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1 （2009山东）山东）阅读下面的短文，并根据短文后的要求答题（请阅读下面的短文，并根据短文后的要求答题（请注意问题后的词数要求）。注意问题后的词数要求）。1Hello.Its one of the first words we learn as babies,yet its one of the last ones we think to use as adults.Thats unfortunate,because saying hello is more than just saying helloit is recognition of anothers worth.How might the world changehow might we changeif we mastered this word?To find out,I spent one四、阅读表达四、阅读表达month saying hello to every person I met.Heres what Ive learned.2It can boost(促进促进)productivity.In one of the few studies ever done on this subject,Allan Allday,an assistant professor of special education at Oklahoma State University,had middle school teachers greet their students individually each morning.This exchange of greetings raised the kids productivity.School went from impersonal to personal,and that resulted in more class participation and better grades.3Environments influence friendliness.One study found that people in the city were less likely to shake hands with a stranger than those in the countryside.And,researchers say,pleasant environments generally encourage more smiles and hellos than unpleasant ones.My experience was similar.Whatever the reason,my urban hellos were answered far less often than my rural ones.Similarly,people in vacation spots,like the Jersey Shore,were far friendlier than those hurrying to work downtown.4Its a form of universal health insurance.Its impossible to say hello without smiling.And smiling has been shown to lower blood pressure,relieve stress and boost happiness.Apparently,asmile creates a similar effect in the recipient(接接受者受者).5So maybe we can make the world a betterplace by .After a month of doing it,I feel lighter and more connected and I have a better sense of well-being.1.What does the author say about the adults a ccording to Paragraph 1?(Please answer within 8 words.)Adults are not willing to say hello./Adults seldom say hello.2.Which sentence in the text is the closest in meaning to the following one?Teachers and students got friendlier so that the students became more active in learning and scored higher in tests.School went from impersonal to personal,and that resulted in more class participation and better grades.3.Fill in the blank in Paragraph 5 with proper words.(Please answer within 5 words.)saying hello to each other/greeting each other/saying hello4.List three effects of smiling on health accord-ing to the text.(Please answer within 8 words.)（1）lowering blood pressure（2）relieving stress（3）boosting happiness5.Translate the underlined sentence in Paragr-aph 3 into Chinese.不管出于什么原因，我在城里打招呼得到的回应比不管出于什么原因，我在城里打招呼得到的回应比 在乡村少得多。在乡村少得多。2 （2008山东）山东）阅读下面的短文，并根据短文后的要求答题（请阅读下面的短文，并根据短文后的要求答题（请注意问题后的词数要求）。注意问题后的词数要求）。1The word addiction usually makes you think of alcohol or drugs,but in modern-day society we are seeing some new kinds of addic-tions.Some people are compulsive(难以自制的难以自制的)shoppers.Others find it impossible to pull them-selves away from their work.Still others spend countless hours watching TV or playing computer games.2Over the years,shopping has become avery common activity.Many people enjoy goingto stores more and more every day,but its more than a common hobby for some of them.They have turned into shopaholics.They are people who simply enjoy shopping and walking around spending money