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单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,Culture & Translation,Culture & Translation,In China,when people meet,甲:“吃了吗?”,乙:“吃啦!”,吃了吗?,吃啦!,In China, when people meet甲:,How to translate?,A:,“,Have you had your meal?,”,B:,“,Yes, I have.,”,“,No, I haven,t.,”,(,“,Do you mean to invite me to dinner?,”,),How to translate?A: “Have you,In western countries,A:,“,Lovely weather,isn,t it?,”,B:,“,Yes, isn,t it?,”,In western countriesA: “Lovel,我爱你。,I love you.,我爱你。I love you.,武行者心中要吃,,哪里听他分说,,一片声喝道,,放屁!放屁!,武行者心中要吃,哪里听他分说,一片声喝道,放屁!放屁!,Pearl S. Buck,Now Wu the priest,longed,much in his,heart to eat, and so,how could he be,willing to listen to,the explanation? He,bellowed forth,“,Pass your wind,pass your wind!,”,Pearl S. BuckNow Wu the priest,the Queens speech,女王的演讲辞?,英国首相的施政方针(通过女王说出),the Queens English,女王的具体言辞?,正宗英语,标准英语,grammar school,语法学校?,为培养升大学的学生而设的中学,the Queens speech女王的演讲辞?英国首相,一、什么是文化,?,一、什么是文化?,?,据大英百科全书统计,在世界各国,的正式出版物中,关于“文化”一词的,定义目前大约有,160,多种。,?据大英百科全书统计,在世界各国的正式出版物中,关于“文,Culture is whatever people,do monkeys dont.,Culture is whatever people do,?,I define culture as,the way of life,and its,manifestations that are peculiar to a,community that uses a particular language,as its means of expression. More,specifically, I distinguish “cultural” from,“universal” and “personal”.,Peter Newmark,?I define culture as the way o,A total way of life of a people,A total way of life of a peopl,The New World Encyclopedia:,?,Culture is the totality of the spiritual,intellectual, and artistic attitudes,shared by a group, including its,tradition, habits, social customs,morals, laws, and social relations.,?,Sociologically, every society, on every,level, has its culture; the term has no,implications of high development.,The New World Encyclopedia:?Cu,?,文化,(culture),是一个内涵丰富又十分复杂,的概念。我国古籍经典中早在西汉时期,就已记载有“文化”一词。西汉刘向,说苑,指武篇里已有:“圣人之治天,下也,先文德而后武力。凡武之兴,为,不服也;文化不改,然后加诛。”这里,的“文化”指古代封建王朝所施的文治,和教化,与现在所说的“文化”涵义有,较大的差异。,?文化(culture)是一个内涵丰富又十分复杂的概念。我国,?,我们现在通常所用的文化一词是,19,世纪,末从日文中转译过来的,最早源于拉丁,文,cultura,一词。该词在拉丁文中的原义是,“耕作、种植、作物”。,?我们现在通常所用的文化一词是19世纪末从日文中转译过来的,,?,由于文化的丰富蕴涵,世界各国的学者尝,试从不同学科角度研究文化。,?,例如,,人类学者,认为文化是无所不在、无,所不包的人类知识和行为的总体;,文化学,者,则认为文化是人类社会“艺术、政治、,经济、教育、修养、文学、语言、思维的,总和”;,跨文化交际学者,认为文化是一种,特殊形式的人际交流,。,?由于文化的丰富蕴涵,世界各国的学者尝试从不同学科角度研究文,?,不过目前,对“文化”一词最具有权威性,的解释还是英国,19,世纪人类学家泰勒,(Edward Tyler1832-1917),在,1871,年出版的,原始文化,(Primitive Culture),一书中所,提出的定义,:“文化是一种复杂体,它,包括知识、信仰、艺术、道德、法律、,风俗以及其余社会上习得的能力与习,惯。”,?不过目前对“文化”一词最具有权威性的解释还是英国19世纪人,?,“Culture is that,complex whole,which,includes,knowledge, belief, art, morals, law,customs and any other capabilities and,habits,acquired by man as a member of,society.”,?“Culture is that complex whol,?,后来有学者认为这一定义强调了精神方,面的文化,忽略了物质文化。为此,对,泰勒的定义进行了修订,补充了“实物”,的文化现象。这样文化的定义修正为:,?,“文化是一种复杂体,包括,实物,、知识、,信仰、艺术、道德、法律、风俗以及其,余社会上习得的能力与习惯。”,包惠南(,2001,:,2),?后来有学者认为这一定义强调了精神方面的文化,忽略了物质文化,?,我国出版的辞海对文化的解释是:,广义的文化,是人类社会历史时间过程中所,创造的物质财富和精神财富的总和。,狭义的文化,指社会的意识形态以及与之相,适应的制度和组织机构。,?我国出版的辞海对文化的解释是:广义的文化是人类社会历史,?,由此可见,文化概念的范围极为广泛,,内涵和外延十分丰富。大则宇宙观、时,空观、人生观、价值观,小则衣食住行、,婚丧嫁娶等一切社会的生活方式和行为,方式。总之,人类社会进步文明的一切,成果均为文化的组成部分,其中也包括,语言。,?由此可见,文化概念的范围极为广泛,内涵和外延十分丰富。大则,二、文化的特征,二、文化的特征,?,现代文化人类学认为文化具有如下的四个,本质特征,:,1,、文化是经,由社会习得的,,而非遗传获得的。,2,、文化是一个,社团所共有的,,而非某一个人,所独有的。