英汉对比语音解析课件

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,2020/3/8,#,外语学习中的母语迁移：,干扰还是促进？,英汉对比语音解析课件,1,What Is Language Transfer?,Transfer is the influence resulting from the similarities and differences between the target language and any other language that has been previously acquired . Odlin (1989: 27),迁移是由于目标语与已经习得的语言之间的相似和差异而产生的 影响。,奥德林,What Is Language Transfer?,2,Two Types of Transfer,Negative Transfer,(,负迁移,),类推会产生错误。,Positive Transfer,（正迁移）,分析能减少错误。,对两种语言相似与相异点的敏锐意识能促进外语学习。,Two Types of TransferNegative,3,Negative Transfer,(,负迁移,):,Interference,(,干扰,),Causes:,母语先知结构的类推运用,对两种语言的差异所知甚少,不自觉地回归母语的言语习惯,Negative Transfer (负迁移): Inter,4,负迁移例举：,He only,eat,two,meal,a day.,Morphological transfer,（词形迁移）,在汉语中，名词和动词都没有形态变化。,负迁移例举： He only eat two mea,5,Shanghai is said to have,thirteen million,population,.,Collocation transfer,(,搭配迁移,),Population,的汉语对应词,“,人口,”,在汉语中可以用前置数词来修饰。,Shanghai is said to have,6,He,suggested me to accept this offer,.,Syntactical transfer,(,句型迁移,),Suggest,的汉语对应词,“,建议,”,在汉语中可以用,“,动词,+,宾语,+,补语,”,的结构。,He suggested me to accept,7,- Your English is wonderful.,-,No, no. My English is still poor,.,Pragmatic transfer,(,语用迁移,),对赞扬的否定回答在汉语中被视为谦虚有礼貌。,- Your English is wonde,8,两种迁移,Negative Transfer,(,负迁移,),类推会产生错误。,Positive Transfer,（正迁移）,分析能减少错误。,我们可以通过分析两种语言的差异，提高我们避免或减少类推错误的意识，把负迁移（干扰）转化为正迁移（促进）。,两种迁移Negative TransferPositive,9,试译：,人到齐就开会。,不要人云亦云。,帐单撕碎了。,问题解决了。,你再说一个字，我马上走。,你死了，我去当和尚。,试译：人到齐就开会。,10,不要人,云,亦,云,。,帐单,撕,碎了。,你再,说,一个字，,我马上,走,。,Dont,say,what others,have said,.,The bill,was torn,to pieces.,If you,should say,one more word, I,would go,at once.,问题,解决,了。,你,死,了，,我,去当,和尚。,If you,should die, I,would go and be,a monk.,The problem,was solved,.,Tense,（时态）,Voice,（语 态）,Mood,（语气）,人,到,齐就,开,会。,The meeting,will begin,when all,are,here.,不要人云亦云。帐单撕碎了。你再说一个字，Dont say,11,缺少严格意义的形态变化,老师,们,、同学,们,我,的,爸爸、你,的,妈妈,认真,的,态度、认真,地,学习,保留一些形态变化,v.,（动词）,: tense, aspect, voice, mood,n.,（名词）,: number, case, gender,pron.,（代词）,: person, gender, case, number,adj.,（形容词）,: degree,ad.,（副词）,: degree,Chinese,English,缺少严格意义的形态变化保留一些形态变化ChineseEngl,12,病来如山倒，,病去如抽丝。,Sickness comes like an avalanche,but,goes like reeling silk.,The position will not be given up,so long as,we are still living.,人在阵地在。,人无远虑，,必有近忧。,他人老心不老。,Although,he has aged physically, he remains young at heart.,If,one has no long-term considerations, he will find trouble at his doorstep.,我来他已去。