机械工程专业英语课件

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,机械工程专业英语,Subject-Based English for Mechanical Engineering,机械与电气工程学院,2024/8/30,机械工程专业英语Subject-Based English,教学要求及目的,了解专业英语的语法特点，熟悉专业词汇，逐步培养学生具有比较熟练的专业文献阅读理解能力、翻译能力和英文学术论文的写作能力。,掌握国外英文专利和文献资料的查询方法，能以英语为工具，获取本专业所需信息。,了解国际学术交流的常用表达方式。,教学要求及目的 了解专业英语的语法特点，熟悉专业词汇，逐步培,教学方式,课堂讲授、讨论与自学相结合。以教师讲授为主，引导学生积极阅读指定参考文献，完成课外作业，参与课堂讨论。有意识地积累与自己研究方向相关的词汇与文献资料，掌握专业英语学习方法。,教学方式课堂讲授、讨论与自学相结合。以教师讲授为主，引导学生,教材及参考文献,教材：施平,机械工程专业英语教程（第二版）,北京：电子工业出版社，,2008,参考文献：,叶邦彦，陈统坚编：,机械工程英语,北京：机械工业出版社，,2006,唐一平主编：,先进制造技术,北京：机械工业出版社，,2004,；,王慧莉，贾卫国编,国际学术交流英语,大连：大连理工大学出版社，,2005,教材及参考文献教材：施平 机械工程专业英语教程（第二版）,主要教学内容,Lesson 1 Basic Concept in Mechanics,Lesson 2,Forces and Their Effects,Lesson 3,Overview of Engineering Mechanics,Lesson 4 Shafts and Couplings,Lesson 5,Shafts and Associated Parts,Lesson 6,Belts, Clutches, Brakes, and Chains,Lesson 7 Fasteners and Springs,Lesson 14,Physical Properties of Materials,Lesson 29 Tolerances and Surface Roughness,Lesson 35,Coordinate Measuring Machine,Lesson 36 Lathes,主要教学内容Lesson 1 Basic Concept i,Lesson 37,Milling Machines and Grinding Machines,Lesson 38,Drilling Operations,Lesson 44 Nontraditional Manufacturing Processes,Lesson 62 The Computer and Manufacturing,Lesson 63,Computers in Design and Manufacturing,Lesson 64,Computer-Aided Analysis of Mechanical Systems,Lesson 65 Computer-Aided Process Planning,Lesson 66 Numerical Control,Lesson 71 Industrial Robots,Lesson 77,Technical Report Elements,Lesson 78,Writing the Technical Report,Extra lesson 1 English for International Academic Exchange,Extra lesson 2 Expression of Numbers, Signs, Equations and Graphs in English,Extra lesson 3 Professional Literature and Patent Retrieval,Lesson 37 Milling Machines and,课外学习内容,通过学校图书馆网页上“电子资源”栏查询与自己研究方向相关的英文文献。重点是“,EI,工程索引,（,）”、“,ELSEVIER,（,）”和“,IEL,（,IEEE/IEE,）,（,ieeexplore.ieee.org,）”,通过“小木虫”、“科学网”、“学问社区”等网站查找专业英语学习资料，学习科学研究方法。,学习使用参考文献的管理软件如,EndNote,。,通过“,google,学术搜索（,）”和“,google,专利检索（, 2.,中国专利检索：,3.,中国专利法律状态检索：, 4.,中国专利实施数据库（中国专利信息中心）：, 5.,专利信息服务平台试验系统（数据含中、美、日、欧、,WO,、德、法、英、俄、加、印、瑞士、韩国、澳大利亚）：, 6.,中外专利数据库报务平台：,:8080/cnipr/index.htm 7.,中国专利数据库检索系统：, 9.,欧洲专利检索：, 10.,从,ESPACENET,数据库提取世界各国专利文献的方法（国知局提供）：, 11.,欧洲专利局免费专利数据库（含欧洲各国家入口）：, 12.,欧洲专利局专利数据高级检索（含欧洲、,PCT,和世界范围三个数据库）：, 13.,欧洲专利法律状态查询：,http:/www.epoline.org/portal/public/registerplus 14.PCT,专利检索：,http:/www.wipo.int/pctdb/en/ 15.,英国专利检索：,http:/www.ipo.gov.uk/search/index.htm,专利检索资源荟萃（二）8.美国专利检索：http:/www,专利检索资源荟萃（三）,16,英国专利法律状态查询：,http:/www.ipo.gov.uk/patent/p-find/p-find-number.htm 17.,德国专利检索,1,：,http:/www.deutsches-patentamt.de/suche/patentdatenbanken.html 18,德国专利检索,2,：,http:/publikationen.dpma.de/set_lng.do?loc=en 19.,瑞士专利检索：,https:/client.ip-search.ch/?c=login&a=client&l=1 20.,俄罗斯专利检索（英文）：,http:/www.fips.ru/ensite/ 21.,台湾专利检索：,http:/www.patent.org.tw/ 22.,韩国专利检索（英文）：,http:/eng.kipris.or.kr 23.,加拿大专利检索：,http:/patents1.ic.gc.ca/intro-e.html 24.,法国专利检索：,http:/www.boutique.inpi.fr/inpiboutic/index_anglais.htm 25.,印度同族专利库（多国、多组织）：,http:/patinfo.nic.in/,专利检索资源荟萃（三）16英国专利法律状态查询：http:/,专利检索资源荟萃（四）,26.,印度专利数据库：,http:/www.indianpatents.org.in/db/db.htm 27.,新加坡综合专利数据库（含美国、新加坡、,PCT,、欧洲专利、英国、中国、加拿大、韩国、中国台湾、日本、泰国）：,http:/www.surfip.gov.sg/ 28.,香港专利检索：,http:/ipsearch.ipd.gov.hk/inx.html 29.,澳门专利检索：,http:/www.economia.gov.mo/web/DSE/public?