《英语修辞学》第一章课件

ChapterOneIntroductiontoEnglishRhetoricEnglishRhetoric1ChapterOneIntroductiontoContentsofThisChapter.AbouttheCourse.DefinitionofRhetoric.ClassificationofRhetoric.Purposeoflearningrhetoric.ArrangementandRequirements2ContentsofThisChapter.Abo1.OptionalcourseofEnglishMajor2.Learners:SeniorsofEnglishMajor3.Maincontent:AbouttheCourseuGeneralideaaboutEnglishrhetoricabriefandinterestingsurveyofthehistoryofrhetoricwithemphasisonseveralmajorclassicalrhetoriciansandtheirtheoriesandapplicationuCommunicativerhetoricthechoiceofwords,thechoiceofsentences,paragraphandessayconstructionuAestheticrhetoric:figuresofspeech(phonetic,syntactic,semantic,logic)31.OptionalcourseofEnglish4.Assessment:ExamTotalgrades=20%ofRegularGrades+80%oftheFinalExam*RegularGradesconsistsof10%ofclassattendanceand10%ofassignments5.TextBook胡曙中：现代英语修辞学，上海外语教育出版社，2011年9月第1版6.ReferenceBooks黄任：英语修辞与写作，上海外语教育出版社，1999.张秀国：英语修辞学，清华大学出版社、北京交通大学出版社，2005李鑫华：英语修辞格详论，上海外语教育出版社，200044.Assessment:Exam5.TextBooWhoever does not study rhetoric will become a victim of it.-Ancient Greek wall inscriptionHistories make men wise;poets,witty;the mathematics,subtle;natural philosophy,deep,moral,grave;logic and rhetoric,able to contend.-Francis BaconDefinitionofRhetoric5WhoeverdoesnotstudyrhetoriPlatoandAristotleThe study of rhetoric goesbacktoancientGreece,whenspeakersbegantopracticetheartofpersuasionincourtsoflaw.Theancientsrealizedthatpresentation is as important,orperhapsmoreimportant,asfacts.6PlatoandAristotleThestudyo2.1OriginofWesternRhetoricItissaidthatthe“artofrhetoric”originatedinSyracuse锡锡拉拉库库扎扎(意意大大利利西西西西里里岛岛东东部部一一港港市市),aGreekcolonyontheislandofSicily,in about 465 B.C.When the dictators on the island wereoverthrownanddemocracywasestablished,peoplewenttocourttoclaimtheownershipofthelandwhichhadbeentakenfromthemduringthedictatorsreign.However,theGreeksystemrequiredthatcitizensrepresentthemselvesincourtinsteadofhiringattorneystospeakontheirbehalfaswecantoday.Therefore,therhetoriccameinto being to“make the best possible case and to represent itpersuasivelytothejury”(HuShuzhong,2011:433).Probate court 遗嘱检验法庭72.1OriginofWesternRhetoric2.22.2rhetoricandoratoryrhetoricandoratoryOratory:Oratory:Oratory had been practiced long before the ancient Oratory had been practiced long before the ancient rhetoricians developed a theory and a vocabulary for rhetoric.rhetoricians developed a theory and a vocabulary for rhetoric.thefoundationofrhetoricthefoundationofrhetoric morethanordinaryspeechbutaspecialkindofpublicmorethanordinaryspeechbutaspecialkindofpublicspeaking(aspecialpurpose,aspecialway,aspecialtime)speaking(aspecialpurpose,aspecialway,aspecialtime)toimpress,convince,ormovetheaudiencetoactiontoimpress,convince,ormovetheaudiencetoactionTheythendevelopedasetofprinciplesforsuccessfulTheythendevelopedasetofprinciplesforsuccessfulcommunication.Theseprinciplesmakeuptheartofcommunication.Theseprinciplesmakeuptheartofrhetoric.rhetoric.82.2rhetoricandoratory82.32.3ConnotationConnotationofrhetoricofrhetoricOver