增译法与减译法

增译法与减译法翻译时无法一个萝卜一个坑，将原文中每一个词转换成译文中的另一个词，而应该有 所增减，即有时需要在译文中增加一些原文字面上没有的词语，有时则需要将原文需要而译 文显得多余的词省去不译，前者称为增译法，后者称为减译法。不管增词还是减词，目的都 是为了使译文变得更加通顺流畅，符合译入语的行文习惯。增译法与减译法在英汉互译中运用相当广泛，一般而言，增词和减词具有互逆性，即英译汉 时需增词的场合汉译英时往往需要减词;反之，英译汉时需要减词的场合汉译英时需要增词。 弥合语法差异的需要：英汉在语法上存在某些明显的差异，如英语有冠词，汉语则没有；英语多用代词，汉 语虽然也用，但远不如英语那样频繁；英语介词丰富，被称为“介词的语言”，汉语则介词 很少，英语中很多需要用介词的地方，汉语要么用动词来替代（注意引导学生注意在汉译英 时当句中动词有多个时可以考虑能否用介词来翻译某些动词，即所谓的词类转移法，从而避 免大量使用动词的汉语式句子的出现），要么不用；英语多用关联词语，汉语则少用关联词 语，主要靠逻辑关系来铺排句子，强调意念的连贯性；汉语多用助词表示各种语气，英语则 没有语气助词。因此，英译汉时，可根据具体语境省略原文的冠词和某些代词、介词、关联词等，有 时则可适当增加一些语气助词；汉译英则相反，多要省略原文的语气助词，而根据英语行文 的需要适当增加一些冠词、代词、介词和关联词。关于冠词英语有冠词，汉语没有冠词，因此在英译汉时往往可以将冠词省略。例如：1）A teacher should have patience in his work.（省略表示类别的不定冠词）2）The horse is a useful animal.（省略表示类别的定冠词）3）The earth goes around the sun.（省略表示独一无二的定冠词）4）A wise man will not marry a woman who has attainments but no virtue.5）He left without saying a word.（不定冠词 a 或 an 指“一”时不省）6）Egbert said he was getting a dollar a mile.（不定冠词 a 或 an 指“每一 ”时不 省）7）The children are of an age.（不定冠词 a 或 an 指“一”时不省）这些孩子们都是同岁的。关于代词1）He was thin and haggard and he looked miserable.2）Anyone who does not recognize this fact is not a materialist.3）Everywhere you can find new types of men and objects in New China.I shall take it as axiomatic that mankind has, by that time, chosen the latter alternative.4）He shrugged his shoulder, shook his head, cast up his eyes, but said nothing.5）It was just growing dark, as she shut the garden gate.6）她觉得（）手里和（）唇上都是花儿，（）胸中也生长着花儿。关于介词介词的（增）减：英译汉时很多介词可以省略，汉译英时则需根据英语的行文需要增加 适当的介词。1) Rumors had already spread along the streets and lanes.2) Smoking is prohibited in public places.3) She was one of my colleagues at the university at which I taught.He has forgotten all about it.I jumped with joy when I received the letter.关于关联词英语多用关联词语，汉语则少用关联词语，主要靠逻辑关系来铺排句子，强调意念的 连贯性。因此在翻译的过程中，如果是英译汉，则不需要将关联词逐字翻译出来；同样，在 汉译英时则需要根据原文的逻辑关系判断出该添加何种关联词。1) If you give him an inch, he will take a mile.2) The train moved away so slowly that butterflies flew in and out the windows.The wind was so strong that he found it difficult to keep on his feet.3) Even if you go there, there wont be any result.4) 小孩子受到惊吓就会哭。6)我们看到了一只知更鸟，知道春天快要到了。弥合词义差异的需要：在很多情况下，英汉词汇的语义范围往往有广狭之分，并非一一对应。如果英语词汇 的语义范围比汉语宽，英译汉时要采用增译法，使原文中隐含的意思得以充分表达；反之， 如果英语词汇的语义范围比汉语窄，英译汉时则要采用减译法。1) Afterwards he was convicted of conspiring against the life of the queen and was hanged in June, 1594.2) The only cure for envy in the case of ordinary men and women happiness, and the difficulty is that envy is itself a terrible obstacle to happiness.英语多用抽象词，概括力强，语义范围宽；汉语用此则倾向于具体，常常以实的形式 表示虚的概念，以具体的形象表达抽象的内容。因此，英译汉时可以使英语抽象的概念具体 化，根据具体的语境加上“方法”、“现象”、“局势”、“状态”、“情况”、“政策”、“做法”、 “精神”、“态度”、“问题”等范畴词，以使译文含义清晰，行文流畅。反之，汉译英时则不 需要将这些诸如“方法、现象、局势、状态等”翻译出来。例如：1) He was moved by McMenamys story and impressed by his dedication.But, if public dissatisfaction continues to grow, or appears to do so, politicians may conclude that they have to do something, usually in the name of reform.2) He was described as impressed by Dengs flexibility.1) 我们谈谈文艺问题！2) 我们党结束了那个时期的社会动荡和纷乱不安的局面。3) 根据科学家们的看法，用数百万年的时间才能把有机物转化成煤。满足译文修辞上的需要有时候，若按字面逐字翻译，虽在语法上没有什么毛病，但译文总觉得有些呆板凝滞。 这时可以考虑在适当的地方增加几个词语，以满足译文修辞的需要，传达原文的语气， 使译文具有文采而达到“达”的效果，这一点在英译汉时特别重要。例如：1) Women screamed, and kids howled, but the men stood silent, watching, interested in the outcome.2) Quiet and shy, he was never more comfortable than when at his workbench.反之，原文中有些词语若是直译过来，会使译文显得臃肿，不够简洁精炼。因此，为使 译文简练、紧凑，文气贯通，有必要把它们省略(减译)。例如：1) He read the words of the poem.2) He licked a finger and pushed at the pages of the notebook.Temperatures range from 50C in the daytime to -10 C at night and often it does not rain for a whole year or longer.3) 他的家里很穷，但是他从小就认真读书，刻苦学习。