_nfpb=true&_pageLabel=Pg_ES_AE_QE_PATENT&locale=zh_CN 30. google,专利搜索：, 31.,日本专利检索：,http:/www.jpo.go.jp/quick_e/index_search.htm http:/www4.ipdl.inpit.go.jp/Tokujitu/tjftermena.ipdl?N0000=114,专利检索资源荟萃（四）26. 印度专利数据库：http:/,机械工程专业信息检索,ASME-American Society of Mechanical Engineers,美国机械工程师协会,SAE-Society of Automobile Engineers,美国汽车工程师协会,EI-Engineering Index,工程索引,IEEE-Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (,美国,),电机及电子工程师学会,IET-The Institution of Engineering and Technology,英国工程技术学会（,IET,）系英国电气工程师学会（,IEE,）和英国企业工程师学会（,IIE,）于,2006,年初合并组建而成,NTIS-National Technical Information Service,美国国家技术情报服务局,UMI-,美国,UMI,公司，学位论文的信息服务（,ProQuest,）。,ISO-International Organization for Standardization,国际标准化组织。,机械工程专业信息检索ASME-American Societ,Lesson 1 Basic Concept in Mechanics,Terminology,术语,专有名词,t:minldi,Text tour,2024/8/30,13,机械工程专业英语教程,Lesson 1 Basic Concept in Mec,Terminology,2024/8/30,14,机械工程专业英语教程,Gear,齿轮,传动装置,1.A,toothed,machine part, that,meshes,with another toothed part to transmit motion or to change speed or direction.,齿轮：有齿的机器零件，与另一个有齿零件相啮合，从而传递运动或者改变运动的方向或速度。,2. A complete,assembly,that performs,a specific function,in a larger machine,传动装置：一套装置，在一个更大机器中发挥具体功能,Terminology2023/9/514机械工程专业英语,V belt,and,pulley,puli,V,带和带轮,Bearing,A device that supports, guides, and reduces the,friction,of,motion between fixed and moving machine parts.,轴承：在机器的固定和运动部件之间起支撑、引导和减少运动摩擦的装置。,机械工程专业英语教程,2024/8/30,15,V belt and pulleypuli V,Couple,A pair of forces of equal,magnitude,acting,in parallel,but opposite directions, capable of causing,rotation,but not,translation,力偶：数值相等但方向相反的两平行力，它能使物体转动但不能产生平移。,Scalar,A,quantity, such as,mass, length, or speed, that is completely,specified by,its,magnitude,and has no direction.,标量：一个只有大小没有方向的量，如质量、长度或速度等,2024/8/30,16,机械工程专业英语教程,Couple 2023/9/516机械工程专业英语,Momentum,mumentm,A,measure,of the motion of a body,equal to,the,product,of its,mass and velocity,动量：表示物体运动特性的一个物理量，等于运动物体的质量和速度的乘积。,机械工程专业英语教程,2024/8/30,17,Momentum mumentm 机械工程专业英,The,branch,of scientific analysis which deals with motions, time, and forces is called,mechanics,and is made up of two parts,statics,and,dynamics,. Statics deals with the analysis of,stationary,systems,i.e.,those in which time is not a factor, and dynamics deals with systems which change with time.,对运动、时间和作用力做出科学分析的分支称为力学。它由静力学和动力学两部分组成。静力学对静止系统进行分析，即在其中不考虑时间这个因素，动力学对随时间而变化的系统进行分析。,机械工程专业英语教程,2024/8/30,Text tour,18,The branch of scientific analy,Forces are transmitted into,machine members,through,mating surfaces,e. g,., from a,gear,to a,shaft,or from one gear through,meshing teeth,to another gear, from a V belt to a,pulley, or from a,cam,to a,follower,.,力通过配合表面传到机器中的各构件上。例如，从齿轮传到轴或者从齿轮通过啮合的轮齿传到另一个齿轮，从,V,带传到带轮，或者从凸轮传到,从动件,。,If the forces between gear teeth are too large, the,oil film,may be squeezed out from between them. This could result in,flaking,and,spalling,of the metal, noise, rough motion, and,eventual failure.,如果齿轮间相啮合的齿与齿之间的力过大，就会将油膜从齿间挤压出来。