十八世纪启蒙时期英国文学课件

Part Four The 18th CenturyPart Four The 18th CenturyThe Age of Enlightenment in EnglandThe Age of Enlightenment in England1688-17981688-1798 十八世纪十八世纪 英国启蒙时期英国启蒙时期the Age of Reasonthe Age of ReasonPart Four The 18th CenturyThe1.The literature of the 18th century was dominated by the interests of contending partiesThe Whigs:determined to safeguard popular liberty;The Tories:conservative,would leave as much authority as possible in the royal hands;1.The literature of the 18th 3.The development of social lifeThefirsthalfofthe18thcenturyEnglandsawtheappearanceofalargenumberofpubliccoffeehousesandprivateclubs.Nearlyallwritersfrequentedthecoffeehouses,andmattersdiscussedtherebecamesubjectsofliterature.Hencetheenormousamountof18th-centurywritingdevotedtotransientaffairs,topolitics,fashions,andgossip.3.The development of social lLiterary Development1.Neo-classicism2.sentimentalism3.Modern novel4.Romanticism5.English dramaLiterary Development1.Neo-cla概述概述英国文学史上的启蒙运动是英国文学英国文学史上的启蒙运动是英国文学18世纪世纪产生的一种进步思潮。启蒙运动产生的一种进步思潮。启蒙运动,这一时期的这一时期的思想家和作家们崇尚理性思想家和作家们崇尚理性,认为启蒙教化是改认为启蒙教化是改造社会的基本手段造社会的基本手段,因此因此18世纪又被称为世纪又被称为理理性的时代性的时代.在文学领域体现为在文学领域体现为18世纪上半期世纪上半期的的新古典主义新古典主义,代表作家有诗人蒲伯代表作家有诗人蒲伯(A.Pope)和期刊随笔的创始人斯梯尔和期刊随笔的创始人斯梯尔(R.Steele)和艾迪和艾迪生生(J.Addison).概述英国文学史上的启蒙运动是英国文学18世纪产生的一种进步思TheEnlightenmentinEuropeAprogressiveintellectualmovementbeginninginFranceandthenspreadthroughoutEurope.TheguidingprincipleorsloganisRation/Reason,naturalrightandequality.Rationbecamestandardformeasurementofeverything.Anexpressionofstruggleofthebourgeoisieagainstfeudalism.Theyattemptedtoplaceallbranchesofscienceattheserviceofmankind.Calledforuniversaleducation:acontinuationofRenaissanceinbeliefinthepossibilityofhumanperfectionthrougheducation.Itspurposewastoenlightenthewholeworldwiththelightofmodernphilosophicalandartisticideas.The Enlightenment in EuropeA p概述概述1688年的年的“光荣革命光荣革命”推翻复辟王朝，确定了君推翻复辟王朝，确定了君主立宪制，建立起资产阶级和新贵族领导的政权，主立宪制，建立起资产阶级和新贵族领导的政权，英国从此进入一个相对安定的发展时期。英国从此进入一个相对安定的发展时期。18世纪初，世纪初，新古典主义新古典主义成为时尚。新古典主义推成为时尚。新古典主义推崇理性，强调明晰、对称、节制、优雅，追求艺术崇理性，强调明晰、对称、节制、优雅，追求艺术形式的完美与和谐。形式的完美与和谐。亚历山大亚历山大蒲柏蒲柏（Alexander Pope,1688-1744）是新）是新古典主义诗歌的代表，他模仿罗马诗人，诗风精巧古典主义诗歌的代表，他模仿罗马诗人，诗风精巧隽俏，内容以说教与讽刺为主，形式多用英雄双韵隽俏，内容以说教与讽刺为主，形式多用英雄双韵体，但缺乏深厚感情。体，但缺乏深厚感情。概述 1688年的“光荣革命”推翻复辟王朝，确定了君主立宪制1.Neoclassicism新古典主义TheEnlightenmentMovementbroughtaboutarevivalofinterestintheoldclassicalworks,thistendencyisknownasneoclassicism.TheneoclassicistsheldthatformsofliteratureweretobemodeledaftertheclassicalworksoftheancientGreekandRomanwriters,suchasHomer.Addison,Steele,Popebelongedtothisschool.1.Neoclassicism 新古典主义The Enli散文散文18世纪英国散文出现繁荣，散文风格基本建世纪英国散文出现繁荣，散文风格基本建立在新古典主义美学原则之上。