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The fundamental skills of English writingThe controlling idea of the topic sentence (主题句的制约点)How to make the controlling ideas in the sentence 主题句由两部分组成，即主题(topic)和制约点/中心思想（controlling idea）。中心思想的作用是导向(control)和制约(limit)。我们前面谈到的关键词就反映了中心思想。所谓导向就是规定段落的发展脉络，所谓制约就是限制主题的覆盖范围，两者不可分割。没有导向，内容就会离题或偏题；没有制约，内容就可能超出一个段落所能容纳的范围。因此，紧紧把握主题句中controlling idea的导向和制约作用，是短文写作成功关键之一。How to make the controlling idea in the sentence?Youd better find a point not a line to focus on.For example:My mother has passed along to me rules for getting along with others.Revised sentences:1.My mother has passed along to me certain rules for getting along with others.2.My mother has passed along to me several rules for getting along with others.My mother has passed along to me certain rules for getting along with others.Dont argue with parents;they will think you dont love them.Dont argue with children;they will think themselves victimized.Dont argue with spouses;they will think you are a tiresome mate.Dont argue with strangers;they will think you are not friendly.My mothers rules,in fact,can be summed up in two words:Dont argue.主题句中提出的“certain rules”指的是什么？展开句中通过四个“Dont argue-”逐一加以交代。从结构来看，这是一个比较典型的段落，它包括了主题句，推展句和结论句（即本段中的末句）。3.Exercise is beneficial to you.Exercise is beneficial to your heart.Exercise is beneficial to both your mind and your body.4.In my life I have read many good books.In my life I have read many good books that really have positively influenced me.Exercise is beneficial.Exercise is beneficial to your heart.Exercise is beneficial这是毫无疑义的。但主题句中如不加上to your heart来加以 control 和 limit，那就流于空泛。Exercise is beneficial to your heart.A 22-year study was conducted by doctors in California.They found that people who work at physical jobs experience fewer heart attacks than other people.These active people work all the time at moderate speeds,their daily routine gives them an adequate amount of exercise and helps them stay in shape.段落的主题句对主题的限定主要是通过句中的关键词来表现的。关键词要尽量写得具体些。对“具体”的要求包括两个方面：一是要具体到能控制和限制段落的发展；二是要具体到能说明段落发展的方法。准确地把握关键词是清楚地表达段落主题、写好段落主题句的重要前提之一。我们再看下列例句：Hecanfix a bicyclehimself.斜体部分应为主题句中的关键词。斜体部分应为主题句中的关键词。但它只是限制了段落发展的部分内容，但它只是限制了段落发展的部分内容，并没有告诉读者该用哪种方法展开，是并没有告诉读者该用哪种方法展开，是用用因果关系法还是用分类法？因果关系法还是用分类法？修正：修正：Hecanfixabicyclehimselfinseveralsimplesteps.修正：修正：Thereareseveralreasonswhyhecanfixabicyclehimself.Shetries toimproveherlooks.斜体部分应为主题句中的关键词。她试斜体部分应为主题句中的关键词。她试着改变她面容的理由是什么？或者她采着改变她面容的理由是什么？或者她采取什么方法来改善呢？我们无法从关键取什么方法来改善呢？我们无法从关键词中清楚得知。词中清楚得知。修正：修正：Shetriesmanywaystoimproveherlooks.修正：修正：Therearesomereasonswhyshetriestoimproveherlooks。Some people hold that automobiles will give rise to problems.Revised sentences:Some people hold that automobiles will give rise to a series of problems.Some people hold that automobiles will give rise to a series of problems such as more serious environmental pollution,more traffic accidents and more energy consumption.Besides,there are 1.3 billion people in China.If every family owned a car,too many cars would run on this land,which will certainly lead to traffic congestion and pose great threat to the existence of the people.Therefore,they are against developing private cars in China.Nowadays more and more movies of violence are produced.Revised sentences:Nowadays more and more movies of violence are produced as some people enjoy them.Nowadays more and more movies of violence are produced as some people enjoy them.According to their opinion,movies of violence are exciting and therefore people easily kill their time by watching them.Some others even go further to argue that movies of violence also encourage us to take the law into our hands and to arm ourselves in case we are attacked.Practice:Revise these topic sentences to narrow the focus by stress a controlling idea.1.Cartoons to be televised on TV should be