,He had left,when,I arrived.,(Condition,条件,),(Contrast, Opposition,对照、转折,),(Time Order,时间先后,),(Concession,让步,),试译：,病来如山倒，Sickness comes like an a,13,Contrast Between English and Chinese,Chinese,(,隐性连贯,),Paratactic,意合语言,(,以意统形,),English,（显性联接）,Hypotactic,形合语言,(,以形驭意,),Contrast Between English and C,14,先简要介绍：,语音和书写系统的对比,语义的对比,句法的对比,集中重点介绍,话语和语篇结构的对比,社会、文化等语言外因素的对比,本板块的安排,本板块的安排,15,英汉语音的差别很多，,比如汉语一个字一个音节，而英语一个词则很可能有多个音节，,汉语有四个声调，英语则没有。,英语是语调语言,，,语调不仅有语法作用，能分开疑问句或陈述句，还有独特的表意功能，具有很强的表情功能（,Thank you,）。语调赋予英语一种特有的旋律美，联绵不断，行云流水，故有“语调是英语的灵魂”之说。,汉语则是声调语言，使汉语具有抑扬顿挫，高昂洪亮、优美动听的音乐美。,1,语音和书写系统的对比,英汉语音的差别很多，1 语音和书写系统的对比,16,二者各自的语音美是不同的。假如,原,作者试图强调一些特殊的语言特征，往往给翻译造成很大的困难。,汉语的绕口令、回文（“客上天然居，居然天上客”）往往是不可译的。“四十四只石狮子”的语义完全可以译成英语,forty-four stone lions,，但是其语音承载的特殊意义就无法用英文表达。,英语的,alliteration,也不是很好翻译成汉语的。如：,the peaceful peacock,。,英汉对比语音解析课件,17,音译,是翻译的一种方法。目前采用音译主要是人名、地名、产品名等。,由于两种语言的发音系统不一样，音译取得百分之百的相同是不可能的。汉语的四声无法区分，英语名字不可能每个音节都一出来，常有删节。为求译名统一，一般可使用英汉译音表或参考译名词典，统一译名。,音译是翻译的一种方法。目前采用音译主要是人名、地名、产品名等,18,高度重视语音和节奏对比的问题,英汉语音差异造成的问题常是译者在处理音译和处理音韵和节奏时要注意的,。,任何语言都有,音韵和节奏,，因为人们都希望在交流过程中获得一些“额外”的效果。作者常会从句子的音韵和节奏是否顺口来修改润色文字。,一首,诗歌,虽然也有语义，但语义外的语音特征常常更重要。诗歌的灵魂是在音韵和节奏中。,高度重视语音和节奏对比的问题,19,人类对声音的反应有相通性。比如反复重复一个声音会使人生厌，,Jingle Bell, Jingle, Bell, Jingle Bell,如果重复上十次，听的人就会觉得音乐太单调，所以写音乐的人在用了两个以后变换了一下，用了一个,Jingle All the Way,。,汉语虽然也有不少格律诗，但变换也是常用手法,，“寻寻觅觅，冷冷清清，凄凄惨惨戚戚，乍暖还寒时，最难将息”,在字数上就有变化，,给人特别的音韵和节奏感,。,英汉对比语音解析课件,20,在某种意义上来说，,英语形合,和,汉语意合,的区别是汉英音韵和节奏差异的根源。,一个形合的句子，为了结构的严谨，表意的精确有时会牺牲音韵和节奏。如：,A new kind of aircraft- small, cheap, pilotless- is attracting increasing attention,。,假如受原文结构的影响，把原文的结构特点一一照搬过来，就会译成：,一种新型飞机,体积小,、,便宜,、,无人驾驶,正在越来越引起人们的注意。,读起来总是觉得不顺。但假如照顾到汉语表达的音韵和节奏，将“便宜”改译成“造价低”，不仅意思更准确，而且和前一个短语一样都是三个字，读起来就上口多了：,这种,体积小、造价低,的无人驾驶飞机正越来越引起人们的注意。,在某种意义上来说，英语形合和汉语意合的区别是汉英音韵和节奏差,21,讲究音韵节奏不仅仅是诗歌文体才有的事，,其他文体一样的有音韵节奏特征,。,其实汉语的意合特征并不仅仅体现在诗歌中，,因此音韵和节奏是任何一个用汉语写作的人都要时刻注意的,。,在翻译实践中注意音韵和节奏问题是非常重要的,。不少初学者译出的句子单从语义上看是正确的，但音韵和节奏方面则大有改进的余地，当然这得靠长期的实践积累起来。如：,讲究音韵节奏不仅仅是诗歌文体才有的事，其他文体一样的有音韵节,22,If North America and Europe renew their moral life, build on their culture commonality, and develop closer forms of economic and political integration to supplement their security collaboration in NATO, they could generate a third Euroamerican phase of,western affluence and political influence,.,本句英文作者也注意到了行文的流畅，甚至语音的谐调，如最后的,affluence,和,influence,就考虑到了语音。翻译中要注意音韵和节奏。假如不脱离原文的形合特点，译者就很难在译文中取得令人满意的音韵和节奏。