外文翻译--城市道路线位选择之要点

Main Points of Choice of the Urban Road Line1. The overviewAs one of the products of social development and one of the main component elements of modern cities, the urban road has respect to the coordination and sustainable development of cities and shows the cities potential of economical and cultural development. The original network of urban road needs to be programed and adjusted again , especially owning to the rapid expansion of cities and the great increase of the number of cars in recent years. The urban road is not a seperated object any more, and its development is increasingly restricted by other factors of city develpoement. Therefore, the line-bit choice should show the coordination and integration between roads and the environment. The reasonable line-bits will have a positive impact on the economy,society, environment and peoples life. On the contrary, the unreasonable line-bits will influence the surroundings of them and bring some side effects.2. The comparison and selection of line-bitsWith the increasing importance attached on such issues as sustainable develpoement, environment protection and land usage, the thinking modes of road design should be changed, from only emphasizing the cost of initial construction stage to considering the cost of both construction and operation, only the safety and interest of the users to the feelings of other residents and the public, only the visible terrain and objects on the ground to the construction conditions such as geology, historical relics and mineral resources, only the coordinative design among the roads themselves to the coordinative reseach between roads and their such surroundings as natrue, ecology, society and humanity. The comparison and selection of line-bits means that the designer, in his day-to-day job, compares the different lines in different aspects and chooses the most economical, practical,and reasonable one which also meets the countrys relevent standards and policies. However, the selection is made with the designers overall consideration of the economy, cultrue, environment, pedestrian, safety and road-intersection, and under the premise of not having influence on the publics life and economic develpement.3. The main points.At present, the line selection in the design of urban road is not only a purely technical proof process of the line-bit comparison and selection, but also a process of implementing the pre-planning.At the same time,it needs the respect for natural environment,the adoption of public opinion,the prudence of demolition works and the consideration of economic interests of the parties, especially the protection for water resources and cultural relics. Only the above points having been finished, the selected road line could receive broad supports,reflect the planning intention, promote local economic development, and improve the function of urban road network. 3.1. The implementation of the pre-planningThe choice of urban road lines should be based on the reasonable plan of urban land usage and urban road network.And it is necessary to consider both the urban land usage and urban road network. In recent years, with the rapid development of urban construction,the phenomenon that urban planning can not keep up with urban construction frequently appears, which also has led to many reconstruction and waste of resources. How to find a better mode of operation to minimize the losses, is the first issue worthwhile exploring in the urban construction planning. Only having the full knowlegde of pre-planning intention and understanding of the funtion of project planning, can people imlpement the planning better.3.2. Respect for natural environmentAccording to the report on Chinas ecological problems ,ecological damage caused by the construction of road transportation and developing of mineral resources has become one of the main reasons for the deterioration of ecological environment, and intends to be more and more serious. General designers are