汉英翻译技巧课件

汉英翻译技巧直译VS意译 李白的静夜思 1.直译：In the still of the night I descry bright moonlight in front of my bed.I suspect it to be hoary in front of my bed.I watch the bright moon,as I till back my head.I yearn,while stooping,for my homeland more.意译：A splash of while on my bedroom floor,Hoar frost?A raise my eyes to the moon,the same moon.As scenes long past come to mind.My eyes fan again.On the splash of white,and my heart aches for home.一、增词与减词增词与减词 1.增词法增词法（1）补主语）补主语汉语无主句多，汉语无主句多，而英语句子一般都有主语，而英语句子一般都有主语，所以在翻译汉语无主句时，除了少数可用所以在翻译汉语无主句时，除了少数可用英语无主句、被动语态或英语无主句、被动语态或Therebe结构结构翻译外，一般都要根据语境补出主语，句翻译外，一般都要根据语境补出主语，句子完整。子完整。预计今年的工业产量比去年增长百分之八。预计今年的工业产量比去年增长百分之八。Itisexpectedthatindustrialproductionthisyearincreasesby8%overthatoflastyear.(2)增补连词增补连词英语中词与词、词组与词组以及句子与句英语中词与词、词组与词组以及句子与句子之间的子之间的逻辑关系逻辑关系一般用一般用连词连词来表示，而来表示，而汉语则往往通过上下文和语序来表示这种汉语则往往通过上下文和语序来表示这种关系。关系。找逻辑关系。找逻辑关系。他不来信，我也不还给他写信。他不来信，我也不还给他写信。Iwontwritetohimunlesshewritesfirst.Ifhedoesntwritetome,netherwillI.持续下了八天雨，持续下了八天雨，郊区的道路状况极坏。郊区的道路状况极坏。Theroadinthesuburbsareverybad,owingtothecontinualrainingfor8days.(3)增介词和冠词增介词和冠词英语句子离不开英语句子离不开介词和冠词介词和冠词，而汉语中介，而汉语中介词使用很少，也没有冠词，所以汉译英时词使用很少，也没有冠词，所以汉译英时要把省略的部分加上。要把省略的部分加上。你白天还是夜间工作？你白天还是夜间工作？Doyouworkinthedaytimeoratnight?年份、日期及地点前加介词 2008年，汶川发生了大地震。In 2008，a heavy earthquake took place in Wenchuan city.2.减词法：即删去不符合目标语思维习惯、减词法：即删去不符合目标语思维习惯、语言习惯和表达方式的词，以避免译文累语言习惯和表达方式的词，以避免译文累赘。赘。中国人民历来是勇于探索，勇于创造，勇中国人民历来是勇于探索，勇于创造，勇于革命的。于革命的。ThepeopleofChinahavealwaysbeencourageousenoughtoprobeintothings,tomakeinventionsandtomakerevolution.中式英语 加快经济改革步伐 to accelerate the pace of economic reform to accelerate economic reform 农业获得大丰收 there have been good harvest in agriculture there have been good harvest 一夜之间完成社会转型是不可能的。It is impossible to accomplish the transformation of the society overnight.It is impossible to transform the society overnight.城乡人民生活水平不断提高 living standards for the people in both urban and rural areas continued to rise.living standards in both urban and rural areas continued to rise.经济领域改革 reform in the sphere of the economy reform in the economy 我们必须反对奢侈行为 We must oppose the practice of extravagance.We must oppose extravagance.推进和平统一大业 Promote the cause of peaceful reunification.Promote peaceful reunification.二、词性转换 1.vprep 如果你想按时到纽约参加会议，如果你想按时到纽约参加会议，除了坐飞除了坐飞机以外别无选择。机以外别无选择。IfyouwanttoreachNewYorkintimeforthemeeting,youhavenochoicebuttogobyair.无论何时我们都应牢记工业的发展决不能无论何时我们都应牢记工业的发展决不能以牺牲环境为代价。以牺牲环境为代价。Atnotimeshouldweforgetthatindustrialgrowthcanneverbeboughtattheexpenseofenvironment.2.vn 令我们高兴的是，令我们高兴的是，他们很快就适应了新的他们很快就适应了新的环境。环境。Toourdelight,theyquicklyadaptedthemselvestothenewworkingenvironment.adjadv 最让我感到吃惊的是他的法语说得如此好。最让我感到吃惊的是他的法语说得如此好。WhatsurprisedmemostwasthathecouldspeechFrenchsowell.vn 随着经济飞速发展，中国在国际事务中起随着经济飞速发展，中国在国际事务中起着越来越大的作用。着越来越大的作用。Withtherapiddevelopmentofeconomy,Chinaisplayingagreaterroleininternationalaffairs.一想到要去欧洲旅游，我就兴奋不已。On the thought of my travel to Europe,I got very excited.一看到这张照片，他就想起了自己的童年时光。A sight of the picture reminds him of his childhood.二、断句与合句 汉语 话题型 自我介绍 英语 主谓型 汉译英句子结构：化散为整合句 他的女朋友是什么样的人，他母亲一眼就能看出。