句子的拆分与重组课件

语态转换练习(1)Heat is constantly produced by the body as a result of muscular and cellular activity.由于肌肉和细胞活动的结果，身体不断地产生热。(2)In a moment he will turn and see us,and his face will be lighted by a smile so radiant youll feel warm all the way through.过一会儿他会转过身来看着我们，那时他脸上会泛出灿烂的微笑，让你全身都感到温暖。语态转换练习(1)Heat is constantly p1(3)With the development of speech,the number of occasions producing suddenexperiences of pleasure increased,and since laughter was closely associated withspeech,man had this means of expressing his pleasure.随着说话的发展，产生突然感受愉快的机会增多了，并且，由于笑与说话密切相关，人类就有了这种表达愉快的手段。(3)With the development of sp2(4)In future conflicts,similar logistical(后勤的)problems are likely to be repeated-raising the prospect of mass confusion in a full-scale mobilization.动员在未来的冲突中，类似的后勤问题大概还会重复出现，从而在一次大规模的动员中有可能出现大乱。(4)In future conflicts,simil3(5)Appalled美使惊骇;使充满恐惧 by what he had done,Bob rushed to the parapet护墙,矮墙and flung himself on the rocks below,where the sea claimed him immediately.鲍勃对他所做的一切感到震惊，他冲到护墙处，纵身跳到下面的岩石上，立即被大海所吞没。(5)Appalled美使惊骇;使充满恐惧 by 4一、拆分、重组在长句的翻译中，这是两种相对应的翻译方法。拆分是把一个长而复杂的句子拆译成若干个较短、较简单的句子，通常用于英译汉。重组法即打破原句的结构，用翻译技巧把句子重组翻译。一、拆分、重组5一般来说,造成长句的原因有三方面:(1)修饰语过多;(2)并列成分多;(3)语言结构层次多。在分析长句时可以采用下面的方法:(1)找出全句的主语、谓语和宾语,从整体上把握句子的结构。(2)找出句中所有的谓语结构、非谓语动词、介词短语和从句的引导词。(3)分析从句和短语的功能,例如,是否为主语从句,宾语从句,表语从句等,若是状语,它是表示时间、原因、结果、还是表示条件等等)。(4)分析词、短语和从句之间的相互关系,例如,定语从句所修饰的先行词是哪一个等。(5)注意插入语等其他成分。(6)注意分析句子中是否有固定词组或固定搭配。一般来说,造成长句的原因有三方面:6在翻译英语的长句时，用拆分法合乎汉语的表达习惯。但拆分后又有两种情况：1.汉语句子和英语句子的表达顺序一致，可用顺译法。Prior to the twentieth century,women in novels were stereotypes of lacking any features that made them unique individuals and were also subject to numerous restrictions imposed by the male-dominated culture.Stereotype:老套,模式化的见解,有老一套固定想法的人20世纪前，小说中的妇女（都是一个模式）。她们没有任何特点，因而无法成为具有个性的人；她们还要屈从于由男性主宰的文化传统强加给她们的种种束缚。在翻译英语的长句时，用拆分法合乎汉语的表达习惯。但拆分后又有7It is on a Sunday Evening,when he was lying in the orchard listening to a blackbird and composing a love poem,that he heard the gate swing to,and saw the girl coming running among the trees,with the red-cheeked,stolid迟钝的Joe in swift pursuit.一个星期日的傍晚，他正躺在果园里，一面听画眉鸟的歌唱，一面在写一首爱情诗，忽然听得大门碰得关上，接着看见那姑娘从树丛里本来，后面飞跟着那呆头呆脑的红脸的乔。It is on a Sunday Evening,whe82.如果顺序不一致，那就要对句子的结构进行重新安排。Such is a human nature in the West that a great many people are often willing to sacrifice higher pay for the privilege of becoming white collar workers.许多人宁愿牺牲比较高的工作以换取成为白领工人的社会地位，这在西方是人之常情。2.如果顺序不一致，那就要对句子的结构进行重新安排。9Insects would make it impossible for us to live in the world;they would devour all our crops and kill our flocks and herds,if it were not for the protection we get from insect-eating animals.假如没有那些以昆虫为食的动物保护我们,昆虫将吞噬我们所有的庄稼,害死我们的牛羊家畜,使我们不能生存于世。Insects would make it impossib10(3)分句法。有时英语长句中主语或主句与修饰词的关系并不十分密切,翻译时可以按照汉语多用短句的习惯,把长句的从句或短语化成句子,分开来叙述,为了使语意连贯,有时需要适当增加词语。例如:Television,it is often said,keeps one informed about current events,allow one to follow the latest developments in science and politics,and offers an endless series of programs which are both instructive and entertaining.(85年考题)分析:在此长句中,有一个插入语“it is often said”,三个并列的谓语结构,还有一个定语从句,这三个并列的谓语结构尽管在结构上同属于同一个句子,但都有独立的意义,因此在翻译时,可以采用分句法,按照汉语的习惯把整个句子分解成几个独立的分句,译为:人们常说,通过电视可以了解时事,掌握科学和政治的最新动态。