立在新古典主义美学原则之上。理查德理查德斯梯斯梯尔尔（Richard Steele,1672-1729）与）与约瑟夫约瑟夫艾艾迪生迪生（Joseph Addison,1672-1719）创办）创办闲闲谈者谈者（Tatler）与）与观察者观察者（Spectator）刊物，发表了许多以当时社会风俗、日常生刊物，发表了许多以当时社会风俗、日常生活、文学趣味等为题材的文章，他们清新秀活、文学趣味等为题材的文章，他们清新秀雅、轻捷流畅的文体成为后人模仿的典范。雅、轻捷流畅的文体成为后人模仿的典范。Tatler ttlspectatorspekteit,散文18世纪英国散文出现繁荣，散文风格基本建立在新古典主义美小说小说18世纪被称为世纪被称为“散文世纪散文世纪”的另一个原因是的另一个原因是小说的兴起。小说的兴起。丹尼尔丹尼尔笛福笛福（Daniel Defoe,1660-1731）的）的鲁滨逊漂流记鲁滨逊漂流记（Robinson Crusoe）采用写实的手法，描写主人公在孤）采用写实的手法，描写主人公在孤岛上的生活，塑造了一个资产阶级开拓者和岛上的生活，塑造了一个资产阶级开拓者和殖民主义者形象，具有时代精神。这部小说殖民主义者形象，具有时代精神。这部小说被认为是现实主义小说的创始之作，为笛福被认为是现实主义小说的创始之作，为笛福赢得赢得“英国小说之父英国小说之父”的称号。的称号。小说18世纪被称为“散文世纪”的另一个原因是小说的兴起。乔纳森乔纳森斯威夫特斯威夫特（Jonathan Swift,1667-1745）是英国文学史上最伟大的）是英国文学史上最伟大的讽刺散文作家，他的文风纯朴平易而有讽刺散文作家，他的文风纯朴平易而有力。斯威夫特的杰作力。斯威夫特的杰作格列佛游记格列佛游记（Gullivers Travels）是一部极具魅力）是一部极具魅力的儿童故事，同时包含着深刻的思想内的儿童故事，同时包含着深刻的思想内容。作者通过对小人国、大人国、飞岛容。作者通过对小人国、大人国、飞岛国、慧马国等虚构国度的描写，以理性国、慧马国等虚构国度的描写，以理性为尺度，极其尖锐地讽刺和抨击了英国为尺度，极其尖锐地讽刺和抨击了英国社会各领域的黑暗和罪恶。社会各领域的黑暗和罪恶。乔纳森斯威夫特（Jonathan Swift,1667-现实主义小说在现实主义小说在亨利亨利菲尔丁菲尔丁（Henry Fielding,1707-1754）的笔下得到进一步发）的笔下得到进一步发展。他的展。他的汤姆汤姆琼斯琼斯（Tom Jones）故事）故事在乡村、路途及伦敦三个不同背景下展开，向在乡村、路途及伦敦三个不同背景下展开，向读者展现了当时英国社会风貌的全景图。小说读者展现了当时英国社会风貌的全景图。小说以代表自然本性的汤姆与代表理智、智慧的索以代表自然本性的汤姆与代表理智、智慧的索菲娅终成眷属结尾，表达了感情要受理性节制菲娅终成眷属结尾，表达了感情要受理性节制的思想。全书共十八卷，每卷都以作者对小说的思想。全书共十八卷，每卷都以作者对小说艺术的讨论开始，表现出菲尔丁对小说创作的艺术的讨论开始，表现出菲尔丁对小说创作的一种理论上的自觉意识。一种理论上的自觉意识。现实主义小说在亨利菲尔丁（Henry Fielding,与菲尔丁同时代的与菲尔丁同时代的塞缪尔塞缪尔理查逊理查逊（Samuel Richardson,1689-1761）采用书信体创作了）采用书信体创作了帕米拉帕米拉（Pamela）、）、克拉丽莎克拉丽莎（Clarissa Harlowe）。他将视角投入年轻女）。他将视角投入年轻女主人公的内心深处，心理刻画淋漓尽致，令读主人公的内心深处，心理刻画淋漓尽致，令读者潸然泪下。者潸然泪下。托比亚斯托比亚斯斯摩莱特斯摩莱特（Tobias Smollett,1721-1771）是）是18世纪中叶颇具特世纪中叶颇具特色的小说家。他的色的小说家。他的蓝登传蓝登传（The Adventures of Roderick Random）继承欧洲）继承欧洲流浪汉小说传统，布局松散，是一连串发展迅流浪汉小说传统，布局松散，是一连串发展迅速、好恶交替、变化急剧的冒险经历的组合。速、好恶交替、变化急剧的冒险经历的组合。与菲尔丁同时代的塞缪尔理查逊（Samuel Richard劳伦斯劳伦斯斯特恩斯特恩（Lawrence Sterne,1713-1768）的）的项狄传项狄传（The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy）打破传统小）打破传统小说叙述模式，写法奇特。小说各章长短不一，说叙述模式，写法奇特。小说各章长短不一，有的甚至是空白。书中充满长篇议论和插话，有的甚至是空白。书中充满长篇议论和插话，并出现乐谱、星号、省略号等。斯特恩对小说并出现乐谱、星号、省略号等。斯特恩对小说形式的实验引起形式的实验引起20世纪俄国形式主义批评家的世纪俄国形式主义批评家的注意，注意，项狄传项狄传被认为是被认为是“世界文学中最典世界文学中最典型的小说型的小说”。评论家指出。评论家指出20世纪小说中的意识世纪小说中的意识流手法可以追溯到这部奇异的小说。流手法可以追溯到这部奇异的小说。劳伦斯斯特恩（Lawrence Sterne,1713-感伤主义感伤主义 18世纪中叶，英国发生了工业革命。许多作家世纪中叶，英国发生了工业革命。许多作家对资本主义工业化发展给大自然和农村传统生对资本主义工业化发展给大自然和农村传统生活方式带来的破坏发出悲哀的感叹，以大自然活方式带来的破坏发出悲哀的感叹，以大自然和情感为主题的感伤主义作品一度流行。和情感为主题的感伤主义作品一度流行。