这会造成金属的碎裂和剥落，噪音增大，运动不精确，直至报废。,机械工程专业英语教程,2024/8/30,19,Forces are transmitted into ma,Two equal and opposite forces acting along two non-coincident parallel straight lines in a body cannot be,combined,to obtain a single,resultant force,. Any two such forces acting on a body,constitute,a couple. The arm of the couple is the,perpendicular,p:pndikjul,distance between their,lines of action, and the,plane,of the couple is the plane,containing,the two lines of action.,作用在同一个刚体上的两条不重合平行线上的两个大小相等,方向相反的力不能被合并成一个合力。作用在一个刚体上的两个这样的力构成一个力偶。力偶臂是这两条作用线之间的垂直距离，力偶面是包含这两条作用线的平面。,机械工程专业英语教程,2024/8/30,20,Two equal and opposite forces,Mechanics,deals with,two kinds of,quantities,:,scalars,and,vectors,. Scalar quantities are those with which a,magnitude,alone is associated. Examples of scalar quantities in mechanics are time,volume,density, speed, energy, and,mass.,Vector quantities, on the other hand,possess,direction as well as magnitude. Examples of vectors are,displacement,velocity,acceleration, force,moment, and,momentum.,力学涉及到两种类型的量：标量和矢量。标量是那些只有大小的量。在力学中标量的例子有时间，体积，密度，速率，能量和质量。另一方面，矢量既有大小又有方向。矢量的例子有位移，速度，加速度，力，力矩和动量。,机械工程专业英语教程,2024/8/30,21,Mechanics deals with two kinds,Lesson 2 Forces and Their Effects,Terminology,Text tour,2024/8/30,22,机械工程专业英语教程,Lesson 2 Forces and Their Eff,Terminology,2024/8/30,23,机械工程专业英语教程,Compressive,Serving to or able to compress,压缩的：起压缩作用或能够压缩的,Turning,The shaping of metal or wood on a lathe,车削：用车床将金属或木材加工成型的过程,Lathe,车床,Terminology2023/9/523机械工程专业英语,机械工程专业英语教程,2024/8/30,Rectilinear,rektilini,Moving in, consisting of, bounded by, or characterized by a straight line or lines:,直线的：以直线运动的，向直线组成的，以直线为边的，具有直线之特点的,micromete,r,千分尺,24,机械工程专业英语教程2023/9/5Rectilinea,2024/8/30,25,机械工程专业英语教程,Thread,A helical or spiral ridge on a screw, nut, or bolt,螺纹：螺钉、螺母或螺栓上螺旋型的凸棱,Shaper,牛头刨床,2023/9/525机械工程专业英语教程Thre,A study of any machine or mechanism shows that each is made up of movable parts. These parts transform a given motion to a desired motion. In other words, these machines perform work. Work is done when motion results from the application of force. Thus, a study of mechanics and machines deals with forces and the effects of forces on bodies.,参考译文：研究表明机器或者机构都是由若干运动零件组成的。这些零件将给定运动转换成目标运动。换句话说，这些机器做功。因为力的作用产生运动而做功。因此，力学和机械（学）研究力以及力对物体的影响。,机械工程专业英语教程,2024/8/30,Text tour,26,A study of any machine or mech,A force is a push or pull. The effect of a force either changes the shape or motion of a body or prevents other forces from making such changes. Every force produces a stress in the part on which it is applied. Forces may be produced by an individual using muscular action or by machines with mechanical motion.,参考译文：力分为推力和拉力，力可以改变物体的形状或运动状态或者防止其他力作这样的改变。施加在零件上的力会在其内部产生应力。力可以由个人的肌肉活动或者由机器的机械运动产生。,Forces are produced by physical or chemical change, gravity, or changes in motion. When a force is applied which tends to stretch an object, it is called a tensile force. A part experiencing a tensile force is said to be in tension. A force can also be applied which tends to shorten or squeeze the object. Such a force is a compressive force.,参考译文：力由物理或化学变化、地心引力或者运动变化产生。