.,我手臂举起来时觉得很痛。,The soldier was wounded in the arm.,这个士兵的胳膊受伤了。,There were two people injured in the car accident.,有两个人在车祸中受了伤。,Getting up early wont harm you,！,早起对你没有坏处！,3.win,，,beat,，,defeat,，,gain,(1)win,作,“,赢,”,讲时，其宾语常是：,war,，,battle,，,game,，,match,，,argument,，,a victory,，,the prize,100,yuan,，,a race,，,honour,for,，,the praise,，,the first place,等，而不能是表示人的名词。,(2)beat,为及物动词，后面的宾语是,“,对手,”,，表示结果。,beat,sb.in,.,在比赛、战斗、争论中击败某人,beat him at table tennis,在乒乓球赛中击败他,(3)defeat,sb,.(,在战斗、战争、比赛中,),击败某人。强调暂时,的行为。,defeat the enemy in the war,在战争中击败敌人,(4)gain,为及物动词，表示,“,获得、赢得所需之物、利益或,好处,”,。,gain experience/wealth/a reputation/the time/the,marks/the rank/the prize/ones,respect/success/knowledge/ones living/happiness/a,salary/an,honour,.,4.spend,，,cost,，,take,，,pay,(1)spend,的主语只能是人。常用结构：,sb,.,spend(s,),some,time/money on,sth,./in doing,sth,.,(2)cost,的主语只能是指事或物的名词、代词或名词性短语。,常用结构：,sth,.,cost(s,),sb,.,some time/money,(3) take,的主语多为指物的名词。常用结构：,It,takes,some time,to do,sth,.,(4)pay,的主语是人，为买某物而付钱。常用结构：,sb,.,pay(s,),some money,for,sth,.,spend,和,pay,的主语通常为人，可用于被动结构；,cost,和,take,的主语通常为某物或某事。,It took me three hours to finish my homework.,完成家庭作业花了我,3,个小时。,I spent three hours on my homework.,我用了,3,个小时做家庭作业。,The laptop computer cost me,$,6,500.,这个手提电脑花了我,6,500,美元。,I paid,$,6,500 for the laptop computer.,我买这个手提电脑花了,6,500,美元。,5.fit,，,suit,，,match,(1)fit,作及物动词，表示,“,适合，配上，合身,”,；作形容词，表示,“,适合，健康,”,。常构成,be fit for,；作不及物动词，表示,“,吻合，合身,”,。,This coat fits her nicely.,这件外套非常适合她。,He is fit for the job.,他适合这份工作。,Does the coat fit,？这件大衣合身吗？,That color doesnt suit your complexion.,那种颜色不适合你的肤色。,(3)match,表示,“,在,(,品质、颜色、设计等方面,),与,相配,”,。,Carpets should match the curtains.,地毯应该与窗帘匹配。,6.admit,，,allow,，,permit,，,let,，,promise,“,允许，许可,”,(1)admit,意为,“,允许进入，接受,(,纳,),”,，为及物动词，常和,介词,to,，,into,连用。,(2)allow,是日常用语，语气比,permit,弱，有听从、默许、不,加阻止之意，含有消极的意味；常用于,allow,sB.to,do,sth,.,和,allow doing,sth,.,结构。,allow,还可用来表示客气的请求。,Will you allow me to sit here,？我可以坐在这儿吗？,(3)permit,意为,“,允许,”,，语气较强，强调,“,正式认可，批,准,”,的意思，含有积极的意味。,Women are not permitted to vote in that country.,在那个国家妇女不准参加选举。,(4)let,用于非正式场合，听起来显得亲切、随便，但没有,permit,和,allow,客气、郑重。,let,不能用于被动语态，其后,接不带,to,的动词不定式作宾补。,(5)promise,作,“,答应，允诺,”,解，指主语答应要做某事。,I requested my father to buy me a computer for my study,and he promised me to do it and allowed me to surf the,Internet for the resources of my study.,我请求老爸给我买台电脑供我学习，他答应给我买一台,并且允许我上网查学习资料。,二、动词的固定搭配,1.add,add.to.,把,添加到,add to(,increase),增加,(,没有被动语态,),add.up,把,加起来,add up to.