资源描述
Unit5NelsonMandela-amodernheroBy WHY2017.11Grammar定语从句之关系副词定语从句之关系副词The strucure of an attributive clause先行词先行词主句中被修饰或限主句中被修饰或限定的名词或代词定的名词或代词关系词关系词关系代词和关系副词,引导定语从句关系代词和关系副词,引导定语从句并代替先行词在从句中做相同成分并代替先行词在从句中做相同成分从句从句1、缺少主语、缺少主语/宾语宾语/状语状语/定语;定语;2、但必须有谓语;、但必须有谓语;3、所缺成分具有唯一性;、所缺成分具有唯一性;4、缺什么补什么;、缺什么补什么;+WHY?已经作定语从句中的成分已经作定语从句中的成分定定语语从从句句好好像像一一面面镜镜子子,对对先先行行词词进进行行描描述述先行词先行词就是主就是主句中的句中的“本人本人”同指同指关系关系关系词关系词就是就是“镜子镜子”里的里的“自己自己”,在定语从句中代替先行词在定语从句中代替先行词这种情况不会出现,因为先行词或关系词这种情况不会出现,因为先行词或关系词作定语从句中的相同成分(同指关系)作定语从句中的相同成分(同指关系)先行词作定语从句中的先行词作定语从句中的主语或宾语主语或宾语,关系词也要作定语从句中的关系词也要作定语从句中的主语或宾语主语或宾语,因而选用因而选用关系代词关系代词引导定语从句。引导定语从句。先行词作定语从句中的先行词作定语从句中的状语状语,关系词也要作定语从句中的关系词也要作定语从句中的状语状语,因而选用因而选用关系副词关系副词引导定语从句。引导定语从句。先行词先行词关系词关系词Have you learned about the city where we are visiting?Have you learned about the city which we are paying a visit?(which/that)及物动词后缺宾语及物动词后缺宾语及物动词后有宾语,缺状语及物动词后有宾语,缺状语whereThisistheverypenthatyougaveittomebefore.Idliketolendyousomebookswhichyouaresuretofindtheminteresting.这种情况不会出现,因为这种情况不会出现,因为关系词关系词已经作了定语已经作了定语从句中的成分,定语从句中不能出现相同成分从句中的成分,定语从句中不能出现相同成分先先行行词词关系词关系词I still remember the years when we studied together then.I found the book at the placewhere I lost it there yesterday.This is the point whereI disagree with.改错:改错:定语从句中重复出现先行词或关系词所作的成分定语从句中重复出现先行词或关系词所作的成分引导定语从句的关系词引导定语从句的关系词只指代人只指代人 只指代事物只指代事物 人、物皆可人、物皆可 指地点指地点 指时间指时间 指原因指原因 who,whomwhichthat,whose,aswherewhenwhy关关系系代代词词关关系系副副词词作定语作定语从句中从句中的的主语、主语、主语、主语、宾语、宾语、宾语、宾语、定语等定语等定语等定语等作定语从句中的作定语从句中的状语状语状语状语英语名谚:英语名谚:The dictionary is the only place _ success comes before work.只有在字典里,只有在字典里,“成功成功”才会出现在才会出现在“工作工作”之前。之前。先行词是先行词是事物,也有事物,也有特殊修饰,但是特殊修饰,但是先行词作先行词作定语从句定语从句中的中的状语状语成分!成分!?where如何使用关系副词如何使用关系副词 Summary:关系词关系词 判判 断断 规规 律律:?先行词先行词是什么?是什么?有何特殊修饰?有何特殊修饰?作定语从句中的什么作定语从句中的什么成分成分成分成分?定语从句及主句的句式特征定语从句及主句的句式特征“四位一体四位一体”成分优先成分优先关系词的判定:关系词的判定:先行词先行词作定语从句中什么成分作定语从句中什么成分?原则上先行词作定语从句中的原则上先行词作定语从句中的主语主语主语主语、宾语宾语宾语宾语、介介介介词宾语词宾语词宾语词宾语,要用,要用关系代词关系代词关系代词关系代词引导定语从句;先行词作定引导定语从句;先行词作定语从句中的语从句中的状语状语状语状语,要用,要用关系副词关系副词关系副词关系副词引导定语从句。引导定语从句。但最难判断的是先行词到底但最难判断的是先行词到底作宾语作宾语作宾语作宾语还是还是作状语作状语作状语作状语,此时一定要抓住此时一定要抓住定语从句的谓语动词的特点定语从句的谓语动词的特点定语从句的谓语动词的特点定语从句的谓语动词的特点,特别,特别是定语从句的谓语动词是是定语从句的谓语动词是及物动词还是不及物动词及物动词还是不及物动词及物动词还是不及物动词及物动词还是不及物动词。