如下面的译文：,英汉对比语音解析课件,23,如果北美和欧洲重建他们的道德生活，以他们的文化共同性为基础，并发展更紧密的经济和政治一体化形式，来作为北美安全保障合作之外的补充，那么他们就能发展出有西方的富裕和政治影响力的第三个阶段，即欧美阶段。,从语义上看，译文没有太大的问题，但译文保留了不少英文形合的特点，结果影响了汉语意合的特色，失去了简洁，也失去了本可有的节奏。比较下面的译文：,如果北美和欧洲重建他们的道德生活，以他们的文化共同性为基础，,24,如果北美和欧洲能够重振道德生活，在共同的文化基础上进行发展，在政治经济领域进一步整合，以此作为在北约安全合作外的补充，那么将可衍生出,经济富甲天下，政治一言九鼎,的欧美第三阶段。,这个译文照顾到了汉语意合的特征，因此，至少在音韵和节奏方面略胜一筹。,翻译的“通顺”就是出于音韵协调的考虑。,如果北美和欧洲能够重振道德生活，在共同的文化基础上进行发展，,25,关于成语的使用问题,：,成语一般都有较好的音乐节奏感,。,译者不应该为文字而文字，故意去堆砌一些华丽而无用的词语。,但我们也不能忘记汉语的行文特点以及由此产生的音韵和节奏特色。,英语虽然也讲究音韵和谐，但由于形合为其主要特征，音韵和节奏往往屈居次要地位。,相比之下，汉语的音韵和节奏就显得更为重要。这不单单体现在诗歌等精炼的文学作品中，其他作品也如此，甚至可能为了节奏而牺牲语法的正确性。这点与英文恰恰相反。,关于成语的使用问题：,26,如,“车未停稳，请勿上下”，,前后两部分的关系就没有用连接词表明，而英语中就会用一个连接词：,Never get on or off the bus before it comes to a standstill,。,如果汉语中加上一个,before,，意思虽然更清楚了，但节奏也被破坏了：,“在车未停稳之前，请勿上下。”,（,先说英文）,如,27,汉语之所以如此注重音韵和节奏,，,可能于汉语的书面语,起源于诗歌,有关。因此对称、音韵等特点一直延续到今天的白话书面语中。,另外，汉字是单音节的，所以音节的配合往往十分重要，双音节和四字结构总能创造出更好的语感。汉语是“,偶字易适，奇字难平,”。,我身健康,我身体健康,他房宽敞,他的房间宽敞,所以在翻译,有些并列的词组,时，就应该尽量保持偶字结构。“体积小，便宜”就没有音乐感，“体积不大，造价便宜”就较好。,汉语之所以如此注重音韵和节奏，,28,汉语语音的一大特点是,音节匀称，成双成对,。,古代汉语单音节占优势，现代汉语双音节占优势，如,“言”,言论，言谈，言语,有些单音节词的活动受到限制，便扩展为双音节，如在前后加上一个不增加多少意义的字，如,（老虎、石头）,或两字重叠，如,星星，宝宝,。,双音节词,汉语语音的一大特点是音节匀称，成双成对。双音节词,29,有些三音节词压缩为双音节，如,落花生,花生,机关枪,机枪,许多双音节词往往还要求别的双音节词跟它相配，如：,伟大人物，进行调查。,汉语中存在着大量的以种种方式组成的四字格，如,丰衣足食，日月星辰，左思右想，动手动脚，千头万绪，微乎其微等。,有些三音节词压缩为双音节，如,30,总之，,双音节化和四音节化是现代汉语的主要节奏倾向,。因此，汉语音节匀称，词语和句式往往成双成对，对偶、排比、对照、反复和重叠成了中国人喜闻乐见的修辞方式。,与英语相比，汉语这类均衡美和节奏美，是一大特色：,总之，双音节化和四音节化是现代汉语的主要节奏倾向。因此，汉语,31,It was a day as fresh as grass growing up and clouds going over and butterflies coming down can make it. It was a day compounded from silence of bee and flower and ocean and land, which were not silence at all, but motions, stirs, flutters,振翅, risings, fallings, each in its own time and matchless rhythm.,绿草萋萋，白云冉冉，彩蝶翩翩，这日子是如此清新可爱；蜜蜂无言，春花不语，海波声歇，大地音寂，这日子是如此寂静。然而并非安静，因为万物各以其特有的节奏，或动，或摇，或震，或起，或伏。,It was a day as fresh as grass,32,当然，译者不能一味追求四字结构。,汉语中也有单双音节并存的美文：,明月中天，照见长江万里船,总之，单双音节的灵活组合，对偶排比的合理运用，不仅能表达出复杂的思想，也能创造出铿锵的美感。,出自高手的汉语往往是驾驭音韵和节奏的典范,：,成熟是一种明亮而不刺眼的光辉，一种圆润而不腻耳的音响，一种不再需要对别人察言观色的从容，一种终于停止向周围申诉央告的大气，一种不理会哄闹的微笑，一种洗刷了偏激的淡漠，一种无须声张的厚实，一种并不陡峭的高度。,余秋雨,山居笔记,八个“一种”，每两个一对，每对中两句的字数相同，结构相似，音韵节奏全被用来表达作者的思想。,当然，译者不能一味追求四字结构。汉语中也有单双音节并存的美文,33,现在我常有这样的感觉：死神就,坐在,门外的过道里，,坐在,幽暗处，凡人看不到的地方，一夜一夜耐心地等我。不知什么时候它就会站起来，对我说：嘿，走吧。我想那必是不由分说。但不管是什么时候，我想我大概仍会觉得有些仓促，但,不会犹豫，不会拖延,。 “轻轻地我走了，正如我轻轻地来”,我说过，徐志摩这句诗未必牵涉生死，但在我看，却是对生死最恰当的态度，作为墓志铭真是再好也没有。 死，从来不是一次性完成的。