His mother is able to tell at a glance what kind of person his girlfriend is.这是一所贵族学校，按理说，学生在政治上应该是保守的。It was an upper-class institution whose students normally should have been politically conservative.(political conservatives)最后一次见先生是今年四月的一个下午，阳光充满暖意，我拜访了先生在牛津的家。The last time I saw him was on a sunny warm afternoon this April,when I called on him at his Oxford home.他惊呆了，喘着粗气，摇摇晃晃地走下楼梯。He staggered down the stairs,stunned and gasping.在这一年半中，她抄写、背写英语单词的纸，累起来可达桌子高。In that year and a half,the paper on which she had copied English words or written them down from memory,if stacked up,could reach the table from the floor.断句（把握内在联系）我们的班主任姓王，五十开外，方脸，一脸的胡子。Mr.Wang,the head teacher responsible for our class,was over fifty.He had a square-shaped face with a full beard.大家都记得1979年秋天，当这个总共只念过八年书、连英文字母也认不全，而且已有三个孩子的女工，竟然报名上当地电大英语班时，招来了多少惊讶的目光。They remember how many astonished looks were cast at her in the autumn of 1979,when this woman worker with only 8 years schooling,little acquaintance with the English alphabet and three children to look after,actually enrolled in the English class offered by the local TV university.语序调整 句内语序调整 句间语序调整句内调整 主语调整 英汉语都以主语+谓语+宾语或施事+行为+受事为基本语序；就施事、行为和受事的顺序而言，汉语语序排列比英语灵活。施事、行为、受事的位置在汉语中比较自由，在英语中比较固定。中国批评界怎样的趋势，我却不大了解，也不很注意。-I am not too clear,not too interested,either,regarding current trends in Chinas literary criticism.沙发上坐着一个人。A man was sitting on the couch.约翰的中国之行，给他留下最深刻印象的是杭州西湖之秀美。The beauty of the West Lake in Hangzhou was what impressed John most during his trip to China.父亲母亲的形象我还能回忆一点儿，但很模糊。Even today I can recollect what my own parents looked like but,of course,my impression is blurry.表示时间、地点和方式的状语同时使用时，在汉语中通常排列为时间地点方式动词的顺序；在英语中则通常排列为动词方式地点时间的顺序。大会将于今年九月在北京隆重召开。The meeting will begin ceremoniously in Beijing the following September.他每晚都在图书馆用心读书。He reads hard in the library every evening.状语位置调整他一九三五年八月二十二日早晨六点三十分诞生在湖南的一个小县城。He was born in a small town of Hunan Province at six thirty on the morning of August 22,1935.设在位于纽约市中心一座摩天大楼第四十层楼里的那间办公室，就是他工作的小天地。The office on the fortieth floor of a skyscraper in the center of New York City is the world he works in.那位老人长时间住在那幢老房子里。The old man has lived in the old house for a long time.我们相信，在新的一年里，通过双方的努力，我们的业务和友好合作关系会得到发展。We believe we will be able to develop business relations and friendly cooperation through our common efforts in the coming year.经过仔细讨论，决定立即开始修建这条铁路。After a thorough discussion,we decided to start building the railway right away.我们相信，在新的一年里，通过双方的努力，我们的业务和友好合作关系会得到发展。We believe we will be able to develop business relations and friendly cooperation through our common efforts in the coming year.定语位置的调整汉语定语总是放在中心词前面；英语定语位置较灵活，单词作定语时一般放在中心词之前，较长的定语如词组或介词短语则放在中心词之后。浩瀚的大海the vast sea;古老的中原文化the time-honoured Central Plain culture.The students outside the classroomA man with a broken left legA man of good manners汉语中不同类型词语作定语修饰一个名词时，往往将表明事物本质属性的词语排列在前，将描写性词语排列在后；而英语则相反，越是表明事物本质属性的定语，越是靠近被修饰的中心词。中国现存规模最大，保存最完整的古代建筑群。The best-preserved magnificent ancient architectural complexes in China.山东曲阜是中国古代著名思想家，教育家孔子的故乡。