考研英语-写作1-准备阶段.ppt

准备阶段 PART 写作的要求及注意事项 写作占 15分，考试时间为 30分钟。字数 不少于 150个词。考试形式为根据提纲作 文、看图作文、描述图表或根据一篇所 给的文章写出内容提要或读后感。 评分标准 （ 1） 满分为 15分。 （ 2） 分五等： 14分、 11分、 8分、 5分及 2分。 （ 3） 14分 切题。表达思想清楚，文字通顺，连贯性好。基 本上无语言错误，仅有个别小错。 11分 切题。表达思想清楚，文字连贯，但有少量错误。 8分 基本切题。有些地方表达思想不够清楚，文字勉强连贯； 语言错误相当多，其中有一些是严重错误。 5分 基本切题。表达思想不清楚，连贯性差。有较多的严重语 言错误。 2分 条理不清，思路紊乱，语言支离破碎或大部分句子有错误， 且多数为严重错误。 注意事项 1切题最重要 2表达要通顺 3思路要连贯 4字数要符合标准 5检查不可少 6卷面要整洁 英语写作的基本方法和技巧 一、写作过程 1审题 2列出提纲 3拓展成文 在列出提纲基础上，开始把相关的关键词、相 关的短语或相关的短句贯穿起来，正式写出完 整的句子。 在引言部分应该点明全文的中心思想。正文部 分可以根据具体情况对问题进行分析和论证。 正文的每一部分最好安排相应的分支主题句， 从不同的侧面对本文的中心思想进行解释、分 析和论证。而且每一段落中的所有句子都必须 围绕着这个特定的分支主题句，详细展开内容。 每个段落的主题都必须与文章的主题相呼应。 段落与段落之间还应该具有衔接性，以保持文 章的整体性。开头和结尾应力求简单扼要，正 文应具体而充实地表现主题。 PART 写作的具体技巧 如何写好段落 段落是由表达单一中心思想的一组句子， 包括主题句（ the topic sentence）、 拓 展句（ the supporting sentence） 以及收 尾句（ the concluding sentence）， 是文 章结构的基本独立单位。 主题句 主题句是表达段落主题的句子。它用以 概括段落大意，要求全段其他文字都围 绕它展开。 Sending cards to friends and relatives is a popular way to greet the New Year. When the New Year is drawing near， beautiful cards of various shapes and designs are displayed in many shops. Many people， especially the young， buy them at any cost and send them to their friends and relatives. Generally speaking， each of us will receive dozens of cards. 2.如何写好主题句 段落的主题句对主题的限定主要是通过 句中的关键词来表现。关键词要尽量写 得具体些。 一：要具体到能控制和限制段落的发展； 二：是要具体到能说明段落发展的方法。 American people are always cheated. A: Some Americans are always cheated when they trade cars. B: American people are always cheated by TV advertisements. She tries to improve her appearance. A: There are some reasons why she tries to improve her looks. B: She tries many ways to improve her looks. 2.拓展句 （ 1）主要拓展句 其特点是围绕段落主题句展开的每一个 拓展句本身都不要求作进一步的说明或 证明，句与句之间的关系是相互对立又 是互相连接的。 There are several factors affecting climate. One factor is the mount of sunlight received. Altitude, or the height above sea level, also determines climate. The oceans have an effect on the climate of adjacent land. In addition, climate is influenced by the general circulation of the atmosphere. (2)次要拓展句 其特点是对主要拓展句作进一步的事实 分析和举例说明。它从属于某一个或几 个拓展句。 I choose to teach because teaching is not easy for me. Teaching is the most difficult of the various ways I have attempted to earn my living: mechanic, carpenter, writer. For me, teaching is a red-eye, sweaty-palm, sinking- stomach profession. Red-eye, because I never feel ready to teach no matter how late I stay up preparing. Sweaty-palm, , because Im always nervous before I enter the classroom, sure that I will be found out for the fool that I am. Sinking-stomach, because I leave the classroom an hour later convinced that I was even more boring than usual. (3)主要拓展句和次要拓展句的关系 1） 每个主要拓展句都应该对主题句中表 示主要思想的关键词的直接、明确的说 明。 2） 每个次要拓展句都应该说明它的主要 拓展句。 3） 要说明或分析一个问题既要有主要拓 展素材又要有次要拓展素材。 （ 4） 写好拓展句的方法 主题句和关键词确定后，开始选择和主 题有关的信息和素材。常用的方法就是 句子展开前加以设问，然后回答，即设 问 解答的方法。 假设 (suppose) Topic sentence: English is an international language. 设问 (why) Why can we say English is an international language? 解答 (because) Because: English is spoken by pilots and airport control operators in all the airways of the world. Because: over 70 percent of the worlds mail is written in English. Because: More than 60 percent of the worlds radio programs are in English. Because: Many Chinese students study hard at English. Because: Many members of the International Language Society are selected from English- spoken countries. 二 .段落展开的方法 1列举法 通过用具体的事例来阐述某一问题、或者证实 某一概念的正确性。在分析时，可以采用列举 的方式来说明所侧重的不同方面。列举的方面 至少要有三个，还要适当添加过渡词。如： for one thing for another, finally, besides, moreover, one another, still another, first, second, also . Studies have indicated a number of values to reading and reciting, as opposed to reading alone. For one thing, when you read something with the knowledge that you must soon recite what you have read, you are more likely to be motivated to remember and less likely to become inattentive. Moreover, recitation provides immediate knowledge of results, so that you can see how well you are doing and adjust and modify your responses accordingly. Finally, recitation provides active practice in recalling the material you wish ultimately to retain. Yesterday was one of those awful days for me when everything I did went wrong. First, I didnt hear my alarm clock and arrived late for work. Then, I didnt read my diary properly and forgot to get to an important meeting with my boss. During the coffee break, I dropped my coffee cup and spoilt my new skirt. At lunch time, I left my purse on a bus and lost all the money that was in it. After lunch, my boss was angry because I hadnt gone to the meeting. Then I didnt notice a sign on a door that said “Wet Paint” and so I spoilt my jacket too. When I got home I couldnt get into my flat because I had left my key in my office. So I broke a window to get in and cut my hand. 举例法也是列举法的一种，常用的连词 有： for example, one example is, besides, furthermore, moreover, in addition There are many different forms of exercises to suit different tastes. For example, those who enjoy competitive sports may take up ball games. For another example, if they prefer to exercise alone, they can have a run or take a walk in the morning or in the evening. Besides, people can go swimming in the summer and go skating in the winter. In short, no matter what their interests are, people can always find more than one sports that are suitable to them. 2.因果分析法 The role of women in todays society is changing. One reason is that women have begun to assert themselves as independent people through the women movement. Also, women are aware of the alternatives to staying at home. Another reason is that increasing numbers of women who enter new fields and interests serve as role models for other women. Moreover, men are becoming more conscious of the abilities of women and have begun to view their independence positively.