陈村有一回对我说：人是一点一点死去的，先是这儿，再是那儿，一步一步终于完成。他说得很平静，我漫不经心地附和，我们都已经活得不那么在意死了。 这就是说，我正在轻轻地走，灵魂正在离开这个残损不堪的躯壳，一步步告别着这个世界。这样的时候，不知别人会怎样想，我则尤其想起轻轻地来的神秘。比如想起清晨、晌午和傍晚变幻的阳光，想起一方蓝天，一个安静的小院，一团扑面而来的柔和的风，风中仿佛从来就有母亲和奶奶轻声的呼唤,不知道别人是否也会像我一样，由衷地惊讶：往日呢？往日的一切都到哪儿去了？,轻轻地走与轻轻地来,史铁生,现在我常有这样的感觉：死神就坐在门外的过道里，坐,34,一个语言的语音特征往往和该语言的句法和语义特征有关。因此，译者,的汉语修养的培养很重要。在翻译中既,考虑英语形合特征、汉语意合特征，又考虑汉语的音韵和节奏，方能译出地道的中文,。,英汉对比语音解析课件,35,汉语单音节文字的特点便于字和词的重叠。重叠构词不仅使得词语音节匀称、形式整齐，而且赋予词语以新的意义和感情色彩。许多名词、数量词、动词和形容词都有重叠的格式。,名词：人人，男男女女,数量词：个个，一杆杆，一次一次，千千万万,动词：说说，走一走，考虑考虑，进进出出，听着听着,形容词：红红，干干净净，冰凉冰凉,其他形式：毛毛雨，水汪汪，花花世界，衣冠楚楚，罗哩罗嗦，假情假意，以毒攻毒，面对面，哗哗，咕嘟咕嘟。,叠字叠词,汉语单音节文字的特点便于字和词的重叠。重叠构词不仅使得词语音,36,广泛运用叠字叠词以表达各种意义是汉语的一大特色。在英汉翻译中，是当地运用汉语的重叠形式可以加强译文的表现力，使之更加符合汉语的习惯：,The road was packed with a,noisy,crowd of,men and women, who were selling and buying,all kinds of things,.,路上挤满了,男男女女,，他们,熙熙攘攘,，正在买卖,各种各样,的东西。,广泛运用叠字叠词以表达各种意义是汉语的一大特色。在英汉翻译中,37,Walking,up and down,the,empty,room, he,stopped here and there,to,touch or look,.,房间空空荡荡，他走来走去，这儿停停，那儿停停，东摸摸，西瞧瞧。,She hoped she had mixed enough,fact and fiction,in her story to,mislead,him.,她希望所说的情况,真真假假,，足以使他,糊里糊涂,。,Walking up and down the empty,38,Huge, riven and,blazing,wrecks that only minutes before had been,majestic,aircraft carries settled into the,glittering,Pacific.,几分钟前，这些航空母舰还是那么,威风凛凛,，不久就变成豁裂残断、,烈火熊熊,的庞大残骸，,渐渐,沉入了,波光粼粼,的太平洋。,They read the afternoon through, while the,cold November,rain fell from the sky upon the,quiet,house.,深秋，冷雨,霏霏,，屋里,静悄悄,的。他们看了一个下午的书。,Huge, riven and blazing wrecks,39,Seared by a sun more,savage,than their native lands, their wounds suppurated and,hosts of whining,flies fell upon them.,这儿的阳光比他们本国的强烈得多，在,毒辣辣,的太阳的烤灼下，他们的伤口化脓，,嗡嗡,的苍蝇,成群成群地,汇集在伤口上。,Mr Kirsch, having lost all his money by this time, followed his master out into the moonlight, where the,illuminations,were,winking out,.,基希先生这时输得,两手空空,，便跟着主人走出屋来；月光下，彩灯,闪闪烁烁,，,渐渐,灭了。,Seared by a sun more savage th,40,There were no sounds but that of the,booming,wind upon the stretch of tawny,黄褐色,herbage,草,around them, the,crackling,wheels ,the,tread,of the men, and the,footsteps,of the two shaggy,毛发蓬松,ponies which drew the van.,那时候只听见,车轮辚辚，脚步沙沙,。拉车的那两匹鬃毛蓬松的小马，,蹄声得得,，四周一片橙黄色的野草，,风声呼呼,。除此以外，再也听不到别的声音了,There were no sounds but that,41,英语也有音节重叠的现象，但远远不如汉语普遍。这主要是因为英语词的音节参差不齐，不具备上述汉语语音文字的特点。英语的重叠只有一个格式，即,AA,式及其变体：,Bye-bye, goody-goody,Ping-pong, zig-zag,Walkie-talkie,对讲机, teeny-weeny,很小,英语也有音节重叠的现象，但远远不如汉语普遍。