专升本--虚拟语气

虚拟语气 ( Subjunctive Mood )语气是动词的一种形式。它表示说话者对所指的动词或状态所持的态度,而且在谓语动词上有所体现。语气分三种:陈述语气;祈使语气;虚拟语气。n 1. 陈述语气多见于大多数句子里, 用来陈述事实或就事实提出询问, 广泛用于陈述句和疑问句中。 He could swim, but he didnt jump into the water to save the boy.n 2. 祈使语气仅用于祈使句中，表示说话人向对方提出请求，劝告或命令。 Shut the window before leaving.n 3. 虚拟语气表示说的话不是事实，或者是不可能发生的情况，而是一种愿望，建议或与事实相反的假设等。 If I were a bird, I should fly in the sky.n 一虚拟语气在条件状语从句中的使用n 二虚拟语气在宾语从句中的使用n 三. 虚拟语气在主语从句中的使用n 四. 虚拟语气在表语从句与同位语从句中的 使用n 五. 虚拟语气在方式状语从句中的使用n 六. 虚拟语气在目的状语从句中的使用n 七. 虚拟语气在让步状语从句中的使用n 八. 虚拟语气表祝愿或愿望一虚拟语气在条件状语从句中的使用n 如果假设的情况与事实相反，或是根本不可能发生或是发生的可能性很小，这就是非真实条件句，即虚拟条件句。n 1与现在的事实相反的假设的动词形式 从句：过去式（be只用were） 主句：would(should/ could / might)+动词原形 If it were not raining, we should go for a picnic. If he came here, he might be able to help you.1） If there were no subjunctive mood, English_ much easier.n A. will be B. would have been C. could have been D. would be n 答案: Dn 2与过去的事实相反的假设的动词形式从句：had + p.p. 主句：would(should/ could / might)+have + p.p.n She should have gone to the party if she had been invited. If she hadnt called me, I should have overslept this morning.n 2） If he _, he _ that food. Luckily, he was sent to the hospital immediately. A. was warned; would not take B. had been warned; would not have taken C. would be warned; had not taken D. would have warned; had not takenn 答案: Bn 3与将来的事实相反的假设的动词形式从句：过去式或should / were to+动词原形主句：would(should/ could / might)+动词原形n If I were to be 20 years old next year, I should take the course of computer science. If it should fail, I would try again. What would happen if the earth stopped turning?n 3） If he _ tomorrow, he would find Mr. Wang in the office. A. comes B. will come C. should come D. come n 答案: Cn 注：1。在if引导的非真实条件句中，if可以省略，但是需要倒装（从句位于主句前）n If he had been warned, he would not have taken that food.n =Had he been warned, he would not have taken that food.n What would happen if the earth stopped turning?n =What would happen if the earth were to / should stop turning? n =Were the earth to stop turning, what would happen?n =Should the earth to stop turning, what would happen?n 4）_ he would have succeeded in the examination. A. Had he worked hard B. If he worked hard C. If he works hard D. If he has worked hardn 答案: An 2有时为了表达的需要，在虚拟语气中并不总是出现if引导的条件句，而通过其他手段代替条件句 如：介词without / but for等或连词 otherwise等表示含蓄条件，需用虚拟语 气。or ；but that +从句n provided ,supposing , were it not for +n.n Without air, we would not live even for five minutes. =If there were no air, we would not live even for five minutes.I was ill that day. Otherwise, I would have taken part in the sports meet.（副词）He telephoned to inform me of your birthday, or I would have known nothing about it .（连词）A man who stopped drinking water would be dead in about seven days. （定语从句）Everything taken into consideration, they would have raised their output quickly.（独立主格结构）n But for the storm, we should have arrived earlier. =If it had not been for the storm, we should have arrived earlier.n Jack cant have arrived yet; otherwise he would have telephone me. =Jack cant have arrived yet; if he had arrived, he would have telephone me.含蓄条件句是指句中没有明显的虚拟条件句，而是利用其他手段来暗示存在虚拟条件。但是这类隐含式虚拟条件句往往都可以转化为if引导的条件句。常来表示含蓄虚拟条件的手段有： n （1）介词或介词短语，如but for, but that, without, in case of, under more favorable condition等。 n the leadership of the party, we could not be living a happy today.=If there hadnt been the leadership of the party, we could not be living a happy today.n A. In spite of B. But for C. Because of D. As for n 答案选B。 But that she was afraid, she would have said no. (2)连词，如：so that, unless, in case, supposing, lest, provided(倘若)，for fear that(唯恐)，in order that, on condition that, if only(要是就好了)等。n She listened carefully in order that she might discover exactly what he wanted.=if she listened carefully ,she might discover exactly what he wanted. If only I had more money, I could buy a car. (注：lest, for fear that 和 in case 引起的从句中谓语动词多用should+动词原形，但可以不用虚拟语气，而用动词的陈述语气形式。)