炼铁基本知识讲座2ppt课件

*,可编辑,*,*,*,*,*,炼铁基本知识讲座,二 高炉炼铁原燃料,金 永 龙,炼铁基本知识讲座二 高炉炼铁原燃料,1 精料,精料是高炉冶炼的物质基础,如何理解：高、稳、熟、小、匀、净,高、稳、小、净,精料内容：渣量、成分、粒度、冶金性能、炉料结构等,1 精料精料是高炉冶炼的物质基础,2 天然矿质量评价,常规质量,热爆裂性,2 天然矿质量评价常规质量,3 烧结矿的质量评价,化学成分：,FeO, SiO2,烧结矿的矿物组成和显微结构,烧结矿碱度,还原性,低温还原粉化率,荷重软化和软融滴落性能,粒度组成,转鼓强度,储存强度,3 烧结矿的质量评价化学成分：FeO, SiO2,4 球团矿质量评价,抗压强度、转鼓强度,还原膨胀,碱度,化学成分,还原性,荷重软化和熔滴性能,落下指数,4 球团矿质量评价抗压强度、转鼓强度,5 焦炭质量评价,焦炭工业分析,焦炭元素分析,焦炭灰成分、挥发份成分,反应性和反应后强度,转鼓强度,平均粒度,物理性质,显微结构,5 焦炭质量评价焦炭工业分析,5.1,高炉焦炭的理化性质,焦炭裂纹（块度和转鼓强度）,焦炭结构（多孔脆性炭质材料。气孔形状、大小、数量、壁厚等气孔结构参数影响焦炭机械强度和焦炭反应性）。焦块的气孔体积与焦块体积之比称为焦炭气孔率。（开气孔、闭气孔）,5.1 高炉焦炭的理化性质,5.2,高炉焦炭的理化性质,焦炭的光学组织：各向同性、镶嵌结构、流动性、惰性物（分析焦炭反应性、预测机械强度等）,焦炭的显微分析（微观结构。光学显微镜,-,观察和测定焦炭气孔结构，气孔分布、气孔率、平均尺寸、壁厚等；,X,射线衍射分析,-,判定石墨化程度，晶体的定量、无机硫的赋存状态等；扫描电镜,-,光学组织、风口焦中碱金属赋存状态、气孔和气孔壁等）,焦炭的石墨化度：炼焦制度；高炉内温度分布,5.2 高炉焦炭的理化性质焦炭的光学组织：各向同性、镶嵌,5.3,焦炭工业分析,焦炭工业分析：水分、灰份、挥发份、固定碳,焦炭元素分析：碳、氢、氮、硫、氧,焦炭灰成分,5.3 焦炭工业分析焦炭工业分析：水分、灰份、挥发份、固定,5.4,焦炭的化学性质,焦炭反应性,焦炭燃烧性（发热量、着火温度、抗碱性）,5.4 焦炭的化学性质焦炭反应性,5.5,焦炭的物理性质,焦炭的比热容（煤化度、灰份）,热导率,热膨胀系数,收缩率,热应力,电阻率（成熟度、微观结构）,筛分组成,堆积密度（透气性）,透气性,真密度,视密度,5.5 焦炭的物理性质焦炭的比热容（煤化度、灰份）,5.6,焦炭的机械强度,落下强度,转鼓强度（,M,40,、,M,10,）,热强度,5.6 焦炭的机械强度落下强度,5.7,焦炭力学性质,抗压强度,抗拉强度,显微强度,杨氏模量,5.7 焦炭力学性质抗压强度,5.8,高炉冶炼对焦炭质量的要求,5.8.1,焦炭在高炉内的行为,5.8.2,质量要求,灰分,硫,水分,焦炭块度,焦炭强度,5.8 高炉冶炼对焦炭质量的要求5.8.1 焦炭在高炉内,5.8.3,高炉操作如何缓解焦炭劣化,采用高还原性矿石和高热流比操作,使用合理的风速和鼓风动能；中心加焦、矿石混装焦丁等疏松中心的装料制度,控制碱金属、低硫、高品位矿石,适宜的理论燃烧温度,5.8.3 高炉操作如何缓解焦炭劣化,图,4.1,焦炭在高炉内粒度的变化内圈；外圈；中心,焦炭在高炉内粒度的变化,由,图可见，自炉身中部开始，焦炭平均粒度变小。变化程度以外圈靠近炉墙焦炭激烈，与炉内的气流分布和温度分布密切相关,。