the years the word“rhetoric”has taken on a wide range of meaning.Negativeconnotations:skillful,but often deceptive,eloquencea fraudulent practice to deal exclusively with language,rather than with ideas92.3Connotationofrhetoric9Positiveconnotations:Historically,“rhetoric”had positive connotations,suggesting acommendableskillwithwords.Today rhetoric,as it was in history,is something that people have to resort to.Rhetoric is generally understood as a tool or a method.Its content is more concerned with the HowsofwhatpeoplearetalkingaboutthantheWhatsofwhatpeoplearetalkingabout.Asatool,rhetoricisinherentlyneithergoodorbad.A deceitful person will use it to deceive and an ethical person will use it to make truth and justice prevail.10Positiveconnotations:1011111.Coldwardiplomacyandrhetoric2.Astheclamorforbasicskillscontinuetogrow,itmaybetimeforthefourthRRhetorictoreentertheclassroom.3.Campaignpromiseshaveprovedtobeemptyrhetoric.4.Despitetheirtoughanti-Americanrhetoric,thegovernmentisprivatelytryingtomaintaingoodrelationswiththeU.S.5.therhetoricoffilmDiscuss:Identifythedifferentmeaningsof“rhetoric”inthefollowingphrases/sentences:辞令辞令修辞学修辞学花言巧语花言巧语电影的修辞艺术电影的修辞艺术言论言论121.Coldwardiplomacyandrhet2.4DefinitionsofrhetoricTheword“rhetoric”hasbeendefineddifferently.a.Thestudyandpracticeofeffectivecommunication.b.Thestudyoftheeffectsoftextsonaudiences.c.Theartofpersuasion.d.Aninsincereeloquenceintendedtowinpointsandmanipulatemnipjuleitothers.现代英语修辞学研究的是人类使用符号互相交流的能力，这种能力是人类所持有的，人类使用符号来构建自己的世界，来认识自我，来和其他人一起互动，使生活更有意义。132.4Definitionsofrhetoric13通过对语言材料的选择、调整、修饰，使语言美化，更好地交流思想，表情达意。所谓“调整”，主要指依据题旨(subject)情境(occasion/context)的需要，对词语、句式、段落篇章作恰当地选择和安排；所谓“修饰”，主要指恰当地选择一些修辞手段、修辞方法，增强语言表达的艺术效能。调整的目的，就是要求语言准确、鲜明，没有丝毫的模糊，也没有丝毫的歧义，使人家清楚、明白。-杨鸿儒当代中国修辞学杨鸿儒当代中国修辞学14通过对语言材料的选择、调整、修饰，使语言美化，更好地交流思想Rhetoricistheartofrulingthemindsofmen.“(Plato)Rhetoricmaybedefinedasthefacultyofobservinginanygivencasetheavailablemeansofpersuasion.“(Aristotle,Rhetoric)Rhetoricistheartofspeakingwell.“(Quintilian)eloquencetopersuadetheirfellowsofthetruthofwhattheyhaddiscoveredbyreason(Cicero)Historiesmakemenwise;poets,witty;themathematics,subtle;naturalphilosophy,deep;moral,grave;logicandrhetoric,abletocontend.“(FrancisBacon)读史使人明智，读诗使人聪慧，数学使人周密，自然哲学读史使人明智，读诗使人聪慧，数学使人周密，自然哲学使人深刻，伦理学使人有修养，逻辑修辞使人善辩使人深刻，伦理学使人有修养，逻辑修辞使人善辩.一种能在任何一个问题上找出可能说服方式的功能。一种能在任何一个问题上找出可能说服方式的功能。