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单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,Long-term memory,Long-Term Memory,Once information passes from sensory to working memory, it can be encoded into long-term memory,Long-term Memory,D,efinitions,Long-term memory,is the storehouse of all the experiences, events,information, emotions, skills, words, categories, rules, and judgments that have been acquired from sensory and short-term memories.,Encoding,Encoding: modifying information so that it can be placed in memory,Context and Encoding,The principle of Encoding specificity,suggests that memories emerge most efficiently when the context of retrieval matches the context of encoding.,Context-dependent memory,Serial-position effect,Context and Encoding,Serial-position effect,the first and last items in a series will be remembered better than items in the middle.,The primacy effect,suggests that the first items learned in a series will be remembered better than others.,The recency effect,suggests that the last items learned in a series will be remembered better than others.,Retrieval,Retrieval,:The location of stored information and its return to consciousness.,Retrieval,Retrieval,Recall,involves the reproduction of information to which you were previously exposed.,Recognition,refers to the realization that a certain stimulus event is one you have seen or heard before.,Long-term,memory,Short-term,Memory,Sensory,Input,Sensory,Memory,Attention,Encoding,Retrieval,Retrieval,Retrieval cues,are stimuli you use to search for a particular memory.,Retrieval cues can be external, in the environment, or generated internally by physical states.,Retrieval cues are more useful for recognition than for recall.,Retrieval,Retrieval,Interference,according to interference theory, we also forget material in short-term and long-term memory because newly learned material interferes with it.,Proactive interference,occurs when information acquired in the past makes it more difficult to acquire new information.,Retroactive interference,occurs when the acquisition of new information makes it harder to remember older information.,The processes of encoding and retrieval,Levels of processing,Processes and impilicit memory,Levels-of-processing theory,Levels-of processing theory,suggests that the deeper the level at which information was processed, the more likely it is to be committed to memory . If processing involves more analysis, interpretation, comparison, and elaboration, it should result in better memory.,Improving Memory for Unstructured Information,Improving Memory for Unstructured Information,Information that is not meaningful is difficult to remember.,Strategies for improving encoding include the following:,Elaborative rehearsal,Mnemonics,Improving Memory for Unstructured Information,Elaborative rehearsal,refers to elaboration on the material to enrich encoding, such as inventing a relationship that makes an association less arbitrary.,Which Level is More Effective?,Elaboration leads to better recall than shallow processing,Improving Memory for Unstructured Information,Mnemonics,are devices that encode a long series of facts by associating them with familiar, previously encoded information.,Method of loci,associates objects with some sequence of places with which the individual is familiar.,Bread orange juice ice cream bananas,Structures in Long-Term Memory,Memory Structures,Using memory structures,Remembering as a Reconstructive Process 作为重构过程的回忆,
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