先行词作定语从句中的先行词作定语从句中的主语、宾语、介词宾语主语、宾语、介词宾语 关系代词关系代词:who/whom/whose/that/which/as缺主语缺主语缺主语缺主语 无论谓语什么形式无论谓语什么形式主语主语 vt.vt.缺宾语缺宾语缺宾语缺宾语主语主语 vi./be vi./be 表语表语 介词介词 缺宾语缺宾语缺宾语缺宾语 主语主语 双宾语双宾语vt.vt.缺一个宾语缺一个宾语缺一个宾语缺一个宾语主语主语 vt.vt.缺宾语缺宾语缺宾语缺宾语 宾补宾补关系词的判定:关系词的判定:先行词先行词作定语从句中什么成分作定语从句中什么成分?(定语从句中缺少宾语)(定语从句中缺少宾语)关系词的判定:关系词的判定:先行词先行词作定语从句中什么成分作定语从句中什么成分?先行词作定语从句中的先行词作定语从句中的状语状语 关系副词:关系副词:when/where/why(或介词或介词which)which)主语主语 vi.vi.缺状语缺状语缺状语缺状语主语主语 vt.vt.宾语宾语 缺状语缺状语缺状语缺状语主语主语 be be 表语表语 缺状语缺状语缺状语缺状语 主语主语 be done be done(被动语态)(被动语态)缺状语缺状语缺状语缺状语主语主语 vt.vt.双宾语双宾语/复合宾语复合宾语 缺状语缺状语缺状语缺状语(定语从句中缺少状语)(定语从句中缺少状语)when,where,why&that,which Thisisthereason_(=forwhich)Ididntcomehere.Thereason_shegavemewasnottrue.why(which/that)指时间、地点或原因的先行词在定语从句中指时间、地点或原因的先行词在定语从句中作主语或宾作主语或宾语语,用关系代词,用关系代词which或或that引导定语从句;先行词如引导定语从句;先行词如在定语从句中作在定语从句中作状语状语,要使用,要使用关系副词关系副词引导定语从句引导定语从句。主语主语 vt.vt.缺宾语缺宾语主语主语 vi.vi.缺状语缺状语1)Illneverforgettheday_wefirstmetinthepark.2)Illneverforgetthetime_Ispentwithyou.3)Thisisthemuseum_Ipaidavisitlastyear.4)Thisisthemuseum_Ivisitedlastyear.when(which/that)where(which/that)when,where,why&that,which 主语主语 vi.vi.缺状语缺状语主语主语 vt.vt.缺宾语缺宾语主语主语 vt.vt.宾语宾语 缺状语缺状语主语主语 vt.vt.缺宾语缺宾语5)Thisisthestory_theoldmantoldusyoungpeople.6)Thisisthestory_theoldmantoldusyoungpeoplehisexperience.7)Thisisthepoint_Idontagree.8)Thisisthepoint_Idontagreewith.(that/which)where/inwhichwhere/withwhich(which/that)when,where,why&that,which 主语主语 双宾语双宾语vt.vt.缺一个宾语缺一个宾语主语主语 vt.vt.双宾语双宾语 缺状语缺状语主语主语 vi.vi.缺状语缺状语主语主语 vi.vi.介词介词 缺宾语缺宾语9)Later,theycametoaplace_thenativescalledtheGhostCave.10)Thisistheverycase_anewwordisuseduncorrectly,althoughithasbeenlearntbyheart.(that/which)wherewhen,where,why&that,which 主语主语 vt.vt.缺宾语缺宾语 宾补宾补主语主语 be done be done(被动语态)(被动语态)缺状语缺状语成分优先成分优先Group work:List vt.or vi.as many as you can.?Discussion容易误用作不及物动词的及物动词(vt.):enter,reach,mention(提到提到),serve,marry,discuss,fit,lack(缺乏缺乏),greet(问候问候),ring,doubt(怀疑怀疑),say等等 上述上述及物及物动词动词作作谓语谓语(后无(后无宾语宾语)时时,定定语语从句要从句要关系代关系代词词引引导导。That was a cave _ nobody had entered before.(which/that)容易误用作及物动词的不及物动词(vi.):agree,disagree,knock,object(反对反对),arrive,live,lie,flow,operate(做手术做手术),depend,stay,rely(依靠、取决于依靠、取决于),wait,work,happen,insist(坚持坚持),reply,talk,look,listen,belong,rise,give in等等上述上述不及物不及物不及物不及物动词动词动词动词作作谓语时谓语时,定,定语语从句(不缺主从句(不缺主语语)要用)要用关系副关系副关系副关系副词词词词或或介介介介词词词词加关系代加关系代加关系代加关系代词词词词引引导导。