植物学-生物多样性课件

生物多样性的可持生物多样性的可持续和安全利用续和安全利用复旦大学复旦大学复旦大学复旦大学 生物多样性研究所生物多样性研究所生物多样性研究所生物多样性研究所卢宝荣卢宝荣卢宝荣卢宝荣Biodiversity Biodiversity 生物多样性生物多样性生物多样性生物多样性?生物种内（居群）、种间生物种内（居群）、种间生物种内（居群）、种间生物种内（居群）、种间及其生境的总遗传变异及其生境的总遗传变异及其生境的总遗传变异及其生境的总遗传变异BiodiversityGene diversityGene diversityEcosystem diversityEcosystem diversitySpecies diversitySpecies diversity我们眼里的我们眼里的 生物多样性生物多样性生物多样性的可持生物多样性的可持生物多样性的可持生物多样性的可持续利用续利用续利用续利用 保护保护保护保护 Green RevolutionGreen Revolution绿色革命绿色革命绿色革命绿色革命Story 1:Story 1:about a about a revolutionary event revolutionary event in world agriculturein world agricultureInternational International Rice Research Rice Research InstituteInstituteIRRI(Philippines)IRRI(Philippines)Rice variety:IR-8International International Maize and Wheat Maize and Wheat Improvement Improvement CenterCenterCIMMYT(Mexico)CIMMYT(Mexico)Wheat variety:Wheat variety:Nongling 10Nongling 10Green revolutionDoubled,or tripled world rice Doubled,or tripled world rice and wheat productionand wheat productionEssentially solved the world Essentially solved the world starvation problems in 60-starvation problems in 60-70s,particularly in the third 70s,particularly in the third world world Won the times in the races Won the times in the races between world population between world population increase and yield increaseincrease and yield increase Norman E.Norman E.BorlaugBorlaug Director of wheat program(CIMMYT)Director of wheat program(CIMMYT)1970 Nobel Peace Prize 1970 Nobel Peace Prize winnerwinnerThe“father The“father of of Green Green revolutionrevolution”“The Green Revolution:The Green Revolution:Peace and humanityPeace and humanity”.nobelnobel/peace/1970a./peace/1970a.htalhtalA speech on the A speech on the occasion of the Nobel occasion of the Nobel Prize acceptance,Prize acceptance,1970,Dec 11,Oslo 1970,Dec 11,Oslo NorwayNorwayIR-8:IR-8:Dijiaowujian Dijiaowujian Beta Beta (ChinaChina)(IndonesiaIndonesia)Dwarf geneDwarf gene in Dijiaowujianin DijiaowujiangenegeneHybrid riceHybrid riceStory 2:Story 2:Revolution event in Revolution event in China-Rice production China-Rice production break throughbreak throughYuan longping Yuan longping 袁隆平袁隆平袁隆平袁隆平Male sterility GeneMale sterility GeneOryza rufipogonOryza rufipogonChina,Hainan IslandChina,Hainan IslandGeneHybrid riceIncrease rice yield by ca 30%Increase rice yield by ca 30%Significantly resolved rice Significantly resolved rice shortage in Chinashortage in ChinaMore than 15,600,000 ha in More than 15,600,000 ha in China,Vietnam,&India China,Vietnam,&India (S.Virmani 1995)(S.Virmani 1995)(S.Virmani 1995)Values produced by HR can only Values produced by HR can only be estimated by billions of US$be estimated by billions of US$Super riceSuper riceMore stories:More stories:Humans another effort Humans another effort to increase rice yield to increase rice yield using combination of using combination of genesgenesDr.Dr.Godav KhushGodav Khush,IRRIs Principle Scientist IRRIs Principle Scientist Ideal Ideal typetypeof riceof rice为什么生物多样性重要为什么生物多样性重要？