censored.2.People could enjoy their leisure time better.3.The United Nations should take a stronger role in world affairs.4.Practical activities during school years are useful.5.Humor is good to people.Revised sentences:1.Cartoons to be televised on TV should be censored in case that children could be influenced by unhealthy ones.2.People could enjoy their leisure time better if they watch TV less.3.The United Nations should take a stronger role in world affairs,especially in taking precautions against terror incidents,such as“Horror Attack 911”.4.Practical activities during school years are useful for ones personality.5.Humor is good to peoples body and mind.InvitationAll major and minor life events are marked by occasions to which we invite family and friends.Social gatherings offer friendship,entertainment and relaxation.Invitations range from the casual“come visit!”To dinner-dances.Invitation The American Trading Company Cordially invites you to attend dinner in celebration ofthe Eightieth Anniversary of the founding of the company which to be held at the lotus hotel on Wednesday the twelfth of April at seven oclock p.m.The American Trading Company Cordiallyinvitesyoutoattenddinnerincelebrationofthe Eightieth Anniversary of the founding of the company to be held at the lotus hotel on Wednesday the twelfth of April at seven oclock p.m.banquetLetters of invitation are written to the following events:Exhibitions:fashion shows,new product shows,trade shows,book fairsFundraising eventsHospitality:lunches,dinners,teas,receptions,open houses,cocktail parties,buffets,partiesGet-togetherMeetings,workshops,conferenceRecitals,performancesReunions:social reunion,class reunions,family reunionweddingsThe elements of an invitation:1.the name of host2.V&O(request the pleasure of)3.the name of invitee4.the name of the activity5.the aim of the activity6.the place of the activity7.the date and exact time of the activity8.the requirement of the preferred dress9.the address and telephone number of the host to R.S.V.PCommon words:The reception LuncheonCocktailCostume danceChristmas playThe graduation exercisesThe centenary celebration of the universityThe fiftieth anniversary of their marriageThe marriage of Miss Smith to Mr.WhiteThe formal opening of the China branchDinner in celebration of the 80th anniversary of the founding of the companyUseful expressions:1.requestthepleasureofthe/yourcompany(of)敬请光临敬请光临thehonorofyourpresenceisrequested敬请光临敬请光临2.Mr.andMrs.Smithrequestthepleasure/honorofyourcompanyatdanceonFriday5,September2006at7:30p.m.attheGreatHotel.3.Dress:loungesuitdaydress请着礼服出席请着礼服出席4.R.S.V.P.敬请回复敬请回复/pleasereply.（repondezsilvousplait)5.Regretsonly.如不能出席，请通知如不能出席，请通知.Sb invites you to a reception/party at place on date at timeYou are warmly/cordially invited to attend a reception/party at place on date at timeSb requests the pleasure of your company/the company of Mrat a reception/dinner at place on date at timeNotes of writing:Woman use whatever name they prefer(married name,business name,birth name)on the invitations.The invitee responds using that name.The phrase”request the pleasure of your company”is suitable for any invitation but the most casualTo indicate the preferred dress(formal,informal,casual,costume),when appropriate.Do not use abbreviations in formal invitations except for”Mr.,Mrs.,Ms.,Dr.,“and sometimes military rank.When inviting a single person or someone whose personal life is unfamiliar to you,indicates whether the invitation is intended for that person only or includes a friend.When issuing an invitation to a family with young children,list each child by first name on the envelop on the line underneath the parents names,never add”and family.”May meeting