accustomed to dig roads in mountains and build bridge over waters. This has resulted in that it will take a long time for the completion of infrastructure projects,the large tracts of vegetation and Original topography to recover or not resume, or even resulted in a series of environmental disasters . The awareness which the designers need to establish is that road is a part of the whole environment of its location,so when we select and design the road lines,we should attach importance to the protection of and respect for the environment so as to make the environment better ,but rather damage the surroundings. Therefore, as a responsibile designer,one needs to tirelessly and repeatedly optimize the line programs.Line selection embodies respect for the natural environment at the following points:1.Take up less arable land; keep away the basic protected farmland;2.Evaluate on the basis of environment;keep away the sore piont of environment;3.Conform to the topography and geomorphology; reduce the high filling and deep digging.3.4. Prudence of demolition works According to the previous experience on engineering, the problem of removal and compensation is often an important factor influencing the project advancement. Therefore, we should pay attention to the road line-bit as much as possible to avoid dense building areas and to reduce the cost of demolition and resettlementthe. When we have to demolish some buildings,we should try our best to carry on the countrys resettlement subsidy policy, and we need to not only safeguard the lawful rights and interests of the demolition parties, but also guarantee the smooth progress of construction projects. The Property Law of Peoples Republic of China was put in practice on October 1, 2007.Later on, the demolition for urban road construction or land development should be considered more carefully. 3.5 The consideration of economic interests of the partiesIn the process of selecting road lines scheme, on the premise of standard meeting, if the alignment of road is bad, its investment is small; if the alignment is good, the investment is large; if the investment is small, its enforceability is poor;if the investment is large, its operability is high. All these make it difficult to set down which one is better. “The Guide for New Concept of Highway Design” which is compiled by the Ministry of Transportation has proposed to establish a design concept of “the cost of full life-cycle”,thats to say, the road lines should be intercompared in such stages as construction, maintenance, operation and management,and both the construction cost and operating cost should be taken into account. In addition,we need to carry out the economic analysis in the feasibility study for the roads construction,and to carry out the analysis in terms of economy and social benefits when comparing the schemes of parts of the road, so that the line-bit and its technical indicators could be settled down by its service level and the benefits for economy and society. .3.6 The protection for water resources At present, our countrys intensity of controlling water pollution is increasing year after year, and people have realized that the seriousness of ecological deterioration caused by water pollution. So when reservoirs, lakes and other water bodies get involved in the process of line selection, we should pay special attention to whether these water bodies are the residentsdrinking water sources or not. Because the water on the pavement will cause contamination, direct discharging the above water bodies will damage the water resources and threat the lives of urban residents. Therefore,when setting down the lines,we must give priority to protecting the water resources,set them down at the lower reaches of water bodies or beside the protection line of water resources.Under some special circumstances such as having to build a bridge over the water or set down the line at the upper reaches,we should carry out especial drainage design, make the water on