(,come to,，,amount to),总计为,(,没有被动,语态,),2.bring,bring about,引起，导致,bring back,把,送回；使想起；恢复,bring down,降低；击落,bring in,引进；挣得,bring out,使展现；阐明；出版,bring up,养育，培养；呕吐；提出,1.(2009,浙江高考,),Practising,Chinese kung fu can not,only,ones strength,，,but also develop ones character.,A.bring,up,B.take,up,C.build,up,D.pull,up,解析：,考查动词短语辨析。句意：练中国功夫不但能增强体质，还能培养一个人的品质。,build up ones strength,“,增强体力,”,符合意。,bring up,提出，养育；,take up,占去，继续；,pull up(,使,),停下,(,住,),。,答案：,C,3.break,break,away(from,),挣脱；脱离；甩掉,break down,崩溃，瓦解；失败；,(,化学,),分解；出故障；累垮,break in,破门而入；打断,(,谈话,),；插嘴,break into,强行闯入；突然发出或开始,break off,折断；中断；,(,中途停下,),休息,break out (,战争、疫病、火灾等,),爆发,break through,取得突破；冲破,break up,打碎；大学放假；,(,物理,),分解；分开；结束；分,裂；绝交,2.(2009,四川高考,)How about your journey to Mount,Emei,？,Everything was wonderful except that our car,twice,on the way.,A.slowed,down,B.broke,down,C.got,down,D.put,down,解析：,考查动词短语的辨析。,break down(,车等,),出故障，谈判破裂，,(,健康等,),垮掉，,(,计算机等,),崩溃，分解等。,slow down,减速；,get down,从,下来，下车；,put down,写下，记下，镇压，放下。,答案：,B,4.call,call at,访问,(,地点,),call back,回电话；召回,call for,去取；去接；要求；需要,call in,请来；召集,call off,叫走；取消,call on,拜访,(,人,),；号召,call out,大声叫喊,call up,打电话,3.(2009,福建高考,)The Somali robbers frequent attacks on the,sea urged the United Nations to,all nations to take,immediate action.,A.fight,for,B.apply,for,C.call,on,D.wait,on,解析：,考查动词短语辨析。句意：索马里海盗在海上频繁的袭击促使联合国号召所有的国家立刻采取行动。,fight for,为,而战斗；,apply for,申请；,call on,号召；,wait on,服侍。,答案：,C,e,come about,发生,come across,偶遇；被理解,come along,一起来,come on,发展；来吧，快点，加油,come out,出现；出版,(,不接宾语,),；泄露；,(,植物,),开花；,为人所知,come to,总计；来到,come true,变为现实,(,不接宾语,),come up,提出,(,不接宾语,),；长出地面；即将发生；升起,come up with,找到,(,答案,),；拿出；提出,(,接宾语,),6.cut,cut down,砍倒；削减；压缩,cut in,插入；插话；插队,cut off,切断；断绝；停止,(,供应,),cut out,删除,cut up,切碎,7.die,die away,渐弱,die down,熄灭；平静下来,die from,因,(,外部原因,),死亡,die of,因,(,病,),死亡,die out,灭绝；绝迹,be dying to do sth.,迫切想做某事,8.get,get about,四处走动；传开,get across,传达；使,让人理解,get along/on (with),进展；相处,get away,逃脱，设法离开,get back,恢复；回来；收回,get down,记下；下来；下车,get down to(,介词,),开始认真干,get in,收割；进入,get off,出发；下车,get on,上车,get out,泄露；逃离,get over,克服，成功应付；复原,get through,接通；通过；完成,get together,聚会；收集,get up,起床；组织，筹划,9.give,give away,露马脚；泄露；颁发；赠送；捐赠,give back,归还；使恢复,give in,屈服；呈交；让步,give off,发出，放出,(,气味、光、热等,),give out,用尽，耗尽；分发；公布，发表；发出,(,光、热等,),give up,放弃,4.(2009,天津高考,)Sorry,，,I have to,now.Its,time,for class.,OK,，,Ill call back later.,A.hang,up,B.break,up,C.give,up,D.hold,up,解析：,考查动词短语辨析。由空后的,“,该上课了,”,和答语中的,call back later,可知这里表示,“,我得挂电话了,”,，故选,A,。,hang up,挂掉电话。,break up,停止，散开，拆开，分解；,give up,放弃；,hold up,举起，耽搁，延迟。