without being able to stop doing it.They are hooked on shopping and usually buy things that they dont need.Even though they dont have enough money,they buy everything they want.3The question is,why do they have this addiction?There isnt a specific answer.Some people go shopping when they are sad,worried,upset or lonely and they want to feel better.Theyuse this activity as a way to forget their problems.Shopaholics say that they feel more important and better after they buy something.They also tend to have this addiction when theyfeel guilty.4Shopaholism seems to be a harmless addiction,but it can .Some of them can be psychological.If this is the case,people addictedto shopping should go to a support group to help them break this habit.However,the process,like for most addictions,is long,and they suffer a lot.It can also cause financial problems.They just think about satisfying their feelings,so they spend money they dont have.They get deep in debt,and they can even go bankrupt and get sentto prison.6.List three activities that might develop into addictions based on the text.(Please answer within 8 words.)(1)shopping/drinking (2)playing computer games/working (3)watching TV/taking drugs7.What is the main idea of Paragraph 3?(Please answer within 8 words.)The reasons why some people/shopaholics have shopping addiction./The possible reasons for shopaholism/shopping addiction.8.Fill in the blank in Paragraph 4 with proper words.(Please answer within 6 words.)cause/bring about/result in many problems9.Which sentence in the text is the closest in meaning to the following one?Accordingly,these shopaholics should turn to a certain organization for help so that they can stop compulsive shopping.If this is the case,people addicted to shopping should go to a support group to help them break this habit.10.Translate the underlined sentence in Paragraph 2 into Chinese.他们购物成瘾，而且通常买的都是用不着的东西。他们购物成瘾，而且通常买的都是用不着的东西。/他们购物上瘾，常买些不需要的东西。他们购物上瘾，常买些不需要的东西。阅读表达题型考查考生用英语理解文章、组织语阅读表达题型考查考生用英语理解文章、组织语言、恰当表达的能力，将阅读与写作融为一体。这使言、恰当表达的能力，将阅读与写作融为一体。这使考生能够展示个性发展和思维的多样性与开放性，对考生能够展示个性发展和思维的多样性与开放性，对考生用英语思维和表达的能力提出了更高的要求。试考生用英语思维和表达的能力提出了更高的要求。试题要求根据一篇不少于题要求根据一篇不少于200词左右的短文，从不同角词左右的短文，从不同角度考查五个问题。这五个问题要求同学们在阅读文章度考查五个问题。这五个问题要求同学们在阅读文章的基础上，用自己的语言把所理解的信息，准确无误的基础上，用自己的语言把所理解的信息，准确无误地表达出来。做此类题应当：地表达出来。做此类题应当：一、在阅读文章时，要注意训练概括文章主旨和一、在阅读文章时，要注意训练概括文章主旨和归纳标题的能力。概括主旨时应首先通读全文，通过归纳标题的能力。概括主旨时应首先通读全文，通过阅读，了解作者写这篇文章的真正目的。要准确理解阅读，了解作者写这篇文章的真正目的。要准确理解文章大意，把握作者的观点、态度、语气和文章的内文章大意，把握作者的观点、态度、语气和文章的内容要点、层次结构等，为回答问题做好准备。试题的容要点、层次结构等，为回答问题做好准备。试题的回答通常要求字数比较少，所以语言要精辟、简洁，回答通常要求字数比较少，所以语言要精辟、简洁，答案要符合题干的要求，能概括出文章大意或作者写答案要符合题干的要求，能概括出文章大意或作者写作意图。关键词往往出现在文章的开头或结尾，也有作意图。关键词往往出现在文章的开头或结尾，也有部分文章需要我们通读全文后才能找到关键词。部分文章需要我们通读全文后才能找到关键词。二、补全句子题是在深刻理解文意及上下文结构二、补全句子题是在深刻理解文意及上下文结构的基础上完成的。平时阅读文章时要多关注上下句或的基础上完成的。平时阅读文章时要多关注上下句或段落之间的一些起过渡作用的成分。同时，还要注意段落之间的一些起过渡作用的成分。同时，还要注意问题所在句子的句式结构和语法特征。比如，要看是问题所在句子的句式结构和语法特征。比如，要看是否符合某种特定的句型，句子中有没有表示并列、转否符合某种特定的句型，句子中有没有表示并列、转折、递进意义的提示词等。折、递进意义的提示词等。三、针对主观性试题，考生在日常学习中应从语三、针对主观性试题，考生在日常学习中应从语篇理解、作者写作意图揣测等方面入手，注重培养归篇理解、作者写作意图揣测等方面入手，注重培养归纳概括能力。可以通过写读后记、读后感或缩写、改纳概括能力。可以通过写读后记、读后感或缩写、改写文章等方法进行操练。写文章等方法进行操练。四、多做些长难句翻译练习。从理解句子结构入四、多做些长难句翻译练习。从理解句子结构入手，结合上下文语境，运用多种翻译技巧进行翻译，手，结合上下文语境，运用多种翻译技巧进行翻译，译文要符合汉语表达习惯。翻译题的答案表述应该遵译文要符合汉语表达习惯。翻译题的答案表述应该遵循如下几条原则：循如下几条原则：1.忠实于题干。做阅读表达题，审忠实于题干。做阅读表达题，审清题干是前提。题干中往往包含了答题的具体要求和清题干是前提。题干中往往包含了答题的具体要求和一些答题信息。