Lanzhou is a city _ the Yellow River flows.where/through which?1.Imverygladtoreturntomyhometown_Ihadlivedfor10years.2.Thisismyhometown_Iusedtotalkabouttoyou.3.IthinkIcanunderstandthereason_hedidnttellthetruthtome.4.Noonebelievesthereason_heofferedusabouthisabsenceatthemeeting.where(which/that)why(that/which)关系副词的使用:关注关系副词的使用:关注“特殊特殊”含义的先行词含义的先行词当先行词为当先行词为point,situation,case,stage等等表示表示“情况,境地,场合情况,境地,场合”或或activity/match/race/party等表示等表示“活动活动”含义的名含义的名词而且作定语从句中的词而且作定语从句中的状语状语时,其后定语从时,其后定语从句常由句常由where引导。如:引导。如:Can you think of a situation where this phrase can be used?I decided to go to the party,where I could meet some old friends.关系代词前关系代词前有介词有介词,用用which指物、用指物、用whom指指人人,不用不用that引导定语从句;引导定语从句;Thisisthehouseinwhichhewasborn.I agree with the idea _ you thought of.that/which/(left out)做做of 的宾语的宾语I agree with the idea(主句)(主句)_you thought of which.I agree with the idea _ you thought of.of which这就叫这就叫介词提前介词提前的关系代词,的关系代词,prep+关系代词。请思考:关系代词。请思考:可用于介词后的关系代词有哪几个?可用于介词后的关系代词有哪几个?请还原请还原which 在从句中的位置在从句中的位置which/whom/whose This is the boy.I played tennis _the boy yesterday.Well go to visit the famous school.We have often talked _the famous school.withaboutThis is the boy whom/that/who I played tennis with.Well go to visit the famous school which/that/we have often talked about.with aboutnOctober 1st,1949 is the day _ the Peoples Republic of China was founded.n此处此处on which=whenn有些时间介词有些时间介词+which=when某些介词某些介词+which 与关系副词之间的与关系副词之间的关系:关系:时间状语时间状语on which/when但要关注介词与关系副词之间的但要关注介词与关系副词之间的排斥性排斥性。nHave you ever dreamed of playing in front of thousands of people at a concert,_ everyone is clapping and appreciating(欣赏欣赏)your music?n此处此处at which=wheren有些方位介词有些方位介词+which=whereat which/where某些介词某些介词+which 与关系副词之间的与关系副词之间的关系:关系:地点状语地点状语nI didnt get a pay rise,but this wasnt the reason _ I left.nThe reason _ he was late was that he missed his train.n此处此处for which=whyfor which/whyfor which/why某些介词某些介词+which 与关系副词之间的与关系副词之间的关系:关系:原因状语原因状语Conclusionn介词介词+which 在定语从句中做时间状在定语从句中做时间状语时,等于语时,等于whenn介词介词+which在定语从句中做地点状在定语从句中做地点状语时,等于语时,等于wherenfor which 在定语从句中做原因状语时,在定语从句中做原因状语时,等于等于why1、介词介词+which都可以转换成关系副词吗?都可以转换成关系副词吗?2、关系代词前介词的选择有什么规律?关系代词前介词的选择有什么规律?