,图4.1焦炭在高炉内粒度的变化内圈；外圈；中心,6 喷吹煤粉质量评价,煤种成分,煤种灰分灰熔点,煤种的发热值,煤种的可磨性和流动性,煤种的着火点和爆炸性,煤种的燃烧性,6 喷吹煤粉质量评价煤种成分,表,1,单种煤的工业分析结果,编号,状况,煤种,水分，,%,分析基,灰分，,%,干基,挥发分，,%,可燃基,固定碳，,%,可燃基,无烟煤,1,使用中,太西,1.88,4.23,6.93,93.07,无烟煤,2,试验,店子,2.03,17.58,7.77,92.23,无烟煤,3,试验,小庄子,2.06,38.67,8.56,91.44,无烟煤,4,使用中,永城,0.69,10.42,9.53,90.47,无烟煤,5,试验,古拉本,1.84,23.63,9.79,90.21,无烟煤,6,使用中,宝桥,1.08,11.39,10.96,89.04,无烟煤,7,使用中,阳泉,1.00,14.31,11.46,88.54,烟煤,1,试验,潞安,0.50,10.30,19.98,80.02,烟煤,2,试验,红望,2.26,5.28,30.95,69.05,烟煤,3,使用中,红墙,2.89,6.55,32.46,67.54,烟煤,4,使用中,神府,3.71,5.56,36.30,63.70,烟煤,5,试验,大屯,1.18,7.43,36.31,63.69,烟煤,6,停用,东胜,3.74,4.61,37.57,62.43,烟煤,7,停用,兴隆庄,2.28,7.58,38.61,61.39,动力煤,试验,大同,2.37,10.64,32.08,67.92,表1 单种煤的工业分析结果状况煤种水分，%灰分，%挥发分，,工业分析要求,灰分低：不应高于所替代焦炭的灰分；灰分高导致燃烧率低、理论燃烧温度低；影响渣比、利用系数,挥发份合适：影响燃烧性能；,1525%,固定碳高,工业分析要求灰分低：不应高于所替代焦炭的灰分；灰分高导致燃烧,表,2,煤种的元素分析,煤种,C %,（分析基）,H %,（分析基）,N %,（分析基）,S %,（分析基）,太西,91.35,3.10,0.86,0.22,店子,77.42,0.62,0.77,0.30,小庄子,55.44,0.98,0.76,0.32,永城,82.90,3.28,1.22,0.40,古拉本,70.66,2.36,0.76,0.14,宝桥,81.04,3.33,1.28,0.40,阳泉,77.75,3.22,1.07,0.49,潞安,81.10,4.00,1.31,0.42,红望,80.69,4.42,0.90,0.41,红墙,73.47,4.52,0.81,0.60,神府,74.51,4.74,0.91,0.65,大屯,78.92,4.70,1.33,0.61,东胜,77.80,4.58,0.94,0.42,兴隆庄,76.23,4.68,1.38,0.41,大同,75.26,4.02,0.81,0.56,表2 煤种的元素分析C %H %N %S %太西91.35,对煤中元素的要求,S,含量控制：影响高炉渣量和铁水质量；统计：焦炭,S,含量增加,0.1%,，焦比上升,1.5%,，产量下降,2%,。,O,元素：和,C,、,H,结合，但在高炉内不起助燃作用，主要形成,CO,、,CO,2,、,H,2,O,，可能会对焦炭质量有影响,对煤中元素的要求S含量控制：影响高炉渣量和铁水质量；统计：焦,表,3,煤种的灰分组成和成分,煤,灰 成 