一些答题信息。2.忠实于原文。阅读表达题的答案都忠实于原文。阅读表达题的答案都是根据文章的具体内容设计的。问题的答案在文中都是根据文章的具体内容设计的。问题的答案在文中都有表述，应该在原文中寻找，切忌脱离原文，凭空回有表述，应该在原文中寻找，切忌脱离原文，凭空回答。答。3.忠实于语言规则。答案表述要依据题干要求和忠实于语言规则。答案表述要依据题干要求和文中信息作答，做到要点全面，内容精确，用词准文中信息作答，做到要点全面，内容精确，用词准确，语言简洁，字数不超过规定字数。忌确，语言简洁，字数不超过规定字数。忌“隐隐”、“晦晦”、“曲曲”，忌片面、笼统、烦琐，忌出现语病。，忌片面、笼统、烦琐，忌出现语病。主旨概括题以偏概全，叙述不准主旨概括题以偏概全，叙述不准 Many people who work in London prefer to live outside it,and to go to their offices,factories or schools every day by train,car or bus,even though this means they have to get up earlier in the morning and reach home later in the evening.One advantage of living outside London is thathouses are cheaper.Even a small flat in Londonwithout a garden costs quite a lot to rent.With thesame money,one can get a little house in the country with a garden of ones own.Besides,in thecountry one can live away house in the country with a garden of ones own.Besides,in the coun-try one can live away from the noise and hurry ofthe town.Even though one has to get up earlier and spend more time on trains or buses,one canhave a better sleep at night and during weekends.On summer evenings,one can enjoy the fresh and clean air.If one likes gardens,one can spend his free time digging,planting,water-ing and doing other jobs which are needed in a garden.When the flowers and vegetables come up,one has a chance to share the secrets of nature.Q:Whats the best title for this passage?(Plea-se answer within 10 words.)考生在做标题归纳题时，往往不知道如何分析考生在做标题归纳题时，往往不知道如何分析材料，无法从繁多信息中筛选出有效信息，得出材料，无法从繁多信息中筛选出有效信息，得出正确答案。在表述上语言不精炼，叙述繁冗拖沓，正确答案。在表述上语言不精炼，叙述繁冗拖沓，模棱两可，不能准确描述出文章大意。模棱两可，不能准确描述出文章大意。【解题探究【解题探究】本文一开始就提出本文一开始就提出“在伦敦工作的人在伦敦工作的人宁愿早起晚归，往返于伦敦与郊区之间宁愿早起晚归，往返于伦敦与郊区之间”这个观点，这个观点，总领了全文。第二段中的总领了全文。第二段中的“One advantage of One advantage of living outside London.”,“Besides,inliving outside London.”,“Besides,in the the country one can live away from the noise and country one can live away from the noise and hurry of the town.”hurry of the town.”以及后面的其他关键信息提以及后面的其他关键信息提示考生，本文主要阐述了住在伦敦郊区示考生，本文主要阐述了住在伦敦郊区给人们带来的好处和乐趣。因此我们可以得出此题给人们带来的好处和乐趣。因此我们可以得出此题答案应为答案应为“Why People Working inLondonWhy People Working inLondon Prefer Prefer Living Outside It?/Advantages of Living Living Outside It?/Advantages of Living Outside London”Outside London”。英语文章的标题应该简洁明了。英语文章的标题应该简洁明了。在归纳标题时要注意以下几点：在归纳标题时要注意以下几点：1.1.贵精炼，忌冗繁；贵精炼，忌冗繁；2.2.贵具体，忌抽象、空洞；贵具体，忌抽象、空洞；3.3.贵达意，忌文不对题；贵达意，忌文不对题；4.4.贵宏观把握，大处着眼，忌一叶障目，不见泰山。贵宏观把握，大处着眼，忌一叶障目，不见泰山。补全句子题脱离语境，想当然地解答补全句子题脱离语境，想当然地解答 Its widely believed that natural disasters,a growing demand for food worldwide,coupled with market speculation（投机买卖）（投机买卖）,surging（飞（飞涨）涨）oil prices and the expansion of biofuels,arepushing the food price up.The UN Environment Program said the plan-ets water,land,air,plants,animals and fish were all in“continuous decline”.According to the UNs World Food Program(WFP),57 countries,include-ing 29 in Africa,19 in Asia and 9 in Latin America,have been hit by serious floods.Harvests have been affected by drought and heat waves in south Asia,Europe,China,Sudan,Mozambique and Uruguay.A growing population also greater dem-and for food.According to Josette Sheeran,dire-ctor of the WFP,“There are 854 million hungry people in the world and 4 million more join their ranks every year.”