奥利弗奥利弗哥尔德斯密斯哥尔德斯密斯（Oliver Goldsmith,1730-1774）的长诗）的长诗荒村荒村（The Deserted Village）是感伤主义诗歌的杰作。）是感伤主义诗歌的杰作。感伤主义 18世纪中叶，英国发生了工业革命。许多作家对资本主托马斯托马斯格雷格雷（Thomas Gray,1716-1771）的的墓园哀歌墓园哀歌（Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard）表达诗人对时代纷乱状）表达诗人对时代纷乱状态的厌恶和对态的厌恶和对“自然简朴安排自然简朴安排”的向往，吐露的向往，吐露了他们的内心感受。了他们的内心感受。英国诗歌开始逐渐摆脱新古典主义的束缚，理英国诗歌开始逐渐摆脱新古典主义的束缚，理性的优势地位为感情或感受所代替。性的优势地位为感情或感受所代替。托马斯格雷（Thomas Gray,1716-1771）前浪漫主义思潮前浪漫主义思潮18世纪末、世纪末、19世纪初，英国诗风大变。世纪初，英国诗风大变。苏格兰农民诗人苏格兰农民诗人罗伯特罗伯特彭斯彭斯（Robert Burns,1759-1796）给英国诗坛带来一股新鲜的气息。）给英国诗坛带来一股新鲜的气息。他的抒情诗自然生动、感情真挚，讽刺诗尖锐锋利、他的抒情诗自然生动、感情真挚，讽刺诗尖锐锋利、妙趣横生。妙趣横生。威廉威廉布莱克布莱克（William Blake,1757-1827）是）是版画家兼诗人，想象奇特，极富个性。他的短诗意版画家兼诗人，想象奇特，极富个性。他的短诗意象鲜明，语言清新，后期的长诗内容比较晦涩。他象鲜明，语言清新，后期的长诗内容比较晦涩。他在诗歌中建立起自己一套独特的神话体系，具有神在诗歌中建立起自己一套独特的神话体系，具有神秘主义色彩。布莱克的革命性、独创性和复杂性使秘主义色彩。布莱克的革命性、独创性和复杂性使他成为浪漫主义诗歌的先驱。他成为浪漫主义诗歌的先驱。前浪漫主义思潮18世纪末、19世纪初，英国诗风大变。2.Sentimentalism感伤主义Sentimentalismindulgedinemotionandsentiment.CriticizedthecrueltyofthecapitalistrelationsandthegrosssocialinjusticesbroughtaboutbythebourgeoisrevolutionsandtheIndustrialRevolution.Theyreactagainstanythingrationalandtoadvocatethatsentimentshouldtaketheplaceofreason.ThomasGray,OliverGoldsmith,LaurenceStern,SamuelRichardsonarerepresentativesofthisschool.2.Sentimentalism 感伤主义Sentimen3.ThebeginningofmodernnovelModernEnglishnovelbeganinthe18thcenturyandgavetheworldsuchnovelistsasDefoe,Swift,Richardson,Fielding,SmollettandSterne.DanielDefoesRobinson CrusoewasoneoftheforerunnersoftheEnglish18thcenturyrealisticnovel.ButitwasHenryFieldingandTobiasGeorgeSmolletwhobecametherealfoundersofthegenreofthebourgeoisrealisticnovelinEnglandandEurope.3.The beginning of modern novRealist novel:bourgeoisinessence-subjectmatter,-readership,-didactic（教诲的）purpose,-form(prose,comicepic);-SamuelRichardsonsPamela(epistolary书信体),DefoesRobinson Crusoe,HenryFieldingsJoseph Andrews(comicepicinprose),Tom Jones(picaresque以歹徒为题材的),Smollett(seanovel),Sterne(sentimentality),Goldsmith,etc.Realist novel:bourgeois in eThemostfamouswritersofthisschoolareWilliamBlakeandRobertBurns.Pre-romanticismfounditsmostmanifestexpressioninthe“Gothic novel”.The most famous writers of thiGothic Novel(frommid-18thcentury)againsttherigidrationalityprincipleemphasisontheirrationalanddarksideofhumannature:theimaginative,thesupernatural,thediscarded（遗弃）MedievalcastleGothic Novel(from mid-18th c“Gothicnovel”哥特小说Setinthemedievalperiod;otherssettheminaCatholiccountry.Thelocalewasoftenagloomycastlefurnishedwithdungeons地牢,windingpassages,andslidingpanels;thetypicalstoryfocusedonthesufferingsimposedonaninnocentheroinebyacruelandlustfulvillain.madeuseofghosts,mysteriousdisappearances,sensationalandsupernaturaloccurrences.Theprincipalaimofsuchnovelswastoevokechillingterrorbyexploitingmysteryandavarietyofhorrors.