关系代词前介词的确定关系代词前介词的确定npreposition+which(指物指物)preposition+whom(指人)(指人)preposition+whose(指所属)(指所属)How to choose the right prepositions?关系代词前介词的确定关系代词前介词的确定1.Doyoulikethebook_shespent$10?2.Doyoulikethebook_shepaid$10?3.Doyoulikethebook_shelearnedalot?4.Doyoulikethebook_sheoftentalks?onwhichforwhichfromwhichaboutwhichConclusion1)1)根据定语从句中谓语根据定语从句中谓语动词的习惯搭配来决定。动词的习惯搭配来决定。关系代词前介词的确定关系代词前介词的确定1.Wind power is an ancient source of energy _ we may return in the near future.A.on which B.by which C.to which D.from which2.Gun control is a subject _ Americans have argued for a long time.A.of which B.with which C.about which D.into whichMore PracticeMore PracticeI ll never forget the day _he made the speech._ the day+onon whichThe moment _which I made the decision is exciting._ the moment atatThe month _which I left for vocation is July._ the month in in这些介词是根这些介词是根据什么规则选据什么规则选择的呢?择的呢?2)2)根据先行词与介词的根据先行词与介词的逻辑关系搭配来决定。逻辑关系搭配来决定。关系代词前介词的确定关系代词前介词的确定The paper _ which he is writing now was bought yesterday.The pen _ which he is writing now was bought yesterday.onTest yourselveswith关系代词前介词的确定关系代词前介词的确定 Air,_ which man cant live,is really important.3 3)根据定语从句所表达的意义和逻辑)根据定语从句所表达的意义和逻辑来确定。来确定。withoutConclusion此处介词是根此处介词是根据什么规则选据什么规则选择的呢?择的呢?关系代词前介词的确定关系代词前介词的确定4)4)根据定语从句中形容词与介词的搭配。根据定语从句中形容词与介词的搭配。Hegavemesomereferencebooks_whichIamnotveryfamiliar.withConclusion此处介词是根此处介词是根据什么规则选据什么规则选择的呢?择的呢?关系代词前介词的确定关系代词前介词的确定关系代词前介词的确定关系代词前介词的确定5 5)非限制性定与从句中,要表示先行词非限制性定与从句中,要表示先行词的一部分时,可用的一部分时,可用“数词数词/代词代词 +ofof+关关系代词系代词”的结构,的结构,如:如:e.g.There are 50 students in our class,two-thirds of whom have been to Beijing.6 6)whose whose引导的定语从句可转换为引导的定语从句可转换为“of+of+关系代词关系代词”型,型,如:如:e.g.They live in a house,whose door opens to the south.They live in a house,the door of which opens to the south.They live in a house,of which the door opens to the south.关系代词前介词的确定关系代词前介词的确定Can you work them out?Fill in the blanks with proper prepositions:1.The sun gives us heat and light,_ which we cant live.2.The student _ whom we were talking just now is the best student in our class.3.Ill never forget the day _ which she said good-bye to me.4.Who can give me the reason _ which he hasnt turned up yet?foraboutonwithout 常见的这类动词短语有常见的这类动词短语有:look for/after/forward to/into;give off;set about;care for(照顾,喜照顾,喜欢欢);take care of等等.Is this the watch that you are looking for?The old man whom I am looking after is better.