当力用于拉伸物体时叫拉力。零件受拉力作用被称为受拉（处于拉伸状态）。力也可用于缩短或挤压物体，这种力叫压力。,A force is a push or pull.,A third force is known as a torsional force, or a torque since it tends to twist an object. Still another kind of force, which seems to make the layers or molecules,mlikjuls,of a material slide or slip on one another, is a shearing force.,参考译文：,（我们知道的）第三种力是扭转力，或者叫扭矩，因为它会扭曲物体。还有另一种力，它似乎会使材料的各层或分子间产生相对滑移，称为剪切力。,Each of these forces may act independently or in combination. For example, a downward force applied on a vertical steel beam tends to compress the beam. If this beam is placed in a horizontal position and a load is applied in the middle, the bottom of the beam tends to stretch and is in tension. At the same time, the top area is being pushed together in compression. If the compressive and tensile forces are greater enough to make the layers of the material slide upon each other, a shearing force results.,参考译文：,这些力都可以单独或者组合起来起作用。例如，一个向下的力施加在垂直钢梁上会压缩它。如果将梁水平放置，载荷施加在梁的中央，则梁的下方会伸长而受拉。同时梁的上方被压缩而受压。如果压力和拉力足够大到使材料的各层产生相对滑移，则会出现剪切力。,28,机械工程专业英语教程,2024/8/30,A third force is known as a to,The turning of a part in a lathe is another example of several forces in action (as shown in Figure 1).,1,1. turning of a part,这里指“对一个零件进行车削加工”。全句译为：,几个力同时作用的另外的一个例子是在车床上对零件进行车削加工（,如图,1,所示,）。,机械工程专业英语教程,2024/8/30,Fig. 1 The turning of a part in a lathe,29,The turning of a part in a lat,As the work revolves and the cutting tool moves into the work, the wedging action of the cutting edge produces a shear force. This force causes the metal to seem to flow off the work in the form of chips.,2,2. chip,这里指“切屑”。,work,这里指“工件，即,workpiece ”,。全句可译为：,工件旋转时刀具切入工件，切削刃的楔入动作产生剪切力。这个力使得金属看起来像以切屑的形式从工件上流出来一样。,If this workpiece is held between the centers of the lathe, the centers exert a compressive force against the work.,3,3. centers of the lathe,意为“车床的两个顶尖”。全句可译为：,如果一个工件被安装在车床的两个顶尖之间，顶尖对工件施加一个压力。,机械工程专业英语教程,2024/8/30,30,As the work revolves and the c,The lathe dog which drives the work tends to produce a shearing force. The pressure of the cutting tool against the work produces tension and compression, as well as a shearing action.,参考译文：,驱动工件的车床夹头会产生一个扭转力。刀具顶在工件上的压力会同时产生拉力和压力，以及剪切作用。,Considerable attention is given to the action of centrifugal force in grinding wheels. That is, the bonding agent that holds the abrasive particles on the wheel must be stronger than the forces which tend to make the revolving wheel fly apart at high speeds. For this reason, the speed of a grinding wheel should not exceed the safe surface speed limit specified by the manufacturer. Centrifugal force increases with speed.,参考译文：,对磨削用的砂轮来讲离心力的影响要特别给以关注。即把磨料颗粒粘合在砂轮上的粘合剂它的粘合力必须大于使高速旋转的砂轮分崩离析的离心力。因此，砂轮的转速不能超过制造商给定的安全表面速度限制。离心力随转速的增加而增大。,31,机械工程专业英语教程,2024/8/30,The lathe dog which drives the,The principles of centrifugal force are used in the design of centrifuge-type machines. Some centrifuges are used to separate chemicals; others are used to remove impurities in metals by centrifugal casting processes. Centrifugal force principles are also used in common appliances such as clothes dryers and in devices to control motor speeds and accelerate moving machines.,参考译文：,离心力的这种原理用在离心型机器的设计中。