“We are facing the tightest food supplies in recent history.For the worlds most vulnerable,food is simply being priced out of their reach,”he said.According to Japans Economist magazine,after the U.S.subprime mortgage crisis（次贷危（次贷危机）机）,a huge amount of funds has flowed into the less risky agricultural commodities（商品）（商品）market,pushing food price up along with oil,gold and other commodities.High oil prices and the promotion of biofuels in many developed countries have further caused the increase of food price.The expen-sive oil has raised the cost of farm production in its various phases,such as crop growth and product transportation.Biofuels directly consume crops.Some developed countries have encouraged the use and production of biofuels in recent years in order to reduce greenhouse gas pollution and dependence on oil imports.The direct effect is the reduction of food for humans,pushing the price up.Q:Please fill in the blank in the third parag-raph with a proper phrase to complete the sentence.(Please answer within 5 words.)考生做补全句子题时常犯的错误是忽略上下文考生做补全句子题时常犯的错误是忽略上下文语境，没弄清文章层次就匆忙做题，所得答案文语境，没弄清文章层次就匆忙做题，所得答案文不对题或与上下文脱节。另外，考生在答题时，不对题或与上下文脱节。另外，考生在答题时，还常常忽略题干中的关于答案词数的限制，导致还常常忽略题干中的关于答案词数的限制，导致答案词数过多。答案词数过多。【解题探究【解题探究】综观全文可知，自然灾害、不断增长的综观全文可知，自然灾害、不断增长的食物需求、与之相随的市场投机买卖、石油价格的飞食物需求、与之相随的市场投机买卖、石油价格的飞涨、植物燃料需求的扩大等使得世界面临日益严重的涨、植物燃料需求的扩大等使得世界面临日益严重的粮食危机。第一段是概说，其余几段是具体说明。第粮食危机。第一段是概说，其余几段是具体说明。第三段提到不断增长的人口是食物需求扩大的原因。根三段提到不断增长的人口是食物需求扩大的原因。根据空缺处句子的结构可知，此处为句子的谓语部分，据空缺处句子的结构可知，此处为句子的谓语部分，表示表示“导致，带来导致，带来”之意，故应填之意，故应填contributes to/contributes to/Leads to/results inLeads to/results in。做此类题时应注意：做此类题时应注意：1.准确理解文章大意，把握作者的写作思路，不能偏准确理解文章大意，把握作者的写作思路，不能偏 离主题；离主题；2.注意句式、语法结构和文章的层次结构；注意句式、语法结构和文章的层次结构；3.依据文中起过渡作用的词或短语，分析所缺信息及依据文中起过渡作用的词或短语，分析所缺信息及 其与上下文的关系；其与上下文的关系；4.注意题干的词数限制。注意题干的词数限制。主观性试题词不达意，逻辑混乱主观性试题词不达意，逻辑混乱 A new study has found that a fat cell gene may reduce the risk of colon cancer in some people.The study provides what scientists say is the first evidence of a genetic link between a fat cell gene and colon cancer.The research could lead to better tests for the disease as well as measures to help prevent it.Current evidence suggests a relationship between obesity,insulin resistance and colon cancer risk.The scientists say what they have found now is an area of a gene that is connected with the cancer risk.They say this area is most likely not the cause of the disease,but they thinkit is where the connection comes from.The gene is involved in the formation of a hormone called adiponectin.Some people havehigher levels of this hormone in their blood.Others have lower levels.Higher levels have beenlinked with lower rates of obesity and insulin resistance.And lower levels have been linked with higher rates.The Journal of the American Medical Assoc-iation published the new findings last week.Boris Pasche from the Comprehensive Cancer Center at the University of Alabama at Birmingham led the research.Colon cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer deaths.Every year it kills almost six hun-dred eighty thousand people around the world.And doctors find more than one million new cases each year.The disease is highly treatable if discovered early.The research involved two studies with a total of about one thousand five hundred people.The larger of the two studies involved New Yorkers ofAshkenazi Jewish ancestry.Colon cancer is more common in Jews of eastern European ancestry than in the general population.The other study