从电视里还可以看到层出不穷、既有教育意义又有娱乐性的新节目。(3)分句法。有时英语长句中主语或主句与修饰词的关系并不十分11(4)综合法。上面我们讲述了英语长句的逆序法、顺序法和分句法,事实上,在翻译一个英语长句时,并不只是单纯地使用一种翻译方法,而是要求我们把各种方法综合使用,这在我们上面所举的例子中也有所体现。尤其是在一些情况下,一些英语长句单纯采用上述任何一种方法都不方便,这就需要我们的仔细分析,或按照时间的先后,或按照逻辑顺序,顺逆结合,主次分明地对全句进行综合处理,以便把英语原文翻译成通顺忠实的汉语句子。例如:(4)综合法。上面我们讲述了英语长句的逆序法、顺序法和分句12 Taking his cue from Ibsens A Dolls House,in which the heroine,Nora,leaves home because she resents her husbands treating her like a child,the writer Lu Xun warned that Nora would need money to support herself;she must have economic rights to survive.易卜生的剧作玩偶之家中的女主人公娜拉离家出走,因为她憎恶她的丈夫像对待孩子一样来对待她。作家鲁迅从中得到启示,从而告诫人们娜拉得需要钱来养活自己,她要生存就必须有经济上的权利。Taking his cue from Ibsens A13People were afraid to leave their houses,for although the police had been ordered to stand by待命in case of emergency,they were just as confused and helpless as anybody else.分析:该句共有三层含义:A:人们不敢出门;B:尽管警察已接到命令,要作好准备以应付紧急情况;C:警察也和其他人一样不知所措和无能为力。在这三层含义中,B表示让步,C表示原因,而A则表示结果,按照汉语习惯顺序,我们作如下的安排:尽管警察已接到命令,要作好准备以应付紧急情况,但人们不敢出门,因为警察也和其他人一样不知所措和无能为力。People were afraid to leave th14Up to the present time,throughout the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries,this new tendency placed the home in the immediate suburbs,but concentrated manufacturing activity,business relations,government,and pleasure in the centers of the cities.到目前为止,经历了18和19两个世纪,这种新的倾向是把住宅安排在城市的近郊,而把生产活动、商业往来、政府部门以及娱乐场所都集中在城市的中心地区。Up to the present time,throug15 Behaviorists suggest that the child who is raised in an environment where there are many stimuli which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses will experience greater intellectual development.Stimuli:单数为：stimulus分析:(1)该句的主语为behaviorists,谓语为suggest,宾语为一个较复杂的复合句,因此整个句子为Behaviorist suggest that-clause 结构。行为主义者认为,如果儿童的成长环境里有许多刺激因素,这些因素又有利于其适当反应能力的发展,那么,儿童的智力就会发展到较高的水平。Behaviorists suggest that the16(2)该句共有五个谓语结构,它们的谓语动词分别为suggest,is raised,are,develop,experience等,这五个谓语结构之间的关系为:Behaviorist suggest that-clause 结构为主句;who is raised in an environment为定语从句,所修饰的先行词为child;where there are many stimuli为定语从句,所修饰的先行词为environment;which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses为定语从句,所修饰的先行词为stimuli;在suggest的宾语从句中,主语为child,谓语为experience,宾语为greater intellectual development.(2)该句共有五个谓语结构,它们的谓语动词分别为sugg17For a family of four,for example,it is more convenient as well as cheaper to sit comfortably at home,with almost unlimited entertainment available,than to go out in search of amusement elsewhere.(85年考题)分析:(1)该句的骨干结构为it is more to do sth than to do sth else.是一个比较结构,而且是在两个不定式之间进行比较。譬如,对于一个四口之家来说,舒舒服服地在家中看电视,就能看到几乎数不清的娱乐节目,这比到外面别的地方去消遣又便宜又方便。For a family of four,for exam18Even when we turn off the bedside lamp and are fast asleep,electricity is working for us,driving our refrigerators,heating our water,or keeping our rooms air-conditioned.分析:该句子由一个主句,三个作伴随状语的现在分词以及位于句首的时间状语从句组成,共有五层意思:A.既使在我们关掉了床头灯深深地进入梦乡时;B.电仍在为我们工作;C.帮我们开动电冰箱;D.加热水;E.或是室内空调机继续运转。上述五层意思的逻辑关系以及表达的顺序与汉语完全一致,因此,我们可以通过顺序法,把该句翻译成:即使在我们关掉了床头灯深深地进入梦乡时,电仍在为我们工作:帮我们开动电冰箱,把水加热,或使室内空调机继续运转。Even when we turn off the beds19But now it is realized that supplies of some of them(materials)are limited,and it is even possible to give a reasonable estimate of their“expectation of life”,the time it will take to exhaust all known sources and reserves of these materials.