分,种,SiO,2,Al,2,O,3,MgO,CaO,Fe,2,O,3,TiO,2,P,2,O,5,MnO,K,2,O,Na,2,O,Zn,Pb,太西,42.40,23.91,2.39,8.35,12.24,1.06,0.28,0.16,0.88,1.58,0.01,0.014,店子,42.17,23.45,3.74,12.84,5.46,1.22,0.09,0.10,2.54,0.86,0.015,0.016,小庄子,60.94,22.27,2.68,2.00,5.12,1.10,0.21,0.06,2.42,1.06,0.01,0.012,永城,44.24,33.72,1.90,6.78,4.19,1.58,0.15,0.05,0.38,0.40,0.010,0.015,古拉本,49.65,24.43,1.74,6.36,6.30,1.05,0.27,0.07,1.87,1.58,0.01,0.013,宝桥,45.10,34.60,1.34,4.71,3.05,1.46,0.54,0.05,0.49,0.86,0.032,0.018,阳泉,56.84,31.73,1.10,2.45,2.76,1.22,0.18,0.05,1.48,0.48,0.040,0.016,潞安,44.96,36.27,1.20,3.49,4.51,1.50,0.48,0.05,0.36,0.89,0.130,0.033,红望,47.14,21.56,1.36,2.03,21.76,0.65,1.69,0.33,0.18,0.10,0.012,0.01,红墙,55.86,27.07,0.96,2.02,7.76,0.98,0.44,0.08,0.61,0.23,0.042,0.015,神府,27.64,12.55,1.24,27.04,5.87,0.45,0.16,0.32,0.40,0.61,0.068,0.012,大屯,43.11,34.02,1.41,5.56,6.12,1.48,0.74,0.05,0.35,0.44,0.200,0.017,东胜,33.98,13.96,1.55,24.81,8.08,0.63,0.10,0.28,0.21,0.93,0.021,0.01,兴隆庄,44.40,36.22,2.14,4.84,4.68,1.87,0.41,0.05,0.39,0.91,1500,古拉本,1360,1380,1420,宝桥,1500,阳泉,1500,潞安,1500,红望,1500,红墙,1500,神府,1200,1230,1240,大屯,1500,东胜,1150,1180,1200,兴隆庄,1500,大同,1500,表5 煤种的灰分熔点灰熔点，T1T2T3太西132013,灰熔点过低的危害,影响传质：阻碍氧向煤粉颗粒内扩散,熔融的灰份加速煤粉颗粒间的聚集，导致不完全燃烧,造成风口或喷枪前结渣,灰熔点过低的危害影响传质：阻碍氧向煤粉颗粒内扩散,表,6,煤种发热值,煤种,Q,dw,daf,MJ/kg,太西,37.078,店子,32.692,小庄子,32.224,永城,35.127,古拉本,35.783,宝桥,35.972,阳泉,35.772,煤种,Q,dw,daf,MJ/kg,潞安,36.203,红望,33.886,红墙,33.314,神府,31.138,大屯,34.753,东胜,30.364,兴隆庄,32.583,大同,31.025,太西：,29.824/32.728,宝桥：,28.577/31.143,表6 煤种发热值煤种QdwdafMJ/kg太西37.078店,煤的热值直接影响到喷煤的置换比，热值越高置换比越高。煤的发热值一般与固定碳含量成正比，因此无烟煤的热值比烟煤高。