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生物化学-biochemistry ppt课件References:1.Hames&Hooper主编.Instant Notes in Biochemistry（导读版）.科学出版社.2008年.（Third Edition）2.查锡良主编.生物化学(第七版).人民卫生出版社.2008 年4月2IntroductionlFoundations of Modern BiochemistrylBiochemistry:An Interdisciplinary SciencelUses of BiochemistrylTeaching PlanlTeaching ArrangementlSubject Achievement5Foundations of Modern BiochemistrylGoals of biochemistry Biochemistry seeks to describe the structure,organization,and functions of living matter in molecular terms.living matter:生物体;in molecular terms:以分子的观点;at molecular levels:从分子水平67Foundations of Modern BiochemistrylIt can be divided into three principal areas:(1)The structural chemistry of the components of living matter and the relationship of biological function to chemical structure.(2)Metabolism the totality of chemical reactions that occur in living matter.(3)The chemistry of processes and substances that store and transmit biological information(Molecular Genetics).8NotelAll living matters usually have the following properties:(1)movement(2)irritability(应激性)(3)growth(4)adaptation(5)reproduction9Foundations of Modern BiochemistrylBiochemistrys roots as a distinct field of study date to(起始于)the early 19th century by Friedrich Whler.In 1828,Whler:synthesized urea in lab from the inorganic compound ammonium cyanate.In 1875,Walter Flemming:discovered chromosomes and identified it as genetic elements by 1902.ammonium cyanate(氰酸铵)10Foundations of Modern Biochemistryl1930-1950,electron microscope:provided a whole new level of insight into cellular structure.subcellular organelles could be studied,like mitochondria and chloroplasts realized that specific biochemical processes were localized in these subcellular particles.11Foundations of Modern BiochemistrylNucleic acids had been isolated in 1869 by Friedrich Miescher,but their chemical structures were poorly understood,and in the early 1900s they were thought to be simple substances,fit only for structural roles in the cell.12Foundations of Modern BiochemistrylThe idea of the gene,a unit of hereditary information,was first proposed in the mid-nineteenth century by Gregor Mendel.lBy about 1900,cell biologists realized that genes must be found in chromosomes,which are composed of proteins and nucleic acids.13Foundations of Modern BiochemistrylMost biochemists believed that only the proteins were structurally complex enough to carry genetic information.That belief was dead wrong.lExperiments in the 1940s and early 1950s proved conclusively that deoxyribonucleic acid(DNA)is the bearer of genetic information.(dead:绝对地，完全地)14Foundations of Modern BiochemistrylOne of the most important advances in the history of science occurred in 1953,when James Watson and Francis Crick described the double-helical structure of DNA(revolving ladder of life).(revolving ladder:旋梯)lNP,in 196215Interweaving of the historical traditions of biochemistry,cell biology,and genetics lThis concept immediately suggested ways in which information could be encoded in the structure of molecules and transmitted intact from one generation to the next.lBiochemistry,cell biology,and genetics became tightly interwoven,and the new science of molecular biology emerged.interweave:（使）交织16Foundations of Modern BiochemistrylThe distinction between molecular biology and biochemistry is not always clear,because both disciplines take as their province the complete definition of life in molecular terms.province:（学术的）领域17Foundations of Modern BiochemistrylBiochemistry draws its major themes from:theme:主题，题目(1)Organic chemistry:describes the properties of biomolecules;(2)Biophysics:to study the structures of biomolecules;(3)Medical research:understand disease states in molecular terms;(4)Nutrition:illuminated metabolism by describing the dietary requirements for maintenance of health;18Foundations of Modern Biochemistry(5)Microbiology,single-celled organisms and viruses are ideally suited for the elucidation of many metabolic pathways and regulatory mechanisms;(6)Physiology,which investigates life processes at the tissue and organism levels;(7)Cell biology:describes the biochemical division of labor within a cell;(8)Genetics:describes mechanisms that give a particular cell or organism its biochemical identity.molecular biologybiotechnology19An Interdisciplinary SciencelBiochemistry is tightly woven into molecular biology.Molecular biology has its roots in the notion that the macroscopic phenomena of biology have a molecular basis.lThus,by understanding the molecules of biochemistry,one can ultimately unravel the complexity of organisms.notion:概念，观念;macroscopic:肉眼可见的，宏观的;unravel:解开，阐明20An Interdisciplinary SciencelAt the turn of the twentieth century,it was believed life was far too complex to be understood at any reasonable level.lBy the end of the century,however,our knowledge of the molecular underpinnings of cellular life is exploding.at the turn of the century:世纪之交;reasonable:合理的;underpinning:基础,支柱;explode:激增，剧增21Uses of BiochemistrylThe results of biochemical research:are used extensively in the world outside the laboratory in agriculture,medical sciences,nutrition,and many other fields.result:成果22Uses of BiochemistrylIn clinical chemistry,biochemical measurements on people help diagnose illnesses and monitor responses to treatment.Liver disease:measurements of blood levels of enzymes called transaminases and of a hemoglobin breakdown product called bilirubin.23Uses of BiochemistrylPharmacology and toxicology are concerned with the effects of external chemical substances on metabolism.Drugs and poisons usually act by interfering with specific metabolic pathways.e.g.:penicillinA particularly exciting prospect in contemporary biochemistry is that of creating so-called designer drugs.24Uses of BiochemistrylHerbicides and pesticides act in similar ways by blocking enzymes or receptors in the target organism.The 1st generations of these toxic agents(e.g.:DDT)so nonspecific in their effects that organisms,unforeseen and often severe damage to the environment.Biochemistry is involved inunderstanding the actions of herbicides and pesticides increasing their selectivity dealing with the mechanisms of dugs-resistance of target organisms becoming an important component of environmental science.25Teaching PlanComponentsCredit hours SemesterTheoretical course56/3.5ThirdExperimental course(unattached)32/1.0Third26Subject of PBL Teaching1.The hidden dangers of bad habits(不良习惯不良习惯的隐患的隐患)2.(time:week 11-14)27Teaching ArrangementComponentsPeriods divisionLecture52PBL teaching4 28Subject Achievement ComponentsMarksTheoretical examination70PBL teaching20Homework10Total10029Problems1.Definition,study objects and task of biochemistry.30EndIntroduction31
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