分析:该句的骨干结构为“It is realized that”,it为形式主语,that引导着主语从句以及并列的it is even possible to 结构,其中,不定式作主语,the time 是“expectation of life”的同位语,进一步解释其含义,而time后面的句子是它的定语从句。可是现在人们意识到,其中有些矿物质的蕴藏量是有限的,人们甚至还可以比较合理的估计出这些矿物质“可望存在多少年”,也就是说,经过若干年后,这些矿物的全部已知矿源和储量将消耗殆尽。But now it is realized that su20 It begins as a childlike interest in the grand spectacle and exciting event;it grows as a mature interest in the variety and complexity of the drama,the splendid achievements and terrible failures;it ends as deep sense of the mystery of mans life of all the dead,great and obscure不出名的，无名的,who once walked the earth,and of wonderful and awful possibilities of being a human being.（我们对历史的爱好）起源于我们最初仅对一些历史上的宏伟场面和激动人心的事件感到孩童般的兴趣;其后,这种爱好变得成熟起来,我们开始对历史这出“戏剧”的多样性和复杂性,对历史上的辉煌成就和悲壮失败也感兴趣;对历史的爱好,最终以我们对人类生命的一种深沉的神秘感而告结束。对死去的,无论是伟大与平凡,所有在这个地球上走过而已逝的人，都有能取得伟大奇迹或制造可怕事件的潜力。It begins as a childlike inte21 If parents were prepared for this adolescent reaction,and realized that it was a sign that the child was growing up and developing valuable powers of observation and independent judgment,they would not be so hurt,and therefore would not drive the child into opposition by resenting and resisting it.如果做父母的对这种青少年的反应有所准备,而且认为这是一个显示出孩子正在成长,正在发展珍贵的观察力和独立的判断力的标志,他们就不会感到如此伤心,所以也就不会因对此有愤恨和反对的情绪而把孩子推到对立面去。If parents were prepared for 22It therefore becomes more and more important that,if students are not to waste their opportunities(in universities),there will have to be much more detailed information about courses and more advice.分析:该句由一个主句,一个条件状语从句和一个宾语从句组成,“变得越来越重要”是主句,也是全句的中心内容,全句共有三个谓语结构,包含三层含义:A.变的越来越重要;B.如果要使学生充分利用他们的机会;C.得为他们提供大量更为详尽的信息,作更多的指导。为了使译文符合汉语的表达习惯,我们也采用逆序法,翻译成:因此,如果要使学生充分利用他们(上大学)的机会,就得为他们提供大量关于课程的更为详尽的信息,作更多的指导。这个问题显得越来越重要了。It therefore becomes more and 23They(the poor)are the first to experience technological progress as a curse which destroys the old muscle-power jobs that previous generations used as a means to fight their way out of poverty.对于以往几代人来说,旧式的体力劳动是一种用以摆脱贫困的手段,而技术的进步则摧毁了穷人赖以为生的体力劳动,因此首先体验到技术进步之害的是穷人。They(the poor)are the first 24The number of the young people in the United States who cant read is incredible,about one in four.上句在英语中是一个相对简单的句子,但是如果我们按照原文的句子结构死译,就可能被翻译成:没有阅读能力的美国青年人的数目令人难以相信约为1/4。这样,就使得译文极为不通顺,不符合汉语的表达习惯,因此,我们应该把它译为:大约有1/4的美国青年人没有阅读能力,这简直令人难以置信。The number of the young people25All they have to do is press a button,and they can see plays,films,operas,and shows of every kind,not to mention political discussions and the latest exciting football match.(85年考题)他们所必须做的只是按一下开关。开关一开,就可以看到电视剧、电影、歌剧,以及其他各种各样的文艺节目。至于政治问题的辩论、最近的激动人心的足球赛更是不在话下。All they have to do is press a261.Anthropologist Thomas Kochman gives the example of a white office worker who appeared with a bandaged arm and felt rejected because her black fellow worker didnt mention it.（拆分）人类学家托马斯科赫曼举出一个白人办事员的例子。她上班时一只手臂上绑着绷带，因为她的黑人同事看见她手臂上的绷带却只字不提，对此她感到不快。1.Anthropologist Thomas Kochma272.The American confessed to feeling what I believe most Americans would feel if a next-door neighbor passed within a few feet without acknowledging their presence-snubbed.(冷落,怠慢)这个美国人坦承他感到自己受到了冷落，我相信如果隔壁邻居隔着自己几步之遥径直走过去连招呼也不打一声，大多数美国人也会有同样的感受。