,煤的热值直接影响到喷煤的置换比，热值越高置换比越,表,7,煤种的可磨性和流动性,煤 种,HGI,休止角,压缩度,太西,49.2,42.0,24.1,店子,37.6,小庄子,54.0,40.5,19.6,永城,66.1,45.0,22.7,古拉本,55.1,42.0,23.8,宝桥,73.4,43.5,22.7,阳泉,82.6,46.5,25.0,潞安,99.5,45.5,27.0,红望,55.5,42.0,20.6,红墙,54.5,41.5,21.9,神府,60.7,43.5,23.2,大屯,57.0,44.5,23.6,东胜,60.0,40.0,21.5,兴隆庄,55.1,44.5,22.5,大同,57.1,42.0,21.5,煤的可磨性影响到磨煤机的出力和煤粉的粒度组成。从高炉磨煤机生产实践来看，,最大制粉量与,HGI,成正比,。从这个角度分析，喷吹煤的,HGI,应该越大越好，,HGI,的下限应低于,50,；但是，,HGI,值过高可能会导致煤粉的流动性变差，因此,HGI,还应有一个适宜的控制范围。休止角和压缩度都是表征粉煤非掺气态流动性的一个重要指标，,休止角和压缩度越小，煤粉的流动性越好,。休止角和压缩度都是综合指标，二者不仅与煤种有关，受粉体的比表面积、粒度分布、颗粒形状及水份含量等诸多因素的影响也很大，因此在用休止角与压缩度进行粉体流动性的判定时必须固定实验条件。,表7 煤种的可磨性和流动性HGI休止角压缩度太西49.242,表,7,煤种的着火点和爆炸性,煤 种,着火点,爆炸性,火焰长度,mm,太西,357,0,店子,407,20,小庄子,340,0,永城,365,0,古拉本,357,0,宝桥,338,10,阳泉,345,15,潞安,315,130,红望,286,420,红墙,282,420,神府,266,530,大屯,282,430,东胜,262,530,兴隆庄,276,470,大同,265,160,煤粉的着火点越低，燃烧时间延长，也就越利于煤粉的充分燃烧。通常煤的着火点与挥发分含量成反比，与煤的燃烧率成反比。,煤的爆炸性是与挥发分含量成正比的，所以烟煤的爆炸性要比无烟煤强，当返回火焰长度,400mm,时为强爆炸性煤。对喷吹煤的爆炸性进行限制主要是考虑到喷吹系统的安全,。,表7 煤种的着火点和爆炸性着火点爆炸性火焰长度 mm太,表,8,煤种的燃烧性,煤 种,燃烧率 ,太西,54.2,永城,46.1,宝桥,44.1,阳泉,46.4,潞安,48.3,红望,67.3,红墙,54.2,神府,62.5,大屯,73.5,东胜,78.8,兴隆庄,66.9,大同,57.1,烟煤的燃烧率明显比无烟煤高，燃烧率随挥发分的提高而增大。,表8 煤种的燃烧性煤 种燃烧率 太西54.2永城46,7 高炉合理的炉料结构,合理炉料结构应当符合以下要求：,优良的冶金性能,炉料成分应满足造渣的要求，不另加生熔剂,在炉料中人造富矿占大多数,合理的炉料结构必须有良好的技术经济指标,国内曾经经历的炉料结构,全部自熔性烧结矿,高碱度烧结矿加少部分天然矿,高碱度烧结矿加部分酸性球团,高碱度烧结矿加低碱度烧结矿,全部低碱度球团（或酸性球团）加石灰石,全部自熔性球团矿,7 高炉合理的炉料结构合理炉料结构应当符合以下要求：,高碱度烧结矿配加酸性炉料是合理的炉料结构,高碱度烧结矿具有良好的冶金性能：强度、还原性、高温性能等；,对造渣过程有重要影响（稳定性）；,改善软熔带的结构：高碱度炉料提高了开始软化温度；酸性炉料降低了软化终了温度；软熔带位置变低、宽度变窄。,高碱度烧结矿配加酸性炉料是合理的炉料结构高碱度烧结矿具有良好,8,合理燃料结构,全焦冶炼,喷吹煤粉,喷吹天然气,喷吹废弃塑料,喷吹极限,8 合理燃料结构全焦冶炼,