一些离心分离机用于分离化学制品；还有的通过离心铸造工艺分离金属中的杂质。离心力作用也有普通的应用如干衣机、控制发动机转速的装置以及用于加速运动的机器。,32,机械工程专业英语教程,2024/8/30,The principles of centrifugal,Centripetal force causes an object to travel in circular path. This action is caused by the continuous application of forces which tend to pull the object to the center. In other words, the inward force which resists the centrifugal force is called the centripetal force. The centripetal force of objects spinning at a constant rate produces an acceleration toward the center which is equal and opposite to the centrifugal force.,参考译文：,向心力使物体沿着圆形轨道运动。这种现象的产生是由于将物体拉向（轨道）中心的力的持续作用。换句话说，这种抵抗离心力的向内的力就叫向心力。以固定速率作旋转运动的物体的向心力产生一个向心的加速度，这个向心力与离心力大小相等，方向相反。,33,机械工程专业英语教程,2024/8/30,Centripetal force causes an ob,The materials used in the construction of rapidly moving machine parts and mechanisms must be structurally strong enough to provide the centripetal force required to hold the parts to a circular path. At the same time, the materials must be able to withstand the centrifugal force which tends to pull the parts apart.,参考译文：,用于制造高速运动的机械零件和机构的材料组织上必须有足够强度，以提供保持零件在圆形轨道上所需的向心力。同时，这种材料必须能经得起可将零件拉裂的离心力的作用。,34,机械工程专业英语教程,2024/8/30,The materials used in the cons,Motion and the basic laws which affect motion are important considerations because of the numerous applications of these principles to produce work through mechanical devices.,参考译文：对运动和影响运动的基本定律需要重视，因为有许多根据这些原理通过机械装置做功的应用。,There are two primary mechanical motions: rotary and rectilinear. These terms suggest that rotary motion is a circular movement around a center line and rectilinear motion is a straight line motion.,参考译文：有两个主要的机械运动：回转运动和直线运动。这些术语表明（顾名思义），回转运动是一种绕着一根中心线的环状运动，而直线运动是沿着一根直线的运动。,For either rotary or rectilinear motion, it is possible, with added mechanical devices, to produce other forms of motion such as intermittent motion and reciprocating motion.,参考译文：对回转运动或直线运动来说，如果可能的话，加上机械装置则可产生其他形式的运动如间歇运动和往复运动。,35,机械工程专业英语教程,2024/8/30,Motion and the basic laws whic,Rotary Motion.,The motion that is commonly transmitted is rotary motion. This type of motion may be produced with hand tools or power tools. Rotary motion is required to drill holes, turn parts in a lathe, mill surfaces, or drive a generator or fan belt.,4,4. rotary motion,意为“回转运动”。全句可译为：,回转运动,通常称为回转运动，这种运动可以由手动工具或动力工具产生。钻孔、在车床上车削零件、铣平面、驱动发电机或风扇的带等都需要回转运动。,机械工程专业英语教程,2024/8/30,36,Rotary Motion. The motion that,Rectilinear,rektilini,Motion.,The feed of a tool on a lathe, the cutting of steel on a power saw, or the shaping of materials are all situations in which rectilinear or straight line motion produces work. In each of these situations a part or mechanism is used to change rotary motion to straight line motion. The screw of a micrometer and the threads in a nut are still other applications where the direction of motion is changed from rotary to rectilinear.,5,5. the screw of a micrometer,意为“千分尺中的螺杆”,全段可译为：,直线运动,车床上刀具的进给、在锯床上锯钢材以及材料的刨削等都是直线运动做功的情况。每个这些（类）情况都要用一个零件或机构将回转运动转化为直线运动。千分尺中的螺杆和螺母中的螺纹是把运动方向从转动变为直线的另外一些应用实例。