例如： The foreign teacher spoke slowly in case we misunderstood him. 这位外籍教师说得很慢以免我们听不懂。 Care must be taken in using this method lest overflow should occur.在使用此法时要小心谨慎，以免会发生溢流现象。 n （3）通过上下文及内在含义，句中往往有but, otherwise, unfortunately等类似转折词。 I thought the children when we returned home, but they were still awake. A. were sleeping B. would be sleeping C. had been sleeping D. would sleep选择 B。 (4)形容词及其比较级 A more careful person would not have made so many mistakes. A less conscientious man wouldnt have tried so hard to get this job done. (5)分词短语 Having known in time, we might have prevented the accident. Born ten days earlier, the boy could have seen his late father. n (6)动词不定式短语。一般intended/meant/hoped/wished/planned 或 was/were+不定式完成式或had intended/meant/planned/hoped/wished/+不定式一般式表示虚拟。 I intended I should call on you, but I was busy at that time. To hear him speak French, you would take him for an Englishman. She would be stupid not to accept his invitation. It would be easier to do it this way. n (7)名词短语和名词+and结构 A judicious man would not have committed suicide. A diligent student would have worked harder. n (8)独立主格结构 All things considered, the price would be reasonable. n (7)名词短语和名词+and结构 A judicious man would not have committed suicide. A diligent student would have worked harder.n (8)独立主格结构 All things considered, the price would be reasonable. n (9)定语从句 Anyone who had been in your position would have done the same. A nation, which stopped working, would be dead in a fortnight. n (10）情态动词完成式暗示虚拟语气： I should have called to make an airline reservation, but I didnt. The porter ought to have called the fire-brigade as soon as he saw the fire in the stock, which went up in smoke.n (11)动词原形表示虚拟 动词原形直接用在句子中也被看作是一种虚拟，最常见于正式文体中，动词原形一般用在条件从句中，有时倒装置于句首，同时这种用法也常见于独立句中表达愿望。 God bless you! All magnets behave the same, be they large or small. Shell be sixteen years odd, com May.(come May =when May come). If that be so, we shall take action at once. n n 5） Without electricity human life _ quite different today. A. is B. will be C. would have been D. would ben 答案: Dn 6） He hesitated for a moment before kicking the ball, otherwise he _ a goal. A. had scored B. scored C. would score D. would have scoredn 答案: Dn 3当主句的动作和从句的动作不是发生在同一时间，需用混合虚拟条件句表示。n 1）过去时与现在时混合使用，即条件为过去事实相反的假设，而主句为与现在事实相反的说法。n If he had followed the doctors advice, he would be all right now.n 2）现在时与过去时混合使用。 If he could pass the exam now, he would have passed it last time.n 3）现在时与将来时混合使用。 If he were here now, he was to start off with us tomorrow.n 7）It is hard for me to imagine what I would be doing today if I _ in love at the age of seven, with the Melinda Cox Library in my hometown. A. wouldnt have fallen B. had not fallen C. should fall D. were to falln 答案: B n 8）When a pencil is partly in a glass of water, it looks as if it _. A. breaks B. has broken C. were broken D. had been broken 答案: C二虚拟语气在宾语从句中的使用n 在动词建议：persuade agree arrange determine suggest，advise，propose。Recommend（建议），move（会议上提议），advise.要求：ask，request，require，desire，demand，stipulate（规定），tell，pray。指挥：order，command，direct。主张：insist，advocate，maintain，urge，beg，decide。n 等词后的宾语从句中谓语动词用（should）+动词原形。n Janes uncle insisted that she not stay in the hotel. The workers requested that their working conditions be improved.n 注：这些词的后面有时也不用虚拟语气。 Janes pale face suggested that she was ill. He insisted that he was right.n 9）The judge ordered that the thief _ punished. A. would be B. should be C. was to be D. must ben 答案: Bn 10）Janes pale face suggested that she _ ill, and her parents suggested that she _ a medical examination. A. be; should have B. was; have C. should be; had D. was; hasn 答案: Bn 2动词wish的宾语从句的谓语动词与条件从句的谓语动词形式一样，即：现在使用过去；过去使用过去完成；将来使用过去将来（不管主句的谓语动词如何）。