involved people of different ethnicities from Chicago,Illinois.Currently,in the United States,the general advice is for colonoscopy（结肠镜检查）（结肠镜检查）tests for colon cancer to begin at the age of fifty.A colon-oscopy can find and remove growths before they become cancerous.But the test is invasive and can be uncomfortable.A study last month in the New England Jour-nal of Medicine expressed support for a test called a virtual colonoscopy.It uses X-ray and computer technology to search for growths,but cannot remove them.There are still some ques-tions about the effectiveness of a virtual colonoscopy compared to a traditional one.But doctors hope it might appeal to people who would otherwise not be tested at all.Q:Do you think the new research is practical and useful?Why?(Please answer within 30 words.)考生解答主观性试题时容易犯以下错误：考生解答主观性试题时容易犯以下错误：1.1.忽视答案的层次性，叙述繁冗，表意不清；忽视答案的层次性，叙述繁冗，表意不清；2.2.语语言表达不准确，不规范，缺乏逻辑性；言表达不准确，不规范，缺乏逻辑性；3.3.有时会有时会有语法错误。有语法错误。【解题探究】根据题干可知，此题有两问，答案也【解题探究】根据题干可知，此题有两问，答案也应当分为两个部分。第一部分回答前面的一般疑问应当分为两个部分。第一部分回答前面的一般疑问句，第二部分回答具体原因。根据文章第一段最后句，第二部分回答具体原因。根据文章第一段最后一句一句“The research could lead to better tests for the disease as well as measures to help prevent it.”及文章后面几段的描述可知，此种研究方式虽然及文章后面几段的描述可知，此种研究方式虽然还存在一些疑问，但是却比以往的有效，而且有助于还存在一些疑问，但是却比以往的有效，而且有助于结肠癌的治疗。所以答案应为结肠癌的治疗。所以答案应为“Yes,I think so.Although there are some questions about its effectiveness,it is still useful because people can have a better test and treatment with it.”做此类题时应注意：做此类题时应注意：1.语言表达要简洁、明了；语言表达要简洁、明了；2.书写要清晰整洁；书写要清晰整洁；3.答案应忠实于文章内容，关键信息不能有遗漏，答案应忠实于文章内容，关键信息不能有遗漏，不能凭空增加多余信息。不能凭空增加多余信息。句子逐字翻译，不符合汉语的习惯表达句子逐字翻译，不符合汉语的习惯表达 Called“The School of the Future”and created with the help of software giant Microsoft,arecently-opened public school in Philadelphia,US,is believed to be the first in the world to combine innovative teaching methods with the latest technology.At this school,students work on wireless laptops,teachers eschew traditional subjects for real-world topics and parents can track their childrens work on the Internet.The school,which costs the school authority$63 million to build,is free and has no entrance exams.The 170 ninth-grade students were selected at random from 1,500 applicants.Philadelphia School District Chief Executive Paul Vallas told students they would be observed by other schools around the world.“You have become instant role models,”Vallas said.“People are going to be watching you.”Students still sit in classrooms,but lessons rely heavily on information found on the Internet and on interactive software.Students will be allowed to learn at their own pace.Homework is done on computer and sent to the teachers for grading and parents can access the schools network to read teachers feedback on their childrens progress.Traditional education fails to teach students the skills of problem-solving,critical thinking and effective communication,which they need to succeed in the 21st century,Principal Shirley Grover said in an interview.“Its not about memo-rizing certain algebraic equations（代数方程式）（代数方程式）and then presenting them in a test,”Grover said.“Its about thinking how maths might be used to solve water quality problems or how it might be used to determine whether or not we are safe in Philadelphia from the bird flu.”David Terry,14,said he was hoping to“turn over a new leaf”after discipline problems in his previous school left him with an“average toreally bad”academic record.