这主要是因为英语,42,英语叠音词一般属于谐音或拟声现象，有许多词来自儿语，通常用于口语、俚语或非正式文体，其构词能力和使用范围都受到很大的限制。汉语的叠字叠词不仅是音节的重叠，而且有词法和句法的因素。重叠在汉语里是一种重要的构词手法，也是一种常用的语法和修辞手段。,如李清照的词：,英语叠音词一般属于谐音或拟声现象，有许多词来自儿语，通常用于,43,寻寻觅觅，冷冷清清，凄凄惨惨戚戚,连用,7,对叠字，无论再美的译文，也无法像汉语那样重叠：,I seek but seek in vain,I search and search again;,I feel so sad, so drear,So lonely, without cheer.,寻寻觅觅，冷冷清清，凄凄惨惨戚戚,44,I seek and seek again,，,So drear so drawn in vain,But detained in pain remain,.(,铁冰译文,),Seeking, seeking,Chilly and quiet,Desolate, painful and miserable.,（杨宪益戴乃迭）,“寻寻觅觅，冷冷清清，凄凄惨惨戚戚”,12,种译法,I seek and seek again，So drea,45,I look for what I miss,I know not what it is,I feel so sad, so drear,So lonely, without cheer.,(,许渊冲）,I am out of sorts, seeking,As if I had lost something,In this chilly evening,So sad, so dreary, so lonely.,（黄新渠）,I look for what I miss,46,Searching, seeking, endlessly.,Alone,lonely,Moody, gloomy.,（朱纯深）,Forlorn,So dim, so dark,So dense, so dull,So damp, so dank,So dead!,（丁祖馨）,Searching, seeking, endlessly.,47,Seek, seek. Search, search.,Cold, cold. Empty, empty.,Misery, misery. Sorrow, sorrow.,Sadness, sadness.,（茅于美）,Fumbling and searching, at a loss I feel,At a loss in such lonely melancholy,And plaintive solitude as seem unreal.,（卓振英）,Seek, seek. Search, search.,48,I search and seek,Im lonely and depressed,Im sad, weepy, and feeling low.,（龚景浩）,Restless and lost,Cold and lonely,Wretched, miserable and anxious.,(,任治稷、余正,),I search and seek,49,Seeking, seeking; lonely, quiet; grievous, gloomy, glum.,Seeking, seeking; lonely, quiet; doleful, rueful, woeful.,（海外逸士）,Seeking, seeking; lonely, quie,50,关于书写系统的差异,。,二者之间的差异很明显。汉语是方块文字，有形，声、有义，汉字重形象的特征直接影响了中国人的思维。正规的汉字书写是一个个方块字，承载信息的潜力极大，不仅均匀对称，十分美观，而且象形和指事、会意符号带来的美感以及它们给读者带来的联想，任何其他语言都无法再现。汉字的这一形美特征经过翻译可以说是丧失殆尽。,前例：,关于书写系统的差异。,51,如拆字：,冻雨洒窗，东两点，西三点,切瓜分片，横七刀，竖八刀,如拆字：,52,相思,冰心,避开相思，,披上裘儿，,走出灯明人静的屋子。,小径里冷月相窥，枯枝在雪地上，,又纵横地写遍了相思。,相思冰心,53,英汉之间的翻译在书写层面上有一定的差异要克服。所以，如果原文作者在写作时使用语言书写上的特征来表达意义，译者就会面临极大的困难。,好在，作者很少利用书写系统的特点来表达重要的意思，所以书写系统的差异为译者带来的困难不是很大。不过也时常会碰到：,比如：前例,image poem,英汉之间的翻译在书写层面上有一定的差异要克服。所以，如果原文,54,l (a,l (a,le,af,fa,ll,s ),one,l,iness,l (a,55,40 Love,middle aged,couple playing,ten nis,when the,game ends,and they,go home,the net,will still,be be,tween them,40 Love,56,再比如：,用一个拼写错误的英文词来表达说话人没有受过足够的教育，译成汉语时就无法保留原文书写上的错误，,唯一,可行的译法是,采取功能对应：,I kept it from her after I heard on it,” said Mr. Peggotty, “going on nigh a year. We,was,living then in a solitary place, but among the,beautifulest,trees,”,“,起那时俺听了消息后，”辟果提先生说，“瞒着她快一年了。