n I do wish that I could help you. I wish I had known the answer to the question.n 11） How I wish every family _ a large house with a beautiful garden! A. has B. had C. will have D. had hadn 答案: Bn 12） I wish I _ you yesterday. A. seen B. did seen C. had seen D. were to seen 答案: Cn 2. It + be + important / desirable (理想的) / better / strange / necessary / surprising / essential/ imperative/ impossible/ advisable/ vital/ crucial/ obligatory/ natural +that 从句 (should +动词原形) It is necessary that you (should) be present at the discussion.n advisable合理的 decided决定的 crucial appropriate恰当的 determined决定的 commanded命令的 arranged安排的 essential紧要的，基本的 complied遵照 anxious imperative迫切的 important重要的 desirable合意的 better insistent坚持的 desired想要 asked请求keen渴望的 incredible adamant坚定不移的 natural insisted坚持 necessary suggestedurgent紧迫的 ordered命令 shocked震惊的 vital极其重要的 possible可能的 strange preferable （好一点） proposed提议 requested要求的 required recommended推荐 resolved决定的 probable（可能的） pity可惜，憾事 shame遗憾 n 注意：这类形容词后面除了可接that虚拟句以外，也可以forto do 来表达，一般情况下，意思没有什么差别。 It is essential that he should be prepared for this. It is essential for him to be prepared for this. n 3. It is a pity / a matter of regret / wonder / shame+ +that从句 (should +动词原形)n 4. It is (high / about ) time + that 从句(动词用一般过去时态) It is time we left. = It is time for us to leave. It is high time that he began to think how to deal with money.n 例题13) It is desirable that the plane _ as light as possible. A. was B. be C. is D. weren 答案: B三. 虚拟语气在主语从句中的使用n 1. It + be + suggested / ordered / demanded / required / requested / planned / arranged / +that从句 (should +动词原形) It was suggested that Jane (should) have a medical examination. n 14）It is high time that we _ to school. A. would go B. went C. will go D. had gonen 答案: Bn 15） I would rather that you _ right away. A. leave B. left C. will leave D. should liven 答案: B四. 虚拟语气在表语从句与同位语从句中的使用n 名词suggestion / proposal(建议) / order / advice / demand / recommendation/ motion/ plan/ idea/ order等可以接名词性从句,从句中的谓语动词一般使用虚拟语气, (should )+动词原形.n My suggestion is that you (should) send a few soldiers to help them. He makes the demand that she (should) leave the place at once.n 例题 16）Their demand is that their wages _ increased by 20%. A. be B. should C. will be D. must ben 答案: An 17）The teacher agreed to the suggestion that the students _ two weeks to prepare for the exam. A. give B. should give C. be given D. would be givenn 答案: C 五. 虚拟语气在方式状语从句中的使用n 关联词有as if / as though (用法与wish后的宾语从句相同,即: 现在使用过去；过去使用过去完成；将来使用过去将来（不管主句的谓语动词如何）。n They look rather puzzled as if they didnt know anything about it.n 18）The two strangers talked as if they _ friends for years. A. should be B. would be C. have been D. had beenn 答案: D六. 虚拟语气在目的状语从句中的使用n 由so that / in order that / for fear that(以免) in case/ lest/ on condition that引导的从句中谓语动词常使用情态动词may / might / can / could 等.n I got there earlier than usual so that I could be the first one to enter the church. He tried his best to study in order that he might pass the exams.n 例题 19）The emperor gave the two cheats some gold in order that they _ their work at once. A. may begin B. can begin C. might begin D. should beginn 答案: C七. 虚拟语气在让步状语从句中的使用n even if / even though 引导的让步状语从句,若表示与事实相反,其动词用虚拟语气形式,主从句中的谓语动词形式与非真实条件句相同.n Even if / Even though I were rich, I would work. Theyll stand by you even if you dont succeed.在whatever, whoever, no matter what等引导让步状从句,谓动may+动原n 例题 20）Even if he _ here, he could not solve the problem. A. was B. were C. had been D. has been n 答案: B八. 虚拟语气表祝愿或愿望用于“may动词原形”表示“祝愿”，may须置于句首。n 1.祝愿句常用动词原形或may引导的倒装句. God bless you! = May God bless you!n 例题 21） _ you enjoy many years of health and happiness. A. Wish B. Hope C. Expect D. Mayn 答案: Dn 2.if only 可表示现在或过去不可能实现的一种愿望, if only 后用动词的过去时或过去完成时. “要是就好了”只要 但愿 引导的感叹句中谓语如下： If only he had seen me! If only that photo werent missing! 22) If only he _ quietly as the doctor instructed, he would not suffer so much now. A. lies B. lay C. had lain D. should lie n 答案: C