Qufu,Shandong province,is the birthplace of Confucius,a well-renowned ancient Chinese thinker and teacher.定语从句他就是那个告诉我这个消息的人。He is the man who told me the news.我永远忘不了我们第一次见面的那一天。I shall never forget the day when we first met.这是他以前在伦敦居住的地方。That is the place he stayed when he was in London.只有在河水很浅的地方我们才能涉水而过。We can only ford where the river is very shallow.分词作后置定语他是一个值得同情的人。He is a man deserving of sympathy.日本和我国是一衣带水的邻邦。Japan is our close neighbor separated only by a narrow strip of water.介词短语那一座书架上的书都是有关生态学的。The books on that shelf are all on ecology.大街上奔跑着各种品牌的汽车。Cars of different brands run along the street.正月十五元宵夜，街上挂着各式各样精巧的灯笼。On the evening of the Lantern Festival,the 15th of the first lunar month,exquisite lanterns of diverse designs are hung along the streets.补语形容词The two brothers are very much alike.I was alone in the house.Although old,he is very much alive.补语形容词一般不单独置于名词前做修饰语。An asleep child/an alive fish()他是依然健在的最伟大的科学家。He is the greatest writer alive.这是可能取得的最令人满意的结果了。This is the most satisfactory result obtainable.句间调整叙事和表意的顺序无论是汉语还是英语，在句子中既有叙事部分，又有表意部分，在汉语句子中，叙事在前，表意在后，而且前者可长，后者较短。汉语 句子重心在后英语 句子重心在前我们听了你的学术报告之后，都非常高兴。We were very delighted at listening to your academic report.人类没有空气就无法生存，这是十分自然的。It is very natural that man couldnt live without air.我来到厦门大学教书，完全是一种意外的收获。It has been an unexpected piece of luck for me to become a teacher at Xiamen University.他晚上开车经过山区真是太危险了。It is very dangerous for him to drive his car through the mountainous areas in the evening.居然没有一个人倾听这个意见，真是太遗憾了。It is a pity that nobody should be on the listen.你送来这么多优秀图书，我们甚感高兴。We felt very delighted at your giving us many best books.叙事顺序就分句间的相对位置而言，汉语的顺序相对比较固定，一般按照先因后果，语序与时序相一致的原则。而英语比较灵活，语序与时序常常不一致。我走过地板时，一块板子吱吱作响。A board creaked as I crossed the floor.你丈夫念书，你挣钱养家，他不会感到不自在吧。I hope your husband doesnt feel bad about it,with him studying and you earning money.女主人已经离开人世，再没有人喂它了。它好像已经意识到这一点。He must have been aware that nobody was going to feed him after the death of his mistress.他比赛失败，我感到很惊讶。I was not a little surprised that he lost the game.He lost the game;I felt very much surprised.3.信息焦点:找准主语 英语主谓宾的基本结构 英语主语的构成：名词；动名词；不定式；形式主语主语选定例一：看到这惨状，大家立即陷入了恐慌。1.On seeing this miserable scene,people got panic-stricken very soon.2.At the sight of this miserable scene,people was seized with panic/overwhelmed by panic/great terror,or people were thrown in panic.3.The sight of this miserable scene threw people in panic.看到这惨状，大家立即陷入了恐慌，有人甚至有了撤退的心思。原文思路：1.改写为欧化中文：大家如此惊慌以致于(sothat&such that)2.理清逻辑：整体与部分（大家-有人）看到这惨状，大家立即陷入了恐慌，有人甚至有了撤退的心思。原文思路：1.改写为欧化中文：大家如此惊慌以致于(sothat&such that)2.理清逻辑：整体与部分（大家-有人）译文一 看到这惨状，大家立即陷入了恐慌，有人甚至有了打退堂鼓的心思。The sight of the miserable scene threw people into such a panic that some of them even had the idea of making a retreat.The sight of the miserable scene made people so panic-stricken that some of them even conceived of/entertained the idea of making a retreat.译文二 看到这惨状，大家立即陷入了恐慌，有人甚至有了打退堂鼓的心思。The sight of the miserable scene terrified the people,some of whom even harbored the intention of making a retreat.例21953年，英美两国计划对中国援朝部队使用原子弹，并准备用核武器进攻中国。