俺们那时呆的地方挺背，前后八方的树林子说不出的漂亮,”,方言,再比如：用一个拼写错误的英文词来表达说话人没有受过足够的教育,57,Megamind,超级大坏蛋,（,2010,）,发音：,Metro City,大都会,（,Metrocity,）大都“费”,（,别字,）,Megamind超级大坏蛋（2010）,58,上联：,Subway,，,railway,，,highway,，,way way to die,。,下联：,Officer,，,announcer,，,investigater,，,word word to lie,。,横批,:Believe It Or Not.,Highway, railway, subway,，,sir sir to lie,上联：,59,He is,a smart, eloquent, upright and well-informed,lawyer.,She was,an intelligent, attractive and somewhat temperamental,daughter of a well-to-do doctor.,音韵翻译练习,He is a smart, eloquent, uprig,60,The onlooker sees most of the game.,In calamity, one sees the true friendship.,He is about 40, in the very prime of life.,He is about 20, young and vigorous.,The onlooker sees most of the,61,He is,a smart, eloquent, upright and well-informed,lawyer.,2. She was,an intelligent, attractive and somewhat temperamental,daughter of a well-to-do doctor.,他是一位律师，脑子灵，口才好，为人正直，见多识广。,他是一位律师，聪明、善辩、正直，而且有见识。,她聪明、漂亮、爱耍点小脾气，是一个家道小康的医生的女儿。,He is a smart, eloquent, uprig,62,The onlooker sees most of the game.,旁观者看比赛更清楚。（当局者迷，旁观者清。）,In calamity, one sees the true friendship.,在患难中，人们才能看到真正的友情。,（疾风知劲草，患难见真情。）,He is about 40, in the very prime of life.,他四十左右，正年富力强。,He is about 20, young and vigorous.,他二十左右，年轻力壮。,The onlooker sees most of the,63,太平洋战争打得正酣之时，麦克阿瑟将军常常从繁忙中抬起头，注视着挂在墙上的镜框，镜框里是篇文章，名为,青春,。这篇文章一直伴随着他，也跟着他到了日本。后来，日本人在东京的美军总部发现了它，,青春,便开始在日本流传。一位资深的日本问题观察家说，在日本实业界，只要有成就者，没有哪一个不熟知不应用这篇美文的，就连松下电器的创始人松下幸之助几十年来也把,青春,当作他的座右铭。还有这么一件趣事，足以证明,青春,在日本的魅力。一天，美国影片销售协会主席罗森菲尔德参加日本实业界的聚会，晚宴之前的谈话，他随意说了一句：“,青春,的作者，便是我的祖父。”在座的各位实业界领袖大为惊讶，其中有一位一边激动地说“我一直随身带着它呢”，一边从口袋里掏出了,青春,。,青春,是怎样的一篇文章，它怎就这么神奇？,励志散文翻译与欣赏：,Youth,音韵、四字词组,太平洋战争打得正酣之时，麦克阿瑟将军常常从繁忙中抬起头，注视,64,塞缪尔,.,厄尔曼,1840,年生于德国，童年时移居美国。参加过南北战争，后来定居于亚拉巴马州的伯明翰市。他是一位五金制品商，热心公益,67,年如一日。在其生前的最后几年，他从日本得到一本书及其作品的录音盒带稿酬,36,000,美元，并全部捐赠给伯明翰市的一所亚拉巴马州立大学作为奖学基金。,塞缪尔.厄尔曼1840年生于德国，童年时移居美国。参加过南北,65,Samuel Ullman,(April 13, 1840 March 21, 1924) was an,American,businessman,poet,humanitarian,. He is best known today for his poem,Youth,which was a favorite of General,Douglas MacArthur,. The poem was on the wall of his office in Tokyo when he became Supreme Allied Commander in Japan. In addition, he often quoted from the poem in his speeches, leading to it becoming better known in,Japan,than in the,United States,.,Born in 1840 at,Hechingen,Hohenzollern,to Jewish parents, Ullman