,3,、文化,具有象征性,,语言是文化中最重要的,象征系统。,4,、文化是,一个统一的整体,。,文化中的每一方,面都和其他方面相互关联。,?现代文化人类学认为文化具有如下的四个本质特征:1、文化是经,三、文化的分类,三、文化的分类,?,文化语言学的分类法,1,、物质文化,(material culture),2,、制度文化,(institutional culture),3,、精神文化,( mental culture),:心理文化和,观念文化,?文化语言学的分类法1、物质文化(material cult,?,奈达的分类法,1,、,Ecological Culture,生态文化,2,、,Material Culture,物质文化,3,、,Social Culture,社会文化,4,、,Religious Culture,宗教文化,5,、,Linguistic Culture,语言文化,?奈达的分类法1、Ecological Culture 生态,Shall I compare thee to,a summer,s day,?,Thou art more lovely and more temperate,(,Shakespeare,,,Sonnet18,),?,我可能把你和,夏天,相比拟?,?,你比夏天更可爱更温和:(梁实秋译),穷困时,就一个人跑去马路上,喝西北,风,(谢冰莹饥饿),?,When I,m broke, I,ll go strolling around,the streets alone,on an empty stomach,. (by,Zhang Peiji),Shall I compare thee to a sum,1,、生态文化(,Ecological Culture,),?,各民族生活的地域不同,生态条件也呈,现出不同的特点,表现在动物、植物、,气侯、地形面貌等方面,而生态条件也,必然影响到各民族的文化,使文化表现,出鲜明的地域性。,1、生态文化(Ecological Culture)?各民族,古人所说的,梧桐,一叶而天下知秋的遥想,,大约也就在这些深沉的地方。(郁达夫故,乡的秋),?,The same depth of implication is found in the,ancient saying that a single fallen leaf from the,wutong,tree is more than enough to inform the,world of the autumn,s presence. (by Zhang,Peiji),?,“,夫,鹓雏,,,发于南海而飞于北海;非梧桐不,止,”,(庄子秋水),?,“无言独上西楼,月如钩。寂寞梧桐深院锁,清秋。”(李煜相见欢),?,“梧桐更兼细雨,到黄昏,点点滴滴。这次,第,怎一个愁字了得。”(李清照声声,慢),?,Chinese parasol tree,古人所说的梧桐一叶而天下知秋的遥想,大约也就在这些深沉,真愿成为诗人,把一切好听好看的字都浸,在自己的,心血,里,像,杜鹃似的啼出,北平的,俊伟。(老舍想北平),?,If only I were a poet so that, with all the,sweet and beautiful words at my command,I could sing of the grandeur of Peiping in,as,longing a note,as,that of a cuckoo,!,(by,Zhang Peiji),真愿成为诗人,把一切好听好看的字都浸在自己的心血里,像杜鹃,2,、物质文化(,Material Culture,),?,生活的衣食住行等等,I don,t like,Welsh rabbit,.,我不喜欢吃威尔士,的烤面包片。,star fruit,杨桃(,carambola,),pink lady,粉红佳人,(a kind of wine),(赵辛楣)一肚皮的酒,几乎全化成,酸醋,。,The wine in Hsin-mei,s stomach turned to,sour,vinegar in his jealousy,.,2、物质文化(Material Culture)?生活的衣食,3,、社会文化(,Social Culture,),?,一个民族或社会的价值观、人际关系、,政治经济关系、传统观念、风俗习惯等,等。,?,价值观的不同,?,人际关系的区别,?,不同民族的社会文化对于颜色都有不,同的喜好和禁忌,3、社会文化(Social Culture)?一个民族或社会,individualism vs. collectivism,red:,individualism vs. collectivis,4,、宗教文化(,Religious Culture,),他(父亲)心情不好,准责备儿子,从前不用,功急时抱佛脚,,也许还有一堆“亡羊补牢,,教学相长”的教训,。(钱钟书围城),?,If his father were in bad mood, he would,undoubtedly rebuke him for,not having,studied harder before and only cramming,everything in at the last minute,. There might,even be admonitions about,“,repairing the fold,after the sheep are lost,”, or,“,one learns as one,teaches.,”,4、宗教文化(Religious Culture)他(父亲,Judas,犹大,指“叛徒,奸细”,Eden,伊甸园,指“人间乐土”,Fig leaves,无花果叶子,指“遮羞布”,A mess of pottage,一碗红豆汤,指“办事鼠目寸光”,He is the salt of earth.,他是社会中坚。(,the salt of earth, the light of the,world,被比喻为基督教徒在世上必须成为众人的榜样。,现引申为社会中坚,中流砥柱),无事不登三宝殿。,No one comes to the Hall of Trinity without a reason.,Only goes to the temple when one in trouble.,Judas 犹大,指“叛徒,奸细”Eden 伊甸园,指“,5,、语言文化(,Linguistic Culture,),?,语言文字的语音、词汇和句法等具有独特的特点,,当语言表达形式上的这些特点本身作为信息的内,容传达时,因为语言文化的差异,可译性受到一,定限制。,“,you had got to the fifth bend, I think?,”,“,I had not!,”,cried the Mouse, sharply and very,angrily.,5、语言文化(Linguistic Culture)?语言文,“,A knot!,”,said Alice,“,oh, do let me help to,undo it.,”,“,.,你说到了第五个弯儿了,不是么?”,那老鼠很凶很怒地道:“我,没有到,!”,爱丽丝道:“你,没有刀,么?让我给你找一,把罢!”(赵元任译),“A knot!”said Alice, “oh, do l,
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