“Gothic novel”哥特小说Set in the 5.Englishdramainthe18thcenturyTheEnglishdramaofthe18thcenturydidnotreachthesamehighlevelasitsnovel,butitexperiencedabrieffloweringinthesecondhalfofthiscentury.ThegreatestdramatistofthisperiodisRichardBrinsleySheridan,bestrememberedforhisThe School for Scandal.Sheridan ridn 5.English drama in the 18th cCharacteristics of Early/Pre-RomanticismRomanticismhasfiveprominentcharacteristics:1.TheRomanticMovementwasastrongreactionandprotestagainstthebondageofruleandcustom,whichgenerallytendtofetterthefreehumanspirit.2.Romanticismreturnedtonatureandtoplainhumanityforitsmaterial.Characteristics of Early/Pre-R3.Itismarkedbyrenewedinterestinmedievalidealsandliterature.4.Romanticismwasmarkedbyintensehumansympathy,anunderstandingofthehumanheart.Thesympathyforthepoor,andthecryagainstoppressiongrewstronger.5.TheRomanticMovementwastheexpressionofindividualgeniusratherthanofestablishedrules.3.It is marked by renewed intAlexander Pope(1688-1744)Alexander Pope(1688-1744)Alexander Pope 亚历山大亚历山大蒲柏蒲柏Popeisknownasagreatpoetinhisday.Heexertedmuchinfluenceupontheotherwritersofhisage.Hepopularizedtheneoclassicalliterarytradition,broughtfromFrance.HewasoneoftheearlyrepresentativesoftheEnlightenmentwhointroducedintoEnglishculturethespiritofrationalism.Hewasagreatsatiristandaliterarycriticwhooccupiedaprominentplaceinhistime.Theearlyperiodofthe18thcenturyhasoftenbeennamedafterhimas“TheAgeofPope”.satiriststristAlexander Pope 亚历山大蒲柏Pope is life storyBorntoaRomanCatholicfamilyin1688,Popewaseducatedmostlyathome,inpartduetolawsinforceatthetimeupholdingthestatusoftheestablishedChurchofEngland.Fromearlychildhoodhesufferednumeroushealthproblems,includingPottsdisease(aformoftuberculosisaffectingthespinewhichdeformedhisbodyandstuntedhisgrowth,nodoubthelpingtoendhislifeattherelativelyyoungageof56in1744.Henevergrewbeyond1.37m(4ft6in).life storyBorn to a Roman CathHisMajorWorksthePastorals(1709)（田园诗歌）theEssayonCriticism(1711)（论批评）apoemwritteninheroiccoupletsoutliningcriticaltastesandstandards;TheRapeoftheLock(1714)（卷发遇劫记）,amock-heroic(模仿英雄诗文体的)poemridiculingthefashionableworldofhisday;Essay on Man(人论)第一次把人作为专门议题来赞美和探讨。The Dunciad（愚人记/群愚史诗）His Major Worksthe Pastorals(theEssayonCriticism批评论/论批评用英雄双韵体写成的说教诗。用英雄双韵体写成的说教诗。Foolsrushinwhereangelsfeartotread.