在在固定短语固定短语中介词不能提前中介词不能提前!下面两句中的介词能提前吗下面两句中的介词能提前吗?介词提前的关系代词介词提前的关系代词(prep+关系代词)关系代词)引导定语从句时应注意的问题引导定语从句时应注意的问题1、提前、提前介词介词+which/whom/whose+n.,不可使用,不可使用that/who/as,也,也不可省略关系代词不可省略关系代词。2、定语从句中、定语从句中固定短语中的介词不可前置固定短语中的介词不可前置。3、有些时间介词、方位介词或介词、有些时间介词、方位介词或介词for+which相当于相当于关系副词,作定语从句中的时间状语、地点状语、原关系副词,作定语从句中的时间状语、地点状语、原因状语,此时应当注意因状语,此时应当注意介词与关系副词的排斥性介词与关系副词的排斥性。4、特别注意、特别注意介词的使用错误介词的使用错误,如时间介词、方位介词、,如时间介词、方位介词、短语中固定搭配的介词、表示整体与部分关系的介词短语中固定搭配的介词、表示整体与部分关系的介词of等。等。5、注意、注意语序问题语序问题,特别是表示所属含义或整体与部分关,特别是表示所属含义或整体与部分关系含义时的语序,以及介词前置导致的定语从句倒装系含义时的语序,以及介词前置导致的定语从句倒装等。等。Correct the sentences:1.Im using the pen which he bought it yesterday.2.The man whom I spoke is from Canada.3.July 1,1999 is the day when well never forget.tothat4.Im going to work in the hospital where needs me.5.Those that havent been to the West Lake will gather at the school gate.whichwhoCorrect the sentences:n6.This is the last time when Ive given you lessons.n7.The reason which he explained it to us again sounds reasonable.thatwhyCorrect the sentences:8.Miss Chen is the only one of the few teachers who give us wonderful English lessons in our school.givesCorrect the sentences:9.Taiwan,that we know,belongs to China.10.The bike by which I travelled was the one which my father bought me last month.asonCorrect the sentences:that或去掉或去掉which定语从句关系词使用一览表定语从句关系词使用一览表 定语从句定语从句 先行词先行词 类别类别意义及成分意义及成分 限制性限制性定语从句定语从句非限制性非限制性定语从句定语从句定语从句中应注意的事项定语从句中应注意的事项 主语主语人人who,thatwho,thatwhowho1 1、关系代词不可省略;、关系代词不可省略;2 2、主谓一致;、主谓一致;3 3、谓语动词的时态、被动语态及谓语动词的完谓语动词的时态、被动语态及谓语动词的完整性;整性;物物which,that,thatwhichwhich宾语宾语人人(whom,who,(whom,who,that)that)whomwhom1 1、宾语不可重复;、宾语不可重复;2 2、非限制性定语从句中、非限制性定语从句中关系代词不可省略;关系代词不可省略;3 3、关注容易误用为不、关注容易误用为不及物动词的及物动词;及物动词的及物动词;物物(which,that)(which,that)whichwhich介词介词宾语宾语人人whomwhomwhomwhom1 1、介词的正确选择;、介词的正确选择;2 2、介词与关系副词的、介词与关系副词的排斥性;排斥性;3 3、关系代词不可省略;、关系代词不可省略;4 4、(动词)、(动词)短语的识别;短语的识别;物物whichwhichwhichwhich 定语定语人人whose,of whose,of whomwhomwhose,of whose,of whomwhom1 1、语序:、语序:whose whose n./the n./the n.n.of of which/of whichwhich/of whichthe the n.n.