当这个消息由第三国外交官转告北京时，新中国的领导人深感忧虑，立即作出了建立和发展原子弹和导弹事业的决定。In1953,AmericaandEnglandplannedtouseatomicbombsagainstChineseaidingtroopsinKoreaandtoattackChinawithnuclearweapons.WhenthenewswastransferredtoBeijingfromdiplomaticsourcesofathirdcountry,theleadersofnewChinafeltdeeplyworriedandimmediatelydecidedtosetupanddevelopatomicbombandmissilecause.例21953年，英美两国计划对中国援朝部队使用原子弹，并准备用核武器进攻中国。当这个消息由第三国外交官转告北京时，新中国的领导人深感忧虑，立即作出了建立和发展原子弹和导弹事业的决定。顺句推动法：In1953,AmericaandEnglandplannedtouseatomicbombsagainstChineseaidingtroopsinKoreaandtoattackChinawithnuclearweapons.WhenthenewswastransferredtoBeijingfromdiplomaticsourcesofathirdcountry,theleadersofnewChinafeltdeeplyworriedandimmediatelydecidedtosetupanddevelopatomicbombandmissilecause.1953年，英美两国计划对中国援朝部队使用原子弹，并准备用核武器进攻中国。当这个消息由第三国外交官转告北京时，新中国的领导人深感忧虑，立即作出了建立和发展原子弹和导弹事业的决定。活译法：In1953，whentheylearnedfromdiplomaticsourcesofathirdcountrythattheUnitedStatesandBritainwerepreparedtoattackmainlandChinaandtheChinesetroopsinKoreawithnuclearweapons,theleadersofnewChina,deeplyconcerned,decidedthatChinamustdevelopitsownatomicbombsandmissiles.4.句子平衡：分清主次 一、独立主格结构一、独立主格结构 Nominative AbsoluteNominative Absolute 1.n.+present participle phrase 到处都可以看见人们穿着节日服装，满脸笑容。Everywhere you can see people in their holiday dresses,their faces shining with smiles.天气要是合适的话，我们明天要到西山去玩。Weather permitting,well go on an excursion to the Western Hill tomorrow.2.n.+past participle phrase2.n.+past participle phrase 他脸朝天，头枕着手躺着。He lay on his back,his face up and his hands crossed under his head.他做完作业后回家去了。His work done,he went home.After his work had been done,he went home.3.n.+adjective phrase 他鼻子冻得通红地走进房来。He came into my room,his nose red with cold.老头坐了下来，由于痛苦脸色发白，两颊上还带有泪痕。The old man sat down,his face pale with pain and traces of tears on his cheeks.4.n.+adverbial phrase 她伸出双手，掌心向上。She put out her hands,palms up.他袜子穿反了。He put on his socks,wrong side out.5.n.+n.数以千计的船民被淹死，其中许多是小孩。Thousands of boat people were drowned,many of them children.他的第一个剧本成功后，又写了另一个剧本。His first play a success,he wrote another.6.n.+infinitive 来客也不少，有送行的，有拿东西的，有送行兼拿东西的。We also had quite a host of visitors,some to see us off,some to fetch things,and some to do both.他为这家杂志写了两篇稿子，一篇即将本期发表，另一篇将在下期刊载。He has contributed two articles to the journal,one to be published in this issue,the other to come out in the next.7.n.+prepositional phrase 他们欢快地一手拿着鞭子，一手扯着缰绳，催马向前。In jolly spirits,they urged the horses on,whip in one hand and reins in the other.他端着枪，走进那间黑屋子。He entered the dark room,gun in hand.二、过去分词短语二、过去分词短语 Past Participle PhrasePast Participle Phrase 错误与挫折教训了我们，使我们变得聪明起来，我们的事情就办得好一些。Taught by mistakes and setbacks,we have become wiser and handle our problems better.我一直坐到十一点多钟，全神贯注地看着一本小说。I sat until eleven,absorbed/immersed in a fiction.三、形容词短语三、形容词短语 Adjective PhraseAdjective Phrase 周总理是那样谦逊、随和、易于接近，使大家很快就不紧张了。Modest,unassuming,easy to approach,Premier Zhou soon put everyone there completely at ease.这些艺术品丰富多彩，栩栩如生，而且别出心裁，具有鲜明的民族特色和地方色彩。Colorful,lifelike and original,these works of art had/assumed distinctive national and local characteristics.