Definitionsinthepast15RhetoricistheartofrulingDefinitionsindictionariespublishedinthetwentiethcentury“theartofusinglanguagesoastopersuadeorinfluenceothers;thebodyofrulestobeobservedbyaspeakerorwriterinorderthathemayexpresshimselfwitheloquence”The Oxford English Dictionary,1933“theartorscienceofusingwordseffectivelyinspeakingorwriting,especiallyofliterarycomposition”Websters New World Dictionary of the American Language,1972“theartofpersuasiveorimpressivespeakingorwriting;languagedesignedtopersuadeorimpress(butperhapsinsincereorexaggerated)”The Concise Oxford Dictionary,1982“languageusedtopersuadeorinfluencepeople,especiallybypoliticians;theartofspeakingorwritingtopersuadeorinfluencepeople”Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English,199516DefinitionsindictionariespuClassificationsofrhetoric（1）Theoreticalrhetoric（理论修辞）（理论修辞）andpracticalrhetoric（实践修辞）（实践修辞）:Theoreticalrhetoricdealswiththeoreticalproblemsofrhetoric;PracticalrhetorichelpsusimproveourabilitytousetheEnglishlanguageeffectively.（2）Communicativerhetoric（交际修辞）（交际修辞）andaestheticrhetoric（美学修辞）（美学修辞）17Classificationsofrhetoric（uCommunicativerhetoric:（passiverhetoric)Emphasizesthechoiceofwordsandphrases,andselectionofsentencepatterns,organizingparagraphsandwholepiecesofwritinginsuchawaythatideasareexpressedmoreclearly,moreaccuratelyandmoreappropriatelyandthebestresultsareachievedincommunication.Rhetoricofwords(thechoiceofwords);Rhetoricofsentence(thechoiceofsentences);Rhetoricofparagraphs(thearrangementofparagraphs);Rhetoricofdiscouse(thediscursive(推论的，论证的推论的，论证的)patterns)18Communicativerhetoric:（pasE.g.a:她的耳朵上她的耳朵上戴着戴着两只金色的大耳环。两只金色的大耳环。b:她的耳朵上她的耳朵上吊着吊着两只金色的大耳环。两只金色的大耳环。c:她的耳朵上她的耳朵上挂着挂着两只金色的大耳环。两只金色的大耳环。d:她的耳朵上她的耳朵上缀着缀着两只金色的大耳环。两只金色的大耳环。e:她的耳朵上她的耳朵上镶着镶着两只金色的大耳环。两只金色的大耳环。f:她的耳朵上她的耳朵上摇着摇着两只金色的大耳环。两只金色的大耳环。We are very busy and have to be on time by taking school bus every day.We are awfully busy and have to be punctuate by shuttle bus every day.We are as busy as bees,and have to be accurate like a space shuttle as commuters every day.19E.g.Weareverybusyandhave例如：在例如：在ElizabethRazzi写的题为写的题为10WaystoLosePounds的文章中，的文章中，“减肥减肥”的表达竟有的表达竟有8种，文笔活泼，文采灿然：种，文笔活泼，文采灿然：1.Trytoshed a few extra pounds?2.Studiesshowtheseeffortsmayshave off the pounds quickly.3.Herearetensimplestrategiesthatcanhelpmelt away your fat forever.4.likealogicalwaytopeel off a few pounds.5.roughlytheamountneededtoburn off one pound.6.Youmusteatlesstolose weight.7.Akeyobstacletodropping extra poundsisafter-dinnersnacking.8.10WaystoLose Pounds.以上以上8句中的斜体字让我们欣赏了英语词汇的活力与风采。句中的斜体字让我们欣赏了英语词汇的活力与风采。20例如：在ElizabethRazzi写的题为10WaysOnemoreexampleEnglish offers a fascinating variety of words for many activities and interests.When we say a man is walking,we can also say that a man is marching,pacing,patrolling,stalking,striding,treading,tramping,stepping out,prancing,strutting,prowling,plodding,strolling,shuffling,staggering,sidling,trudging,toddling,rambling,roaming,sauntering,meandering,lounging,loitering,or creeping.But each of them conveys to us a slightly different meaning.No matter which word we use,it should match our thought and suit to the occasion.21OnemoreexampleEnglishoffersstalk:高视阔步高视阔步,大踏步走大踏步走stride:大踏步走大踏步走;跨过跨过tread:步行于步行于,在在上走上走;踩踩(烂烂),践踏践踏trudge trd:trd:v.