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Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,The definition of Psychology,The word Psychology literally means science of the mind (psycho meaning mind, or mental, and -logy meaning science).,Psychology,- scientific,study of the,behavior,of,individuals,and,their mental,processes,Goals of Psychology,describe behavior,explain behavior,predict behavior,control “some” behavior,Describing Behavior,First, the psychologist must observe and accurately measure the behavior.,Behavioral data,includes the psychologists report of observations about the behavior and the conditions under which the behavior occurs,Describing Behavior,The type of behavioral data collected depends on the,level of analysis,. The focus of observations can range from broad, general, and global aspects to minute details of the organism under study,.,Describing Behavior,Objectivity,refers to the scientific necessity to record behavioral data as facts - as they really exist - not as we hope them to exist.,Predicting behavior,Predicting Behavior involves,statements about the likelihood of a specific behavior occurring.,Scientific prediction is based on an understanding of relationships between behaviors and the mechanisms that link those behaviors to certain predictors.,Controlling behavior,For many psychologists, controlling behavior is the ultimate, central goal.,Controlling behavior means influencing a behavior to happen or not to happen,and influencing the nature of the behavior as it is being performed.,The Biological Perspective(,生物学观点,),Biological perspective: The biological perspective attempts to explain behavior in terms of the influence of,genes, the brain, the nervous system, and the endocrine system by examining underlying physical structures and processes.,Behavioral neuroscience,Cognitive neuroscience,The Biological Perspective(,生物学观点,),CAT,: computerized axial tomography (,计算机轴向体层摄影术,),PET,: positron emisson tomography(,计算机辅助正电子发射断层扫描技术,),The Cognitive Perspective(,认知的观点,),Cognitive psychologists are most interested in human thought and all the processes of knowing,Cognitive psychologists view behavior as partly determined by past experiences but also influenced by an,individuals inner world of thought and imagination,.,Cognitive psychologists often use the computer as a metaphor for the human mind and study,higher mental processes,The Humanistic Perspective(,人本主义观点,),The main task of humans is to,strive for growth and development of their potential,.,focusing on,the subjective world,experienced by the person, not an objective reality.,Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow,were influential humanistic psychologists.,The Psychodynamic Perspective(,心理动力学观点,),Neoanalysts: contemporary followers of Fred who focus less on the role of unconscious impulses and more on,conscious choice and self-direction,. Psychodynamic principles have broadened to include the role of,social influences and interpersonal interactions over the life span.,Behaviorist Perspective(,行为主义的观点,),The behavioral perspective: suggests that,observable behavior,should be the focus of study and emphasize,environmental influences,and the learning of habits through,repetition and reinforcement,.,Behaviorist principles have yielded more humane approaches to the education of children and to the treatment of behavior disorders through the use of positive reinforcement, a more effective tool in learning than punishment.,The evolutionary perspective,The evolutionary perspective,extends the idea of natural selection to explain how mental abilities evolved,Evolutionary psychologists identify adaptive problems that early humans may have encountered, such as avoiding predators, finding food, reproducing, and raising children, and then generate inferences about the mental processes that might have evolved in response to these problems.,The Socialcultural Perspective(,社会文化观点,),This perspective focuses on cross-cultural differences in the causes and consequences of behavior.,
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