天使不敢涉足的地方,蠢人却蜂拥而前oerrishumantoforgivedivine犯错者为人，谅错者为神。ALittlelearningisadangerousthing一知半解是危险的事。the Essay on Criticism批评论/论批评TheRapeoftheLock1712年他写作了长篇讽刺诗夺发记，1714年又补充了两章。这首诗描写一家男孩偷剪了另一家女孩的一绺金发，因为此事引起两家的争执。蒲柏把此事描写得和伊利亚特中特洛伊战争一样壮观，写成了一部英雄史诗。The Rape of the Lock1712年他写作了长英译荷马的The Iliad 伊利亚特和奥德赛Odyssey 。The Dunciad（愚人记/群愚史诗）一首四卷的讽刺诗英译荷马的The Iliad 伊利亚特Essay on Man(人论)用英雄双韵体写成的哲理诗。由四封写给当时哲学家的信笺组成。Onetruthisclear,whateveris,isright.一个事实毋庸置疑，凡存在的，必合理。Essay on Man(人论)用英雄双韵体写成的哲理诗。由Features and LimitationAmasterofheroiccouplet.Inwritingheroiccouplets,noonehasbeenabletoapproachhim.Popelackslyricalgift（缺乏抒情天赋）,artificial（造作）andobscure（晦涩）.Hissatireisnotalwaysjust.ButWilliamBlakeconsideredhisworksaselegantformalismwhileByronthoughthighlyofhim.Features and LimitationA masteJonathanSwift(1667-1745)乔纳森斯威夫特HislifeThemostpowerfulsatiristoftheage(hispamphlets)Havenoequalatpamphletwritingsatirist strist Jonathan Swift(1667-1745)乔纳森HisLifeHewasborninDublinin1667.Hisfatherdiedbeforehewasborn,andhismotherwaspoor,andhisrelativeshelpedhim,butgrudgingly.HestudiedatTrinityCollege,Dublin,buthedetestedtheroutinecurriculum,readingonlythingappealingtohisnature.Hewasoftenatwarwithauthorities.Between1689and1699heworkedasaprivatesecretarytoadistantkinsmanSirWilliamTemple.His LifeHe was born in Dublin Whilethenoblemanfearedthelashofhispen,thecommonfolkfeltthewarmthofhiskindness.Rememberinghowhehadsufferedinhisyouth,hetriedtohelpeveryyoungmanoftalentwhoseemeddeserving.Hewasafflictedbyabrainillnessfromhisearlyyouthandhedidnotmarry.Hisdiseaseendedinmadnessandhediedin1745ingreatmisery.Inhiswill,hebequeathedallhispropertytoamad-houseinDublin.Itisnowstillthere,called“Dr.SwiftsMadhouse”.While the nobleman feared the HismainworksA tale of a Tub(1704):intheformofaparable（寓言）.AsatireuponallreligioussectsofChristianity.木桶的故事木桶的故事The Battle of the Books（1704):unfinished.Anattackonpedantry（迂腐，假学者）intheliteraryworldofthetimebythestoryoftheBeeandtheSpider.书籍的战斗书战His main worksA tale of a Tub BickerstaffAlmanac比克斯塔夫历书almanac:lmnkn.历书；年鉴Bickerstaff AlmanacGulliversTravels(1726)格列佛游记AModestproposal(1729)一个温和的建议TheDrapiersLetters(1724-1725)德拉皮尔的信十八世纪启蒙时期英国文学课件Gullivers TravelsGullivers TravelsrelatestheadventuresofLemuelGulliver,（Gulliverliv）anEnglishsurgeon,who,inthefirstquarterofthe18thcentury,embarksonfourvoyagestounknownpartsoftheworld.Ineachcase,eventsbeyondhiscontrolinterrupthisprogress:astormatsea,thecowardiceofhisshipmates,thecrueltyofpirates,andthetreacheryofhisownsailors.Gullivers Travels