2.The American confessed to f283.Not surprisingly,it was an unwelcome change for senior citizens such as Sabine Wetzel,a 67-year-old retired bank teller,who was told that her state pension would be cut by 12.30 a month.有一点是不足为奇的，即对于像67岁的退休银行出纳员沙碧维策尔这样的老人来说，这一变化是不得人心的，因为她被告知，她的养老金每月要减少12.30 美元。3.Not surprisingly,it was an294.The progress to the statute(法令；法规)book of the necessary legal infrastructure for electronic commerce has in many countries been delayed by a difficult and politically sensitive debate created by the concerns of law enforcement authorities that the widespread use of strong encryption加密may facilitate crime and terrorism to a degree that will destabilize破坏政府的稳定civilized governments.在许多国家，执法机构担心严格加密的广泛使用，会给犯罪分子和恐怖活动提供方便，从而破坏文明政府的稳定。这种担心引起了一场难以解决的、政治上敏感的辩论。而这场辩论则延误了必要的电子商务法律归入法典的进程。4.The progress to the statute305.Examinations do not compensate for gross social inequality,and thus do not tell how able an underprivileged youngster might have been had he grown up under more favorable circumstances.测试并不弥补明显的社会不公，因此不能说明一个物质条件差的年轻人，如果在较好的环境下成长的话，会有多大的才干。5.Examinations do not compen31二、合译1.把两个或两个以上的简单句译成一个汉语单句或复句。The young man was very miserable.He had no money about him.All his savings had been stolen.这个年轻人很惨，已落到了身无分文的地步，因为他所有的积蓄都被偷了。Darkness fell.An explosion shook the earth.It did not shake his will to go to the front.夜幕降临时，一声爆炸震动了大地，可并没有动摇他上前线的决心。二、合译322.汉译英华大妈在枕头下掏了半天，掏了一包洋钱，交给老栓，老栓接了，抖抖地装入衣袋，有在外面按了两下，便点上灯笼，吹熄灯盏，走向里屋去了。After some fumbling under the pillow,his wife produced a packet of silver dollars which she handed over to him.Old Shuan pocketed it nervously,patted the outside of his pocket twice,then lightening a paper lantern and blowing out the lamp,went into the inner room.2.汉译英33这些日子，家里光景很是惨淡，一半为了丧事，一半为了父亲的赋闲，丧事完毕，父亲要到南京谋事，我也要回北平念书，我们便同行。Between grandmas funeral and fathers unemployment,our family was then in reduced circumstances.After the funeral was over,father was to go to Nanjing to look for a job and I was to return to Beijing to study,so we started out together.这些日子，家里光景很是惨淡，一半为了丧事，一半为了父亲的赋闲34在美期间，我常常遇到这类本应该由我说对不起的事情，渐渐地我悟出了其中的原委：当生活中出现小摩擦时，美国人并不去考虑是谁的责任，只要是给对方带来不方便，都要说一声对不起，这样一来，即使有一方受点伤害，在人家的道歉声中也会平和下来。During my stay in America,I often found myself in this sort of situation in which I thought it was I who should say sorry,and gradually I realize that,when a conflict occurs in daily life,Americans,instead of considering whose responsibility it is,so long as it brings inconvenience to others,will say sorry.In this way,the one who is hurt will come down when sorry is said.在美期间，我常常遇到这类本应该由我说对不起的事情，渐渐地我悟35(1)They felt that it was much easier and safer to rob their own people,for they knew that white policemen never really searched diligently for Negroes who committed crimes against other Negroes.他们觉得抢劫他们的同种人要安全得多，因为他们知道，如果黑人侵犯的是黑人，白人警察便从来不认真搜捕。（定语从句-条件状语从句）(1)They felt that it was much36(2)Her great grief in this relation was that her only child,on whose education no expense had been and would be spared,was now old enough to perceive these deficiencies in his mother.这一方面给她造成了极大的苦闷，也就是有关她的独生子的问题。虽然过去和今后在儿子的教育费用上既不曾也不会省掉什么钱，然而如今他的年纪已经不小，能注意他母亲的这些缺点了。（定语从句-让步状语从句）(2)Her great grief in this re37