住住住住 行行行行 基本和高档次生活基本和高档次生活基本和高档次生活基本和高档次生活衣衣衣衣 食食食食 但是：但是：但是：但是：生物多样性的存在受到生物多样性的存在受到生物多样性的存在受到生物多样性的存在受到极大威胁极大威胁极大威胁极大威胁 生境的破坏、生态系统遭到破坏生境的破坏、生态系统遭到破坏生境的破坏、生态系统遭到破坏生境的破坏、生态系统遭到破坏 工业化、大气污染工业化、大气污染工业化、大气污染工业化、大气污染 人口增长、城市化、农田扩大人口增长、城市化、农田扩大人口增长、城市化、农田扩大人口增长、城市化、农田扩大 经济发展经济发展经济发展经济发展 农田生态系统恶化农田生态系统恶化农田生态系统恶化农田生态系统恶化 Urbanization in Shanghai Urbanization in Shanghai and many other places in and many other places in ChinaChina民以食为天民以食为天民以食为天民以食为天饭饭饭饭食食食食反反粮食保障面临的挑战粮食保障面临的挑战食物保障的概念食物保障的概念食物保障的概念食物保障的概念保证人类长期有赖以生存的基保证人类长期有赖以生存的基保证人类长期有赖以生存的基保证人类长期有赖以生存的基本粮食本粮食本粮食本粮食目前全球的人口：目前全球的人口：目前全球的人口：目前全球的人口：60606060亿亿亿亿到到到到2050205020502050年：全球的人口将会增至年：全球的人口将会增至年：全球的人口将会增至年：全球的人口将会增至90909090亿亿亿亿，比今天的全球人口数增加比今天的全球人口数增加比今天的全球人口数增加比今天的全球人口数增加50505050未来人口的增长将需要粮食的成倍增加未来人口的增长将需要粮食的成倍增加未来人口的增长将需要粮食的成倍增加未来人口的增长将需要粮食的成倍增加我们面临的挑战是：我们面临的挑战是：我们面临的挑战是：我们面临的挑战是：耕地面积不增加或不断减少耕地面积不增加或不断减少耕地面积不增加或不断减少耕地面积不增加或不断减少 水资源大量减少水资源大量减少水资源大量减少水资源大量减少 人力资源不断减少人力资源不断减少人力资源不断减少人力资源不断减少粮食保障面临的挑战粮食保障面临的挑战世界人口钟世界人口钟世界人口钟世界人口钟如何保证世界人人都有饭吃如何保证世界人人都有饭吃如何保证世界人人都有饭吃如何保证世界人人都有饭吃？提高粮食作物的产量提高粮食作物的产量提高粮食作物的产量提高粮食作物的产量 提农业高生产效率提农业高生产效率提农业高生产效率提农业高生产效率 作物遗传改良、新品种培育作物遗传改良、新品种培育作物遗传改良、新品种培育作物遗传改良、新品种培育粮食保障面临的挑战粮食保障面临的挑战作物改良与种质资源作物改良与种质资源 资源资源资源资源 !巧妇难为无巧妇难为无巧妇难为无巧妇难为无米米米米之炊之炊之炊之炊这些生物多样性为作物品种的这些生物多样性为作物品种的这些生物多样性为作物品种的这些生物多样性为作物品种的改良积累了丰富的种质资源改良积累了丰富的种质资源改良积累了丰富的种质资源改良积累了丰富的种质资源水稻品种水稻品种水稻品种水稻品种 IR-8IR-8低脚乌尖低脚乌尖低脚乌尖低脚乌尖 x Betax Beta矮秆资源矮秆资源矮秆资源矮秆资源野生近缘种资源及其多样性野生近缘种资源及其多样性 野生近缘种野生近缘种野生近缘种野生近缘种(农作物野生近缘种农作物野生近缘种农作物野生近缘种农作物野生近缘种):):):):栽培农作物的祖先种或具有一定亲缘栽培农作物的祖先种或具有一定亲缘栽培农作物的祖先种或具有一定亲缘栽培农作物的祖先种或具有一定亲缘 关系的野生物种关系的野生物种关系的野生物种关系的野生物种ConservationUtilizationResearch生物多样性生物多样性对生物多样性及其生境进行有对生物多样性及其生境进行有对生物多样性及其生境进行有对生物多样性及其生境进行有效保护效保护效保护效保护关系到关系到关系到关系到生物多样性生物多样性生物多样性生物多样性的可的可的可的可持续利用和农业的发展持续利用和农业的发展持续利用和农业的发展持续利用和农业的发展种质资源的保护对策种质资源的保护对策种质资源的保护对策种质资源的保护对策 异地保护异地保护异地保护异地保护 原地保护原地保护原地保护原地保护异地保护异地保护异地保护异地保护（迁地保护（迁地保护（迁地保护（迁地保护 ex situex situ conservation conservation）指将濒危植物迁移到人工环境中或异地指将濒危植物迁移到人工环境中或异地指将濒危植物迁移到人工环境中或异地指将濒危植物迁移到人工环境中或异地的设施中进行保护的设施中进行保护的设施中进行保护的设施中进行保护异地保护的意义：异地保护的意义：异地保护的意义：异地保护的意义：异地保护是一种安全的、静态的、短期异地保护是一种安全的、静态的、短期异地保护是一种安全的、静态的、短期异地保护是一种安全的、静态的、短期和长期兼顾的保护方法和长期兼顾的保护方法和长期兼顾的保护方法和长期兼顾的保护方法在生境受到破坏物种即将灭绝时，异地在生境受到破坏物种即将灭绝时，异地在生境受到破坏物种即将灭绝时，异地在生境受到破坏物种即将灭绝时，异地保护提供了最后的保护方案保护提供了最后的保护方案保护提供了最后的保护方案保护提供了最后的保护方案遗传资源的遗传资源的异地保护异地保护异地保护的类型异地保护的类型异地保护的类型异地保护的类型植物园植物园植物园植物园 (botanic garden)botanic garden)：现在全球有现在全球有现在全球有现在全球有15001500家家家家植物园栽培着至少植物园栽培着至少植物园栽培着至少植物园栽培着至少3.53.5万种植物，占全世界植物万种植物，占全世界植物万种植物，占全世界植物万种植物，占全世界植物种类的种类的种类的种类的15%15%以上以上以上以上 (IUCN/WWF 1989)IUCN/WWF 1989)种子资源库种子资源库种子资源库种子资源库 (seed bank)seed bank)：植物的种子在冷藏条植物的种子在冷藏条植物的种子在冷藏条植物的种子在冷藏条件下进行保存后仍有萌芽生长能力，全球建立件下进行保存后仍有萌芽生长能力，全球建立件下进行保存后仍有萌芽生长能力，全球建立件下进行保存后仍有萌芽生长能力，全球建立了了了了5050个以上的大型种子资源库个以上的大型种子资源库个以上的大型种子资源库个以上的大型种子资源库基因资源库基因资源库基因资源库基因资源库 (genome resource bank)genome resource bank)：收集和收集和收集和收集和储存生物的组织和细胞，置于储存生物的组织和细胞，置于储存生物的组织和细胞，置于储存生物的组织和细胞，置于-196-196 C C液氮环境液氮环境液氮环境液氮环境中长期保存中长期保存中长期保存中长期保存种子资源库种子资源库苗圃保存的资源苗圃保存的资源种种子子密密封封原地保护原地保护原地保护原地保护 (就地保护就地保护就地保护就地保护 in situin situ conservation conservation)指在原来的生境指在原来的生境指在原来的生境指在原来的生境中对濒危的植物实行保护中对濒危的植物实行保护中对濒危的植物实行保护中对濒危的植物实行保护原地保护的意义：原地保护的意义：原地保护的意义：原地保护的意义：原地保护是一种动态的、长期的保护原地保护是一种动态的、长期的保护原地保护是一种动态的、长期的保护原地保护是一种动态的、长期的保护方法方法方法方法,经济有效经济有效经济有效经济有效原地保护在自然生境中进行、保存了原地保护在自然生境中进行、保存了原地保护在自然生境中进行、保存了原地保护在自然生境中进行、保存了物种进化过程中产生的新变异物种进化过程中产生的新变异物种进化过程中产生的新变异物种进化过程中产生的新变异遗传资源的遗传资源的原地保护原地保护原地保护的类型原地保护的类型原地保护的类型原地保护的类型自然保护区自然保护区自然保护区自然保护区 (nature reservesnature reserves)国家公园国家公园国家公园国家公园 (national parknational park)珍稀濒危植物保护点珍稀濒危植物保护点珍稀濒危植物保护点珍稀濒危植物保护点 (conservation conservation sites for endangered speciessites for endangered species)特殊资源保护点特殊资源保护点特殊资源保护点特殊资源保护点 (conservation sites for conservation sites for special resourcesspecial resources)自自然然保保护护区区特特殊殊资资源源保保护护点点卧龙熊猫保护区卧龙熊猫保护区神神龙龙保保护护区区Natural reserve of wetland in BangladeshNatural reserve of wetland in BangladeshWith the fast development of With the fast development of biotechnology,biotechnology,gene diversitygene diversity become more important for become more important for human developmenthuman developmentGene transfer Gene transfer Gene manipulationGene manipulationGene therapy Gene therapy Green revolutionGene revolutionAgriculture developmentAgriculture developmentConservationUtilizationResearchBiodiversity生物安全生物安全Biosafety安全安全安全安全生物安全？生物安全？生物安全？生物安全？desired genedesired genecommercial commercial varietyvarietyTraditionalTraditionaldesired genedesired genecommercial commercial varietyvarietyBiotechBiotechWhat is What is Biosafety:Biosafety:Definition:Definition:The safety of The safety of GM GM productsproducts and and biotechnologybiotechnology per per sese on human health and on human health and environment during the entire environment during the entire procedure including research,procedure including research,exploration,production,and exploration,production,and utilizationutilization What does biosafety concerns Food and health safetyFood and health safetyEnvironmental safety Environmental safety Labeling and detection Labeling and detection Socio-economic and Socio-economic and ethic concernsethic concernsRegulatory proceduresRegulatory proceduresPublic perceptionPublic perceptionOne major concernOne major concernEcological risks:Ecological risks:transgene transgene escape into and persisting/escape into and persisting/establishing in the environmentestablishing in the environmentGene flow mainly through Gene flow mainly through pollen flowpollen flow Crop-to-cropCrop-to-crop Crop-to-wild relatives Crop-to-wild relatives What is Gene flowWhat is Gene flow：The spread of genes from one The spread of genes from one breeding population to another breeding population to another related populations by migrationrelated populations by migration Seed migrationSeed migration Pollen flow Pollen flowTransgene escape to Transgene escape to weedy and wild speciesweedy and wild speciesDomesticationDomesticationGene Gene exchangeexchangeGene flow between crops Gene flow