GulliverHeisstrandedinLilliput,alandofverysmallpeople;inBrobdingnag,alandofgiants;inLaputa,Balninarbi,Glubbdubdrib,Luggnagg,andJapan,landsofscientificspeculationandmagic;andfinallyinthelandoftheHouyhnhnms,wheredegeneratehumansserveasbeastsofburdenforamasterraceofhorses.He is stranded in Lilliput,a GulliversTravel Gullivers Travel Four Parts:The1stpart:GulliverstravelsinLilliput(SwiftsatirizedtheToriesandtheWhigsbytheuseofhighandlowheels.ReligiousdisputeswerelaughedatbytheproblemwhichdividedtheLilliputians:“Shouldtheeggbebrokenatthebigendorthelittleend?”)The2ndpart:thevoyagetoBrobdingnag.(GulliverlaughedatthestruttingandbowingofEnglishlordsandladies)The3rdpart:theFlyingIsland-theIslandofSorcerors.Asatireonphilosophersandprojectors,wholivedintheair.The4thpart:thebitterestsatire.Inthecountryofhorses,wherehorseswerepossessedofreason,andwerethegoverningclass,whiletheYahoos,thoughintheshapeofman,werebrutebeastswithvices.HepraisedthelifeandvirtuesofthehorseswhilehewasdisgustedwiththeYahoos,whoserelationsremindedhimofthoseexistinginEnglishsociety.十八世纪启蒙时期英国文学课件Introduction Swifts greatest satire work,Gullivers Travels,is written in 1726,the book has not lost its significance to the present day and can be justly ranked among the best novel of world literature.Introduction Swifts greatesPlotandMajorCharacters Writtenintheformofatraveljournal,Gullivers TravelsisthefictionalaccountoffourextraordinaryvoyagesmadebyLemuelGulliver,aphysicianwhosignsontoserveasashipssurgeonwhenheisunabletoprovidehisfamilywithasufficientincomeinLondon.Plot and Major Characters Gullivermakesourdeep-seavoyages,whicharedescribedinthefourpartsofthebook.Lilliput利立浦特(小人国）Laputa（飞岛国）Brobdingnag布罗丁奈格（大人国）Houyhnhnms慧马国 Gulliver makes our deepFirstvoyage-Lilliput（利立普特）On the very first voyage,Gulliver is shipwrecked.Ofalltheshipscrewhealonesurvives.Heswimstotheshoreofastrangeland,inhabitedbyLilliputians,thetallestofwhomissixincheshigh.First voyage-Lilliput（利立普特）When bending my eyes downward as much as I could,I perceived a human not six inches high!When bending my eThe king of lilliputThe king of lilliputLittle by little he gets used to their life and even takes part in the war with the neighbouring state of Blefuseu.Treason叛国罪Little by little he gets used Major themesThefirstvoyagehasbeeninterpretedasanallegorical(讽喻的)satireofthepoliticaleventsoftheearlyeighteenthcentury,acommentaryonthemoralstateofEngland.ThewarwiththetinyneighboringislandrepresentsEnglandsrivalry（对抗）betweenWhigsandTories.Major themesThe first voyage