immigrated with his family to America to escape discrimination at the age of eleven. The Ullman family settled in,Port Gibson,Mississippi,. After briefly serving in the,Confederate Army, he became a resident of,Natchez,Mississippi,. There, Ullman married, started a business, served as a city alderman, and was a member of the local board of education.,Samuel Ullman (April 13, 1840,66,In 1884, Ullman moved to the young city of,Birmingham, Alabama, and was immediately placed on the citys first board of education.,During his eighteen years of service, he advocated educational benefits for black children similar to those provided for whites. In addition to his numerous community activities, Ullman also served as president and then lay rabbi of the citys reform congregation at Temple Emanu-El. Often controversial but always respected, Ullman left his mark on the religious, educational, and community life of Natchez and Birmingham.,In 1884, Ullman moved to the y,67,In his retirement, Ullman found more time for one of his favorite passions - writing letters, essays and poetry. His poems and poetic essays cover subjects as varied as love, nature, religion, family, the hurried lifestyle of a friend, and living young. It was General Douglas MacArthur who facilitated Ullmans popularity as a poet,- he hung a framed copy of a version of Ullmans poem Youth on the wall of his office in Tokyo and often quoted from the poem in his speeches. Through MacArthurs influence, the people of Japan discovered Youth and became curious about the poems author.,In his retirement, Ullman foun,68,In 1924, Ullman died in,Birmingham,Alabama,.,In 1994, the,University of Alabama at Birmingham,and the Japan-America Society of Alabama opened the Samuel Ullman Museum in Birminghams Southside neighborhood. The museum is located in the former Ullman residence and is operated by the,University of Alabama at Birmingham,.,In 1924, Ullman died in Birmin,69,Youth is not a time of life; it is a state of mind; it is not a matter of rosy cheeks, red lips and supple knees; it is a matter of the will, a quality of the imagination, a vigor of the emotions; it is the freshness of the deep springs of life.,YOUTH,-Samuel Ullman,Youth is not a time of life,70,Youth means a temperamental predominance of courage over timidity of the appetite, of adventure over the love of ease. This often exists