“This is a great opportunity for me,”he said.“In other schools,I would not find study so interesting.”Q:Please translate the underlined sentence in the fifth paragraph into Chinese.考生常忽视英汉两种语言文化间的差异，用汉考生常忽视英汉两种语言文化间的差异，用汉语的思维方式、语言习惯和表达方式来理解英语，语的思维方式、语言习惯和表达方式来理解英语，以致翻译出的汉语句子逻辑混乱，语意含糊，信以致翻译出的汉语句子逻辑混乱，语意含糊，信息缺失。翻译时会碰到某些词在英语辞典里找不息缺失。翻译时会碰到某些词在英语辞典里找不到适当的词义，假如硬套或逐词翻译，就会使译到适当的词义，假如硬套或逐词翻译，就会使译文生硬晦涩，甚至会造成错译。这时就应根据上文生硬晦涩，甚至会造成错译。这时就应根据上下文和逻辑关系，从该词的根本含义出发，采用下文和逻辑关系，从该词的根本含义出发，采用意译的方式进行表达。意译的方式进行表达。【解题探究【解题探究】题目要求翻译的句子含有非限制性定题目要求翻译的句子含有非限制性定语从句，因此要结合定语从句的翻译方法进行翻译。语从句，因此要结合定语从句的翻译方法进行翻译。在翻译定语从句中的关系代词后面的内容时，我们在翻译定语从句中的关系代词后面的内容时，我们一般将其译成以一般将其译成以“这这”或或“这一点这一点”等开头的句子，等开头的句子，所以本句应译为所以本句应译为“校长雪莉校长雪莉格罗弗在接受采访时格罗弗在接受采访时说，传统教育未能教给学生解决问题、批判性思维说，传统教育未能教给学生解决问题、批判性思维和有效交流的技能，而这些是他们在二十一世纪要和有效交流的技能，而这些是他们在二十一世纪要取得成功所必需的。取得成功所必需的。翻译句子时应注意：翻译句子时应注意：1.注重句子结构及语序；注重句子结构及语序；2.切勿逐词逐句翻译；切勿逐词逐句翻译；3.根据汉语表达习惯对译文进行修改；根据汉语表达习惯对译文进行修改；4.注重对英语中的习惯用法和翻译技巧的掌握。注重对英语中的习惯用法和翻译技巧的掌握。1 （2009淄博二次质检）淄博二次质检）If you are a male and you are reading this,congratulations:you are a survivor.According to statistics,you are more than twice likely to die of skin cancer than a woman,and nine times more likely to die of AIDS.There are many reasons for this.Typically,mentake more risks than women and are more likely to drink and smoke but perhaps more importantly,men dont go to the doctor.Gullotta,a professor from a famous medical university,says a healthy man should visit the doctor every year or two.For those over 45,it should be at least once a year.Two months ago Gullotta saw a 50-year-old man who had delayed doing anything about his smokers cough for a year.According to a recent survey,95%of women aged between 15 and early 40s see a doctor once a year,compared to 70%of men in the same age group.“A lot of men think they are absolutely strong,”Gullotta says.They only come in when a frienddrops dead on the golf course and they think,“Geez,if it could happen to him,.”Then there is the ostrich approach.“Some men are scared of what might be there and wouldrather not know,”says Dr.Ross Cartmill.“Most men get their cars serviced more regularly than they service their bodies,”Cartmillsays.He believes most diseases that commonlyaffect men could be addressed by preventive Check-ups.Cartmill says,“Regular checkups for men would surely place stress on the publicpurse,but prevention is cheaper in the long run than having to treat the diseases.”Besides,the ultimate cost is far greater:it is called prematuredeath.1.What is the best title of the passage?(Please answer within 10 words.)Men Take More Risks Than Women in Health2.Which sentence in the passage is the closest in meaning to the following one?In his opinion,medical examinations in advance can help solve some common male diseases.He believes most diseases that commonly affect men could be addressed by preventive check-ups.3.Fill in the blank in the sixth paragraph with proper words or phrases to complete the sent-ence.(Please answer within 10 words.)it could happen to me,too4.Give three suggestions for men to keep heal-thy.(Please answer within 30 words.)(1)Never smoke.(2)Have regular medical care.(3)Do exercise every day.5.Translate the underlined sentence in the last paragraph into Chinese.男人定期进行
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