均可;均可;2 2、要、要保证是定语从句结构,而非并列句;保证是定语从句结构,而非并列句;3 3、主、主谓一致;谓一致;4 4、from whose from whose 的使用;的使用;物物whose,of whose,of whichwhichwhose,of whose,of whichwhich 状语状语时间时间whenwhenwhenwhen1 1、状语不可重复;、状语不可重复;2 2、先行词为抽象名词、先行词为抽象名词situation/case/statesituation/case/state等在定语从句中做等在定语从句中做状语时用状语时用wherewhere引导(如是引导(如是occasionoccasion做状语,做状语,用用 whenwhen引导);引导);3 3、a/the waya/the way在定语从句在定语从句中做状语用中做状语用in which/that/in which/that/引导;引导;4 4、介词与关系副词的排斥性;介词与关系副词的排斥性;地点地点wherewherewherewhere原因原因whywhywhywhy 定语从句常见错误定语从句常见错误1 1、定语从句中重复出现多余成分,特别是宾语、状语等。、定语从句中重复出现多余成分,特别是宾语、状语等。2 2、定语从句中谓语动词错误,特别是主谓一致、时态语态、或没有谓语。、定语从句中谓语动词错误,特别是主谓一致、时态语态、或没有谓语。3 3、误省关系代词,特别是关系代词作定语从句主语或在非限制性定语从句中。、误省关系代词,特别是关系代词作定语从句主语或在非限制性定语从句中。4 4、定语从句中关系副词与介词矛盾。、定语从句中关系副词与介词矛盾。5 5、关系代词与关系副词误用,特别是先行词表示时间、地点、原因时。、关系代词与关系副词误用,特别是先行词表示时间、地点、原因时。6 6、thesame/such先行词后误用了先行词后误用了which/that,而正确的通常是,而正确的通常是as。7 7、which与与that之间误用。之间误用。8 8、用了、用了what引导定语从句。引导定语从句。9 9、先行词前的冠词错误。、先行词前的冠词错误。1010、关系代词之前的介词错误。、关系代词之前的介词错误。1111、(非限制性)定语从句结构与并列句结构混淆。、(非限制性)定语从句结构与并列句结构混淆。1212、定语从句与其他句式混淆,主要是、定语从句与其他句式混淆,主要是“It be n.连词连词 从句从句”结结构,具体有:构,具体有:1)It be n.that/wh-1)It be n.that/wh-形式主语结构形式主语结构2)It is/was n.that/who 2)It is/was n.that/who 强调句型结构强调句型结构3)It is/was the first time that 3)It is/was the first time that 结构结构4)It is(high/about)time that 4)It is(high/about)time that 虚拟语气结构虚拟语气结构5)It be n.since/before/when 5)It be n.since/before/when 时间状语从句结构时间状语从句结构6)6)主语主语besucha(n)n.that 结果状语从句结构结果状语从句结构7 7)与地点状语从句混淆)与地点状语从句混淆8 8)与同位语从句混淆)与同位语从句混淆定语从句的基本类型及区别定语从句的基本类型及区别基本基本类型型限制性定限制性定语从句从句非限制性定非限制性定语从句从句 先行词的特点先行词的特点先行词前常有表示类别的不先行词前常有表示类别的不定冠词或与定语从句照应的定冠词或与定语从句照应的定冠词,或定冠词,或all/any/some/all/any/some/nono等不定代词等不定代词常常是专有名词或表示独一常常是专有名词或表示独一无二的含义,先行词常有形无二的含义,先行词常有形容词性物主代词或指示代词容词性物主代词或指示代词形式形式(标点)(标点)无逗号,可不停顿无逗号,可不停顿有逗号,须停顿有逗号,须停顿关系关系词that可用可用,替代替代who/whom who/whom 指人,指人,代替代替whichwhich指物指物不可用不可用定语从句定语从句与先与先行行词的关系的关系关系紧密,去掉影响句意关系紧密,去掉影响句意(不完整或不正确)(不完整或不正确)关系松散,从句附加说明主关系松散,从句附加说明主句,去掉不影响主要句意句,去掉不影响主要句意关系词的关系词的省略省略关系代词作限制性定语从句关系代词作限制性定语从句中宾语时,可以省略中宾语时,可以省略关系词不可省略关系词不可省略翻翻 译限制性定语从句限制性定语从句“的的”先行词先行词主句主句非限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句50写在最后写在最后成功的基础在于好的学习习惯成功的基础在于好的学习习惯The foundation of success lies in good habits 结束语当你尽了自己的最大努力时,失败也是伟大的,所以不要放弃,坚持就是正确的。When You Do Your Best,Failure Is Great,So DonT Give Up,Stick To The End演讲人:XXXXXX 时 间:XX年XX月XX日
展开阅读全文