hwater-towerSecondvoyage-Brobdingnag（布罗丁奈格）Gulliver finally escapes Lilliput and returns briefly to England before a second voyage takes him to Brobdingnag.While on shore,Gulliver is captured by giants,each of whom is the size of a .water-towerSecond voyage-Bro On the whole,the Brobdingnagians are good-natured creatures,and they treat Gulliver kindly,though they are amused by his tiny size and looked upon him as a plaything.On the whole,theGulliverGulliver Compare with Lilliput,the Brobdingnagians have an enlightened monarch（开明的君主）.She often interrogates（询问）Gulliver on European affairs.Compare with Lilliput,the Gulliver abruptly departs Brobdingnag when a giant eagle flies off with him and drops him in the ocean.（2 years）Gulliver abruptly departs BThird voyage-Laputa（勒普它岛）He soon embarks on his third voyage to the flying island of LaputaThird voyage-Laputa（勒普它岛）Laputa is a mysterious land inhabited by scientists,magicians,and sorcerers（男巫）who engage in ridiculous experiment.Laputa is a mysteriou The intellectuals of Laputa were far too busy having great thoughts to be burdening with the chores of farming.So they just flying over lands,collecting Brain Taxes（人头税）from the villages below.Then buckets would be lowered to be filled with food and drink and whatever else they want.The intellectuals o The voyage to Laputa is a scathing（尖刻的）attack upon science in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries and reveals Swifts contempt and disdain for abstract theory and ideology（思想）that is not of practical service to human.Major themes The voyage to Laputa is a sFinalvoyage-Houyhnhnm慧马国HouyhnhnmhuihnmFinal voyage-Houyhnhnm慧马国HoHouyhnhnmHorseYahooVeritable replicas of human racedebased humanityRational and virtuousHouyhnhnmHorseYahooVeritableRaIn Houyhnhnms language There is no evil,no lie,no illness,no power,no war,no government,no law,no punishment and thousands of other things that exists in the society.Houyhnhnmsareasuperiorraceofintelligenthorses.In Houyhnhnms language AnythingbadisaboutYahoosYahoos,avile(极坏的)anddepraved（堕落的）raceofape-likecreatures.Anything bad is about YahoosYa Gulliver is eventually exiled from Houyhnhnm society when the horses gently insist that Gulliver must return to live among his own kind.After this fourth and final voyage,he returns to England,where he has great difficulty adjusting to everyday life.All people everywhere remind him of the Yahoos.Gulliver is eventuall ThefinalvoyagerevealsSwiftsultimatesatiricobjectmansinabilitytocometotermswithhistruenature.TheYahoosasasatiricrepresentationofdebased(品质恶劣的)humanity,whiletakingtheHouyhnhnmsasrepresentativesofSwiftsidealsofrationalityandorder.Majorthemes The final voyage reveals SwGullivers Travels 格列佛游记格列佛游记斯威夫特最著名的寓言小说。