,答案：,A,10.go,go against,违背；与,不符；对,不利,go ahead,进行,go away,走开；消失,go by,过去,go for,去取来或接来；争取得到,go in for,爱好；参加；从事,go on,继续；发生,go out,出去；熄灭；过时,go over,复习；仔细审查；走过去,go through,通过；仔细检查；用完；经历,go without,勉强应付，没有也行,11.hold,hold back,隐瞒；阻碍；犹豫；控制,(,情感,),hold off,拖延；,(,雨雪等,),迟迟不来,hold on,别挂断；坚持,hold on to,保留；抓住不放,hold out,维持,hold to,抓紧；坚持,hold up,举起；阻滞；支撑,12.keep,keep away (from),使远离,keep back,扣除，保留；隐瞒,keep off,避开；不接近,keep on,继续,keep out,挡在外边；,(,警示语,),请勿靠近,keep up,保持，不低落；持续，继续,keep up with,跟上,13.look,look about,环顾,look after,照看,look ahead,向前看,look back,回忆，回顾,look down upon,看不起,look for,寻找,look forward to(,介词,),盼望,look into,调查,look on,旁观,look out,当心；朝外看,look over,检阅，检查,look round,回头看；边走边看，观光,look through,翻阅，浏览；仔细看；温习；看穿；彻底审查,look up,向上看；查阅；,(,形势,),好转,look up to,尊敬,5.(2009,湖北高考,)Would you please,the paper for,me and see if there are any obvious mistakes,？,A.look,around,B.look,into,C.look,up,D.look,through,解析：,考查动词短语辨析。从题意判断选,D,，表示,“,审核、仔细查看,”,，语意为：你能不能帮我看看这份试卷，看有没有明显的错误？,A,环顾，到处看；,B,调查，浏览；,C,查找，向上看。,答案：,D,14.make,make.from,由,制成,make.into,制成；使成为,make.of,用,制成；理解；看待，对待,make out,辨认出；制定出,make out of,由,制成,make up,编造；化妆；组成，构成；补齐，凑,足；准备，布置,make up for,补偿，弥补,make up of,由,构成,15.pick,pick out,挑出；区别出，分辨出,pick up,拿起，捡起；收拾；偶然获得，学会，,接收,(,节目,),；,(,开车,),去接；,(,顺便,),捎带,16.put,put aside,放在一边,put away,将事物放置于惯常保存之处；储蓄,put back,放回原处；拨回；阻碍；推迟,put down,平定，镇压；记下,put forward,提出,(,计划、建议,),；拨快；提前,put off,延期,put on,穿戴；上映,put out,扑灭；生产；发表,put up,提出； 建造；举起；张贴，公布,put up with,容忍,6.(2009,陕西高考,)A notice was,in order to remind,the students of the changed lecture time.,A.sent,up,B.given,up,C.set,up,D.put,up,解析：,考查动词短语辨析。句意：为了提醒学生变更的演讲时间，一个通知被张贴了出来。,send up,使上升；,give up,放弃；,set up,竖立，创立；,put up,挂起，张贴。,答案：,D,17.send,send away,送走；解雇,send for,派人去请,send out,发送；派遣；发出,(,光、信号等,),send up,上升；发射,18.set,set about,着手干,(,尤指费时费劲的事,),；处理,set aside,不顾；留出；放到一边,set back,阻碍,set down,下车；写下；放下,set off,出发；引爆；引起，激发,set out,开始；动身,set up,创建，建立；安排；安装；竖起,19.take,take along,随身携带,take away,带走，拿走,take back,收回,(,说错的话,),；退回,(,所购商品,),take charge of,负责，掌管,take down,放下；记下；拆除,take for,认为，以为,take in,吸收；收留，收养；理解，领会；欺骗,take off (,飞机,),起飞；脱下；休假；走红；,(,事业,),腾飞,take on,呈现；雇用,take out,拿出,take over,接管，接任,take place,发生,take the place of,代替,take to,开始；喜欢，沉溺于,take up,从事；拿起；占据,(,时间或空间,),20.turn,turn against,背叛；转而反对；使与,为敌,turn away,转身，走开；打发走,turn back,折回，掉转头,turn down,拒绝；调小,(,音量,),turn in,上交,(,作业等,),turn into,变成；翻译,turn off,关掉；避开,turn on,打开,turn out,结果；证明是；生产，制造；出版,turn over,打翻；仔细思量；翻耕；移交；翻阅,turn to,求助于,turn up,调大,(,音量,),；出现,