between crops and their wild relatives and their wild relatives Wild Wild sppsppCrop Crop sppsppWeedyWeedyWild Wild sppsppUseful Useful genes in genes in w/ww/wGhost riceGhost rice from introgression from introgression between wild and cultivated rice between wild and cultivated rice in Vietnamin VietnamCultivated-weedy-wild rice mixed up in a field Cultivated-weedy-wild rice mixed up in a field in Nepalin NepalMajor crops and their wild relatives with references of gene flow in AsiaMajor crops and their wild relatives with references of gene flow in AsiaCropCrop Cultivation Cultivation Main wild Main wild Distribution DistributionFrequencyFrequency area area relatives relatives of gene flowof gene flowRiceRice Tropical&Tropical&O.rufipogonO.rufipogonSouth&SESouth&SEMedium toMedium to subtropical subtropicalO.O.nivaranivaraAsia Asia highhigh Asia AsiaO.O.spontaneaspontaneaSoybeanSoybean Most AsianMost AsianG.G.sojasojaChina,FarChina,FarLowLow countries countriesG.G.gracilisgracilisEast of AsiaEast of AsiaOil rapeOil rape Temperate TemperateB.B.junceajunceaTemperate Temperate Medium toMedium to Asia AsiaB.B.compastriscompastris Asia Asia highhighWheatWheat TemperateTemperateAeAe.tauschiitauschiiTemperate Temperate LowLow Asia AsiaAeAe.cylindricacylindricaAsiaAsiaLowLowMilletsMillets India IndiaWeedyWeedyIndia,ChinaIndia,ChinaLowLow China ChinabiotypesbiotypesThe prerequisite of The prerequisite of crop-to-wild gene flowcrop-to-wild gene flow Spatial Spatial Temporal Temporal Biological BiologicalCrop-to-wild gene flow Crop-to-wild gene flow A case study in riceA case study in rice Oryza sativa(Asian rice)Worldwide cultivationO.glaberrima(African rice)West Africa Close relativesClose relatives O.sativa O.sativa f.f.spontanea spontanea(weedy)(weedy)O.nivara O.nivara,O.rufipogonO.rufipogon O.barthii O.barthii,O.longistaminata O.longistaminata O.meridionalis O.meridionalis O.glumaepatula O.glumaepatulaSpatial prerequisiteSpatial prerequisiteDistribution of wild Distribution of wild relatives of ricerelatives of riceO.nivaraO.nivaraO.sativaO.sativa worldwide worldwideO.rufipogonO.rufipogonO.meridionalisO.meridionalisO.O.spontaneaspontanea (weedy)(weedy)O.glumaepatulaO.glumaepatulaO.barthiiO.barthiiO.glaberrimaO.glaberrimaO.longistaminataO.longistaminataTemporal prerequisiteTemporal prerequisiteFlowering habit and Flowering habit and breeding system of breeding system of wild and cultivated wild and cultivated rice rice speciesspeciesSpecies/variety Sowing time Flowering Species/variety Sowing time Flowering Flowering Flowering period in a year period in a year time in a day time in a day O.rufipogon O.rufipogon -Early Sept.Early Sept.9:30 am 9:30 am Mid.Nov.Mid.Nov.4:30 pm 4:30 pmThe late The late Mid.June Mid.June Mid.Sept.Mid.Sept.8:30 am 8:30 am Maturing Maturing Early Oct.Early Oct.2:00 pm 2:00 pmlocal variety local variety 4:00 pm 4:00 pm 5:30 pm 5:30 pmMinghuiMinghui-63-63 Mid.June Mid.June Mid.Sept.Mid.Sept.9:00 am 9:00 am