四、名词短语四、名词短语 Noun PhraseNoun Phrase 他是一位天才的语言学家，同样精通法、德、英等多种语言。A gifted linguist,he was equally at home in French,German and English.中国是个发展中国家，属于第三世界。A developing country,China belongs to the Third World.五、不定式五、不定式 Infinitive PhraseInfinitive Phrase 如果听到他讲英语，人们会以为他是英国人。To hear him speak English,one would take him for an Englishman.有一天内孙先生在城里不见了，以后再没有人看到他。One day Mr.Nelson disappeared from the town,never to be seen again.六、六、Co-operative PhraseCo-operative Phrase 运动会风雨无阻，照常进行。The sports meeting will be held,rain or shine.不管成功与否，我要试一下。Sink or swim,Ill try it.七、解释性或描述性短语七、解释性或描述性短语 Explanatory and Descriptive PhraseExplanatory and Descriptive Phrase 他的妻子料理一切大大小小的事务。His wife manages all affairs,big and small.他光头赤脚，气喘吁吁地冲进房来。He dashed into my room,hatless,barefooted and out of breath.八、八、延续否定延续否定Continuative NegationContinuative Negation 周围没有村庄，甚至连一颗可供遮蔽的大树也没有。There are no villages around,nor even a big tree to take shelter under.中国不做超级大国，现在不做，将来也不做。China will not be a superpower,not either today or even in the future.2.语篇意识 语篇意识是指把整个语篇视为一个整体，注重其内在连贯性(coherence)，也就是注重文章思路和逻辑，注意上下文联系。连贯性是通过Cohesion来实现的，就是把上下文联系起来的那些词汇和语法手段，如连词、代词、指示词以及起连接作用的短语和句式等。如果缺乏整体观，翻译中只会盯住一个个孤立的句子，译出来的句子语法正确，但上下文无法串联或明显累赘，头绪混乱，看不出来龙去脉。举例1 外高桥保税区是中国大陆第一个自由贸易区，她是以出口加工和自由贸易相结合的一个综合型对外开放区域。位于浦东新区东北端，濒临长江口，距市中心20公里。直译：Waigaoqiao Bonded Area,situated at the northeast end of Pudong New Area,bordering on the estuary of the Changjiang River,and from the Bonded Area,city proper being 20km.,is the first free trade area in the Mainland of China,which is a comprehensive open area combining export processing with free trade.举例1外高桥保税区是中国大陆第一个自由贸易区，她是以出口加工和自由贸易相结合的一个综合型对外开放区域。位于浦东新区东北端，濒临长江口，距市中心20公里。改译：Shanghai Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone is the first of its kind on Chinas mainland,or rather a comprehensive free trade zone open to the outside world characterized by free trade along with export processing.Overlooking the Yangtze River estuary,the zone is located in the northeast end of the Pudong New Area of Shanghai,20 kilometers from the downtown district of the city proper.我常常遗憾我家门前的那块丑石呢:它黑黝黝地卧在那里，牛似的模样;谁也不知道是什么时候留在这里的，谁也不去理会它。只是麦收时节，门前摊了麦子，奶奶总是要说:这块丑石，多碍地面哟，多时把它搬走吧。直译：I used to be sorry for the ugly stone in front of our door.It is black and looks like an ox.Nobody knew when it was left there and paid any attention to it.Only when the season for harvesting wheat arrived and the grains of the wheat were spread over the ground beyond the door,would my grandma always say:“look at this ugly stone!It takes so much space.And someday it will be moved away.”参考译文 我常常遗憾我家门前的那块丑石呢:它黑黝黝地卧在那里，牛似的模样;谁也不知道是什么时候留在这里的，谁也不去理会它。只是麦收时节，门前摊了麦子，奶奶总是要说:这块丑石，多碍地面哟，多时把它搬走吧。I used to feel sorry for that ugly black piece of stone lying like an ox in front of our door;none knew when it was left there and none paid any attention to it，except at the time when wheat was harvested and my grandma，seeing the grains of wheat spread all over the ground in the front yard of the house，would grumble:“This ugly stone takes so much space.Move it away someday.”