,机械工程专业英语教程,2024/8/30,37,Rectilinear ,rektilini Mo,Harmonic and Intermittent Motion.,6,Any simple vibration, such as the regular back-and-forth movement of the end of a pendulum, is simple harmonic motion.,7,6. harmonic and intermittent motion,意为“谐波运动和间歇运动”。,7. simple harmonic motion,意为“简谐运动”。全句可译为：任何简单的振动，例如摆的下端有规律的往复运动是简谐运动。,机械工程专业英语教程,2024/8/30,38,Harmonic and Intermittent Moti,However, many manufacturing processes require intermittent or irregular motion. For example, the fast return stroke of a power hacksaw or shaper ram is desirable because no cutting is done on the return stroke. Therefore, as more time is saved in,returning the cutting tool to the working position, the less expensive is the operation.,参考译文：,然而，很多制造工艺要求间歇运动或不规则运动。例如，电动弓锯或刨床滑枕的快速回程（快回）就是令人想要的结果，因为在回程中没有进行切削。因此，在刀具回到工作位置的过程中节省的时间越多，这道工序的成本越低。,39,机械工程专业英语教程,2024/8/30,However, many manufacturing pr,The,combination,s of rotary and rectilinear motion obtainable are unlimited because of the large variety of parts such as gears, cams, pulleys, screws, links, and belts which can be combined,in many arrangements,.,参考译文：,可得到的回转运动和直线运动的组合是无限的，因为有大量的零件如齿轮、凸轮、带轮、螺杆、连杆和带等可以以不同的排列形式组合起来。,40,机械工程专业英语教程,2024/8/30,The combinations of rotary and,Lesson 3,Overview of Engineering Mechanics,Terminology,Text tour,2024/8/30,41,机械工程专业英语教程,Lesson 3 Overview of Engineer,Terminology,2024/8/30,42,机械工程专业英语教程,Interactive,Acting or capable of acting on each other,互相作用的或能互相作用的,Iterative,itrtiv,Characterized by or involving,repetition, recurrence, reiteration, or repetitiousness,repitisnis,重复的,反复的,迭代的：以反复、循环、重述或重复为特征的，或与之相关的,Pinpoint,精确地定位或确认,To locate or identify with precision,精确地定位或确认,Terminology2023/9/542机械工程专业英语,机械工程专业英语教程,2024/8/30,Equilibrium,i:kwilibrim,A condition in which all acting influences are canceled by others,resulting in a stable, balanced, or unchanging system,平衡，均衡：一种所有动作的影响都互相抵消，整个系统处于平稳的、均势的、不变的状态。,Tractable,Easily handled or worked,易于处理或操作的,Order of magnitude,A range of values between a,designated,lower value and an upper value ten times,as large, such as the masses of Earth and the sun,differ by,five orders of magnitude,数量级：处于相差,10,倍的两个数值之间的那一段数值的范,围。例如，地球与太阳的质量相差五个数量级。,43,机械工程专业英语教程2023/9/5Equilibriu,As we,look around,us we see a world,full of,“things”: Machines, devices, tools; things that we have designed, built, and used; things made of wood, metals, ceramics, and plastics. We know from experience that some things are better than others; they last longer, cost less, are quieter, look better, or are easier to use.,参考译文：看看我们周围可以发现一个充满了“东西”的世界：机器、装置、工具等等；这些东西是我们设计、建造和使用的；这些东西是由木材、金属、陶瓷和塑料制成的。我们从经验知道一些东西比其他的要好；它们寿命更长，成本更低，更安静，更好看，或更易于使用。,机械工程专业英语教程,2024/8/30,Text tour,44,As we look around us we see a,Ideally, however, every such item has been designed according to some set of “functional requirements” as,perceived,by the designersthat is, it has been designed so as to answer the question, “Exactly what function should it perform?”,1,1. so as to,意为“使得，如此，以至于”。全句可译为：,然而，在理想的情况下，每一件产品都是设计人员根据其对某些“功能要求”的理解而设计出来的，也就是说，在设计过程中，应该回答这样的问题，即“它应该具有那种确切的功能？”,In the world of engineering, the major function frequently is to support