in a man of sixty more than a boy of twenty. Nobody grows old merely by a number of years. We grow old by deserting our ideals.,Youth means a temperamental pr,71,Years may wrinkle the skin, but to give up enthusiasm wrinkles the soul. Worry, fear, self-distrust bows the heart and turns the spirit back to dust.,Years may wrinkle the skin, bu,72,Whether sixty or sixteen, there is in every human beings heart the lure of wonder, the unfailing child-like appetite of whats next, and the joy of the game of living. In the center of your heart and my heart there is a wireless station; so long as it receives messages of beauty, hope, cheer, courage and power from men and from the infinite, so long are you young.,Whether sixty or sixteen, ther,73,When the aerials are down, and your spirit is covered with snows of cynicism and the ice of pessimism, then you are grown old, even at twenty, but as long as your aerials are up, to catch the waves of optimism, there is hope you may die young at eighty.,When the aerials are down, and,74,青春不是年华，而是心境；青春不是桃面、丹唇、柔膝，而是深沉的意志，恢宏的想象，炙热的恋情；青春是生命的深泉在涌流。,青春气贯长虹，勇锐盖过怯弱，进取压倒苟安。如此锐气，二十后生而有之，六旬男子则更多见。年岁有加，并非垂老，理想丢弃，方堕暮年。,岁月悠悠，衰微只及肌肤；热忱抛却，颓废必致灵魂。忧烦，惶恐，丧失自信，定使心灵扭曲，意气如灰。,Version 1,青春不是年华，而是心境；青春不是桃面、丹唇、柔膝，而是深沉的,75,无论年届花甲，拟或二八芳龄，心中皆有生命之欢乐，奇迹之诱惑，孩童般天真久盛不衰。人人心中皆有一台天线，只要你从天上人间接受美好、希望、欢乐、勇气和力量的信号，你就青春永驻，风华常存。,一旦天线下降，锐气便被冰雪覆盖，玩世不恭、自暴自弃油然而生，即使年方二十，实已垂垂老矣；然则只要竖起天线，捕捉乐观信号，你就有望在八十高龄告别尘寰时仍觉年轻。,无论年届花甲，拟或二八芳龄，心中皆有生命之欢乐，奇迹之诱惑，,76,青春不是生命中的一段时间，而是指一种精神状态；它并不是指红润的面颊、透红的嘴唇和灵便的腿脚，而是指坚强的意志、丰富的想象和强烈的感情。它是指生命的源头活水的清新之感。,青春意味着在气质上勇敢多于怯懦，冒险进取多于舒适苟安，这在六十岁的老年人中往往比在二十岁的青年人中更为常见。人之变老不仅由于年岁的增长，我们之变老常常是因为放弃了对理想的追求。,Version 2,青春不是生命中的一段时间，而是指一种精神状态；它并不是指红润,77,年岁也许会使皮肤增添皱纹，可是一旦丧失热忱，灵魂上皱纹就会随即出现。忧虑、恐惧和缺乏自信会使人心灰意冷，意志消沉。,无论是六十岁，还是十六岁，新奇事物对每个人都有吸引力；只要童心不泯，就会对未来有好奇心和享受人生的乐趣。在你的心中和我的心中都有一座无线电台：只要它总在接受人类上帝发出的美、希望、鼓励、勇气和力量的信息，你就会永远不老。,年岁也许会使皮肤增添皱纹，可是一旦丧失热忱，灵魂上皱纹就会随,78,青春乃心境，而非年华；青春非现于桃面朱唇之艳，灵活矫健之躯，而现于志士之气，遐想之境，激情之盛。生命之泉，涓涌不息，青春常绿。,青春理应勇猛过人而非怯懦怕事，应积极进取而非苟安现状。如此气概，二十后生虽有，六旬之人更甚。年岁有加，未必已垂老，理想若失，则已堕暮年。,岁月悠悠，衰老仅及肌肤；抛却热忱，颓废必至灵魂。忧虑慌恐，丧失自信，定使人气死如灰，心寒于铁。,Version 3,青春乃心境，而非年华；青春非现于桃面朱唇之艳，灵活矫健之躯，,79,无论年已花甲，拟或芳龄二八，人心中皆有好奇之心，生命之乐，孩童般天真久盛不衰。人人心中皆有一电台，只要接收美丽、希望、欢乐、勇气和力量的信号，定能青春永驻，风华长存。,若天线倒下，锐气为冰雪覆盖，玩世不恭、自暴自弃，即使年仅二十，实已垂垂老朽矣！然则只要竖起天线，捕捉乐观信号，八十高龄告别尘寰时，你仍会非常年轻。,假若你将天线收起，使你的心灵蒙上玩世不恭的霜雪和悲观厌世的冰层，那末即使你年方二十，你也老气横秋；然而只要你将天线竖起，去接收乐观主义的电波，那末你就有希望即使活到八十岁死去，也仍然年轻。,无论年已花甲，拟或芳龄二八，人心中皆有好奇之心，生命之乐，孩,80,