沉重地走沉重地走,蹒跚地走蹒跚地走prance pr:ns pr:ns v.腾跃腾跃,欢跃欢跃,昂首阔步昂首阔步shufflefl:拖曳拖曳,慢吞吞地走慢吞吞地走Sidlesaidl:v.(偷偷地偷偷地)侧身而行侧身而行saunters:nt:v.闲逛闲逛,漫步漫步loungelaund:v.闲荡闲荡,懒洋洋地躺卧懒洋洋地躺卧loiterlit:v.闲荡闲荡,虚度虚度,徘徊徘徊creepkri:p:v.爬爬,徐行徐行,蠕动蠕动22stalk:高视阔步,大踏步走22uAestheticrhetoric:(activerhetoric)FiguresofspeechPhoneticfiguresofspeech(sounds);Syntacticfiguresofspeech(structures);Semanticfiguresofspeech(meanings)Logicalfiguresofspeech(reason)Alliteration,assonance,consonance,onomatopoeia,Repetition,anaphora,parallelism,antithesis,Climax,anticlimax,rhetoricalquestion,Simile,metaphor,metonymy,synecdoche,Allegory,allusion,hyperbole,understatement,Irony,oxymoron,23Aestheticrhetoric:(activerhCommunicativerhetoricconcise(简洁)clear(清楚)precise/exact(精确)coherent(流畅)expressive(富于表现力)Aestheticrhetoricvivid(生动)-To form a picture in your mind.colorfulexpressive24CommunicativerhetoricAesthet有学者指出：修辞修辞与语法语法、逻辑逻辑的关系：语法语法研究语言的结构规律；逻辑逻辑研究思维形式和思维规律；修辞修辞研究如何根据需要有效地使用语言，强化语言信息、提升语言感染力、增强语言表达效果的一种艺术，一种说话、写文章得体、优美、有效的“美言术美言术”。也就是说：语法语法管的是“通不通”，逻辑逻辑管的是“对不对”，修辞学修辞学管的是“好不好”。Rhetoric、GrammarandLogic25有学者指出：修辞与语法、逻辑的关系：Rhetoric、GraPurposeoflearningrhetoric1)Toimproveourabilitytopolishourwriting.BestchoiceofwordsBestchoiceofsentenceconstructionsAppropriateuseoffiguresofspeech2)Toimproveourabilityofanalysisandappreciation.3)Toimproveourabilityofcomprehensionandtranslation.4)Toimproveourflexibleabilitybyrhetoricaltransformation.26PurposeoflearningrhetoricExampleA invites B out to dinner,but B cant make it because he has another engagement.What would B say?Here are two versions:l(1)“Im sorry I cant.I have no time.Im engaged.”l(2)“Thats very kind of you,but Im afraid I cant make it because I have another engagement.Thank you all the same.”27ExampleAinvitesBouttodinnArrangementandRequirementsSchedule (6 weeks)Introduction (2 credit hours)Development of Rhetoric (2 credit hours)Communicative Rhetoric(2 credit hours)Aesthetic Rhetoric(4 credit hours)Revision(2 credit hours)Class attendance and participationNote-taking28ArrangementandRequirementsAssignmentSupposeyouneedtowritetwolettersofthanks,oneofwhichistoanoldfriend,theothertoanewbusinesspartner.Youmaycomposethebodiesofyourlettersasfollows:l(1)“ImwritingtothankyouforyourhospitalityduringmyrecenttriptoMilan.IhadamostenjoyabletimeandIthinkourmeetingswereverysuccessful.IlookforwardtoseeingyouwhenyouvisitShanghaiinMay.”l(2)“ThisisjustashortnotetothankyouforaverypleasanteveningwhileIwasinFlorence.Itisalwaysgoodtoseeoldfriendsagainanditwasinterestingtohearyourarrival.Hopewecanmeetforlunch.”Trytocommentonabovetwoletters.29Assignment29