Topic:computerapplicationinmedicalcarePanel:ThomasWood,RedCrossCenter,GreatBritishRobertAnderson,GreatMedicalCollege,CanadaChairperson:Dr.WilliamWeilandPlace:CountryClubTime:6.00p.m.Social7.00p.m.DinnerDate:Monday,May15,2006Cost:$10R.S.V.P.bythe25ofMaytoJohnMiltonxxxxxxxxDate:July20th,2009DearProfessorGreen,YouarecordiallyinvitedtotheMeetingofTourismandDevelopment,2009onFriday,August15that7:00AM.MTDisayearlyforumfocusingondevelopingthenationstourism.Expertsinhisareamayfindmoreinformationandopportunitiesattendingthismeeting.Seatingmaybelimited,sopleaseR.S.V.P.,bycalling:PhilipFink410-719-961.Thereisnochargetoattend.Ifyouhaveanyquestions,donthesitatetocallusorvisitourwebsiteatSincerely,XXXXXXPS:pleasedressformallyasthiswillbeaformalmeeting.US-VisitInvitationDate:_UnitedStatesConsulateGeneralDearHonorableConsul,MynameisDavidMa,andIresideatNewYork.IamaUnitedStatescitizen(orlawfulpermanentresidentalien).Iamrequestingthatyouissueatourist(B-2)visatoHuaMa,inordertoallowhimtovisitmeintheUnitedStates.HuaMaismybrotherwhowillbevisitingmefromFeb.1toApirl1toseemy.DuringhisstayintheUnitedStates,hewillstaywithmeatmyhome.IwillberesponsibleforallofhisroomandboardexpenseswhileheisintheUnitedStates.Upontheterminationofhisvisit,hewillreturntohiscountry._HuaMawillbepresentingthislettertoyou,togetherwithotherevidencetoestablishhisclosetiestohiscountry,andtoassureyouthathewillreturnpriortotheexpirationofhisstayintheUnitedStates.Yourkindconsiderationtothisrequestwillbegreatlyappreciated.Verytrulyyours,Name_Address_TelephoneNo.BirthdayPartyInvitationDoublethepleasure,doublethefunTerryandThomasareturningone!Withfourbrighteyesandtwowidegrins!Itsthefirstbirthdaypartyforthetwins!Bringyourparents,bringyourgrinsWellbewearingcakeandicecreamonourchins!Saturday,June2nd3:00p.m.to5:00p.m.attheJacobshome125WoodlandDriveRSVPbyMay27th,725-5341 Mr.And Mrs.John Smith Request the honor of your presence At the marriage of their daughter Barbara To Mr.David Clark Tuesday,the twenty-first May At three oclock Holy Family Christian Church New York And afterwards at the reception In Queen HotelR.S.V.P.bythe25ofMaytoJohnMiltonxxxxxxxxThe graduation exercises the President Wu Handong of The Zhong Nan University of Economics and Lawrequeststhehonorofyourpresenceat the Graduation Exercises at 3:30 p.m.on Tuesday,July 8th,2007 at auditoriumGraduationCeremonyInvitation Dr.andMrs.DonaldShawareproudtoannouncetheGraduationofoursonStephenJamesClassof2005WewouldbehonoredtohaveyourshareintheCommencementExerciseSaturday,May29,2005at7:30p.m.intheWoodlawnHighSchoolAuditoriumCostume dance Dr.and Mrs.Thomas ClintonRequestthepleasureofthecompanyofMr.David Smith At a costume dance For their daughter Miss Shelling Clinton Thursday,the eighth of Oct.At nine oclock p.m.The Wuhan Plaza Regrets only 305-659-3223 In Celebration of the 60th Anniversary Of the Founding of The Peoples Republic of China State Bureau of Foreign Experts Cordially invites you to A Reception On Thursday,September 28 2009 at 5:30 p.m.At Banquet Hall of the Great Hall of the People(Entrance-North Gate)(Entrance-North Gate)Practice:1.查尔斯.怀特博士及夫人邀请约翰.史密斯先生光临9月8日星期6晚7:30在中国大酒店举行的鸡尾酒会,敬请光临.请着正装出席.回复地址:中山路80号2.英语协会谨于4月10日星期天晚上8点在南湖会堂举行英语晚会,敬请陈晓君校长光临.3.听说史密斯先生下星期要来武汉,我非常高兴.希望你能在3月25日抽出一个小时的时间和我在假日酒店共进晚餐.我将于晚7点在酒店休息厅等你,不见不散.回复电话 李明 Dr.andMrs.CharlesWhiteRequestthepleasureofthecompanyofMr.JohnSmithAtacocktailpartyAt7:30p.mSaturday,Sept.8ChinaHotelR.S.V.P.8ZhongshanRoad formalDress:LoungeSuitDayDress The English AssociationRequests the pleasure of the company ofThePresidentChenxiao-jun At the English Evening on Sunday,April,10 At 8 oclock p.m.The Nanhu Auditorium Dear Mr.Smith,I was very glad to learn from your letter that you will be in Wuhan next week and Id be delighted if you could spare an hour for dinner on March 25 at the Holiday Inn.Unless I hear otherwise from you,Ill wait you in the foyer of the Holiday Inn at about 7p.m.Yours Li MingCall.to R.S.V.P
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