Mid.Oct.Mid.Oct.3:00 pm 3:00 pmFlowering time of Flowering time of Oryza rufipogonOryza rufipogon,a late,a late maturing local variety,andmaturing local variety,and Minghui Minghui-63-63Some resultsSome resultsFlowering period:Flowering period:O.sativaO.sativa with 15 with 15(5)(5)days days O.rufipogon O.rufipogon with 35 with 35(10)(10)days days Flowering time:Flowering time:O.sativaO.sativa from 10:00-12:00 from 10:00-12:00(30min)(30min)O.rufipogon O.rufipogon from 10:30-14:30 from 10:30-14:30(30min)(30min)Biological prerequisiteBiological prerequisiteCompatibility between Compatibility between wild and cultivated wild and cultivated relative speciesrelative speciesCrossability 5%6-10%10%O.nivaraO.nivaraO.rufipogonO.rufipogonO.sativaO.sativaO.barthiiO.barthiiO.longistaminataO.longistaminataO.glaberrimaO.glaberrimaO.glumaepatulaO.glumaepatulaO.meridionalisO.meridionalisMeioses in hybrids between Meioses in hybrids between cultivated rice and its close relatives cultivated rice and its close relatives O.nivaraO.nivaraO.rufipogonO.rufipogonO.sativaO.sativaO.barthiiO.barthiiO.longistaminataO.longistaminataO.meridionalisO.meridionalisO.glaberrimaO.glaberrimaO.glumaepatulaO.glumaepatulaPanicle fertility 11%Compatibility between Compatibility between cultivated and wild rice cultivated and wild rice species is considerably species is considerably highhighIntrogression between Introgression between the cultivated and wild the cultivated and wild rice species will most rice species will most likely happenlikely happenConclusion:Conclusion:Gene flow from rice to Gene flow from rice to its wild relativesits wild relativesO.sativaO.sativaO.rufipogonO.rufipogonExperimental designs:Experimental designs:Design A (5 populations)Design A (5 populations)Design B (3 populations)Design B (3 populations)O.rufipogonO.rufipogonO.sativaO.sativaDesign C Design C (3 populations)(3 populations)O.rufipogonO.rufipogonO.sativaO.sativaScreening of molecular markersScreening of molecular markersElectrophoretogramElectrophoretogram of of EST ESTPCR amplified products generated PCR amplified products generated using SSR primer RM44 using SSR primer RM44 RAPD amplification products generated with primer S107RAPD amplification products generated with primer S107RAPD amplification products generated with primer S358RAPD amplification products generated with primer S358Some resultsSome resultsThe observed The observed outcossingoutcossing rate rate variesvaries among populations among populations Outcrossing rate is not correlated Outcrossing rate is not correlated with distances from pollen sources with distances from pollen sources within 6 mwithin 6 m,but negatively,but negatively correlated beyond 6 mcorrelated beyond 6 mThe natural outcrossing rate from The natural outcrossing rate from rice to wild populations in this rice to wild populations in this studied is ca.studied is ca.3%3%Pollen competition between O.sativa and O.rufipogon保护种质资源保护种质资源让世界每个儿童让世界每个儿童都有饭吃！都有饭吃！