以里塞缪尔斯威夫特最著名的寓言小说。以里塞缪尔格列佛船长的口气叙述周游四国的情景。格格列佛船长的口气叙述周游四国的情景。格列佛船长到达的第一个国家是列佛船长到达的第一个国家是小人国小人国，居民，居民身高仅身高仅6英寸。君主和大臣贪婪残暴，党派英寸。君主和大臣贪婪残暴，党派之间倾轧争夺，国家之间战祸连绵不断，都之间倾轧争夺，国家之间战祸连绵不断，都为映射时政而发。格列佛然后来到了为映射时政而发。格列佛然后来到了大人国大人国，居民身高有如铁塔。格列佛在与大人国国王居民身高有如铁塔。格列佛在与大人国国王谈话时竭力宣扬英国政体之完善，军威之无谈话时竭力宣扬英国政体之完善，军威之无敌，武器之高超，但都受到国王的谴责。敌，武器之高超，但都受到国王的谴责。Gullivers Travels 格列佛游记斯威夫特最著随后格列佛来到随后格列佛来到飞岛国飞岛国。飞岛国有一块属地，。飞岛国有一块属地，如果居民稍有不顺，飞岛就飞临上空断其阳如果居民稍有不顺，飞岛就飞临上空断其阳光，或降落在国土之上，把属地居民压成粉光，或降落在国土之上，把属地居民压成粉末。这是对英国剥削爱尔兰的殖民主义政策末。这是对英国剥削爱尔兰的殖民主义政策的尖锐抨击。最后格列佛来到的尖锐抨击。最后格列佛来到贤马国贤马国，统治，统治者是具有高度理性的贤马，另外有人形动物，者是具有高度理性的贤马，另外有人形动物，他们贪婪忌妒凶残心毒，从外表到内心都令他们贪婪忌妒凶残心毒，从外表到内心都令人憎恶，可以说是罪恶的化身。斯威夫特借人憎恶，可以说是罪恶的化身。斯威夫特借此表明，如果人类让贪欲战胜理智，人类就此表明，如果人类让贪欲战胜理智，人类就可能堕落成为人形动物。这是对资本主义社可能堕落成为人形动物。这是对资本主义社会的猛烈抨击。会的猛烈抨击。随后格列佛来到飞岛国。飞岛国有一块属地，如果居民稍有不顺，飞Masterpiece:Gullivers TravelsIt contains four parts,each about one particular voyage during which Gulliver has extraordinary adventures.The four places he visits are:Lilliput,Brobdingnag,the Flying Land and the Houyhnhnm land,where he meets the Yahoos,hairy,wild,low and despicable brutes,who resemble human beings not only in appearance but also in almost every other way.Masterpiece:Gullivers TravelAs a whole,the novel is a bitter satire and harsh criticism of all aspects in the then English and European life philosophically,socially,politically,scientifically,religiously,and morally.As a whole,the novel is a bitGullivers Travels In the first part Gulliver describes his shipwreck in Lilliput where the tallest people were six inches high.The emperor believed himself to be the delight and terror of the universe,but such a belief appeared quite absurd to Gulliver who was twelve times as tall as he.In his account of the two parties in the country,distinguished by the use of high and low heels,Swift satirizes the Tories and the Whigs in England.Gullivers Travels In the firsPart 1:to LilliputPart 1:to LilliputIn the second part,the voyage to Brobdingnag.Gulliver found himself a dwarf among men 60 feet in height.The King,who regarded Europe as if it were an anthill,said,“I cannot but conclude the bulk of your(Gullivers)natives to be the most pernicious race of little odious vermin that Nature ever suffered to crawl upon the surface of the earth.”And Gulliver,after living among