pavement be discharged and disposed seperately ,and arrange the preplans for the accidents caused by the hazardous chemicals,in order to ensure the water safety.3.7. The protection for cultural relics If there is a cultural relic in the area going to be used for road constrution or within the demolition site,we have to evaluate the level of the cultural relic according to Law of the Peoples Republic of China on the Protection of Cultural Relics, decide whether adjust the line-bit or not ,because the cultrual relics can not be randomly dismantled or demolished,and appearance be destroyed. Only with the approval of relevant departments,the licensing authorities can issue the permits for construction or demolition.3.8.Other factors In the process of choosing the urban road lines, we may come across some other factors. On that conditon, we must considerate comprehensively and emphasize some point, and select the best line, on the premise that the project is practical, as the recommended line to advance the project . 4. Conclusion The line-bit seems simple, but in fact there are a lot of knowledge storing up in it. Not all the points mentioned above may arise in the process of choosing the urban road lines , but it is likely to encounter more problems that are more complicated.And these problems are always contradictary:if you intend to protect the water resources,the range of demolition may increase;if you try to protect the environment, the investment may raise. Therefore, after so many cpmparisions and various opinions of the natives being taken into account, setting down the final practical program is a hard and complicated process of selecting. as a responsible road designer, we must consider all these factors and choose the best and use it.城市道路线位选择之要点1、概述城市道路是社会发展的产物，是现代城市的重要组成部分，关系到一个城市的协调和可持续发展，也体现出一个城市经济、文化发展的潜力。特别是由于近年来国内许多城市规模的快速扩张，汽车保有量的大幅增长，原有的城市路网需要重新规划、调整。城市道路已不是一个孤立的客体，它的发展越来越受到城市发展中的其他因素的制约。线位选择应能体现道路与环境的相互协调、相互统一。合理的线位对经济、社会、生活和环境都会产生积极的影响；反之，线位不合理将对道路周边环境产生干扰，带来一些负面影响1。2、线位比选随着对可持续发展、环境保护和土地资源利用等问题的日益重视，道路设计思路需进行转变：由以往的只注重工程初期建设成本，转变为统筹考虑建设成本和运营成本；由只注重道路使用者的安全和利益，转变为同时兼顾考虑路外居民和公众的感受；由只注重地面可见地形地物的控制，转变为对地面以下的地质、文物、矿藏等建设条件的重视；由只注重道路自身各专业间的协调设计，转变为注重对道路与沿线自然、生态、社会、人文等周边环境的协调研究。线位比选是指在日常设计工作中，综合考虑经济、文化、环境、行人、安全、道路交叉等各方面因素，结合现场实际情况，在不影响当地群众生活、经济发展的前提下，多线位比选、多方面比较，得出一个最经济、最可行、最合理同时满足国家相关规范、政策的线位。3、要点目前城市道路设计中进行的线位比选不仅是一个纯技术线位论证比选的过程，更是一个对前期规划落实的过程，同时需要对自然环境的尊重、对公众意见的采纳、对拆迁工程的慎重、对各方经济利益的斟酌，更需要对水资源和文物古迹的保护。只有做到以上几点，比选出来的道路线位才能得到广泛的支持，才能体现规划意图，促进地方经济的发展，完善城市路网功能。3.1、对前期规划的落实城市道路线位应以合理的城市土地利用规划和城市路网规划为前提，要把城市土地利用和城市路网有机结合起来考虑。近年来，随着城市建设的突飞猛进，城市规划赶不上城市建设的现象频频出现，由此也造成了大量的重复建设和资源浪费。如何寻找更好的操作模式，将损失降到最小，是城市建设规划中值得探讨的问题。只有充分了解前期规划意图，理解项目规划功能，才能更好地结合现状来落实规划方案。3.2、对自然环境的尊重根据中国生态问题报告：道路交通工程建设、矿产资源开发等引起的生态破坏已成为生态环境恶化的主要原因之一，并且呈加重和发展趋势。一般设计者的习惯思维是“逢山开路，遇水架桥”，这就造成基建工程完成后，大片的植被和原生地貌需要很长时间才能恢复或根本无法恢复，甚至造成一系列的环境灾害。设计者始终要确立的意识是：道路是所在地区整个环境的一个组成部分，道路的线位选择和设计应重视对环境的保护和尊重，使环境更为完美而不应破坏周围的环境。因此作为有责任心的设计者，需要不辞辛劳地反复优化路线方案。路线选择对自然环境的尊重体现在以下几点：(1)、少占耕地，避绕基本农田保护区；(2)、根据环境评价，避绕环境敏感点；(3)、顺应地形、地貌走向，减少高填深挖。3.3、对公众意见的采纳由于城市建设越来越与老百姓的切身利益相关，城市道路建设也应该在线位比选过程（方案阶段）对当地群众进行公示，广泛采纳公众意见，做到中等以上规模工程方案“公示化”，把公众意见作为线位比选时考虑的一个重要因素，避免一个工程在开始实施时遭到当地群众的普遍反对，造成工程的进度缓慢、工期无限延长，最终导致城市道路建设成为影响当地经济稳定发展的不利因素。3.4、对拆迁工程的慎重根据以往工程经验，拆迁赔偿问题往往是影响项目进度的重要因素，在设计过程中减少拆迁数量、避免对敏感点的影响往往能够事半功倍，因此应注意使道路线位尽量避开建筑物密集地区，减少拆迁安置费用，不得已进行拆迁时要充分体现国家的安置补助政策，既要维护拆迁当事人的合法权益，又要保障建设项目顺利进行。中华人民共和国物权法于2007年10月1日开始实施，以后由于城市道路建设或土地开发引起的拆迁将需要更加慎重。3.5、对各方经济利益的斟酌在道路线位方案比选时，在满足规范的前提下，道路线形差，但投资小；道路线形好，但投资大；工程投资小，但可实施性差；工程投资大，但操作性强，这样就很难确定哪个方案更好。交通部组织编写的新理念公路设计指南（2005版）中明确提出要树立“全寿命周期成本”的设计理念，也就是道路线位选择应从建设、养护、运营、管理等各阶段进行全面经济比较，建设成本和运营成本统筹考虑。另外对整条道路的修建在可行性研究中要进行经济分析，对于局部路段的方案比较亦需进行经济和社会效益分析，让道路服务水平和经济社会效益共同确定的线位和技术指标。3.6、对水资源的保护目前国家对水环境污染治理的力度逐年加大，人们已经意识到水体污染造成生态恶化的严重性，因此当道路线位选择遇到水库、湖泊等水体时，要特别注意这些水体是不是城镇居民饮用水源地。因路面水属于污染水，直接排入上述水体是对水资源的一种破坏和对城镇居民生活的威胁。因此路线布设时，必须优先考虑水源保护线，尽量在水体下游或水源保护线外布线，特殊情况下必须以桥梁跨越水体或在上游布线时，应进行专项排水设计，做到路面积水独立排除处理，做好危险、化学物品事故预案，确保水资源的安全。3.7、对文物古迹的保护当道路规划建设用地内或拆迁地域内有文物古迹时，必须根据中华人民共和国文物保护法确定文物古迹等级，决定是否让线位进行调整、避让，不得随意拆除或者拆迁文物古迹，不得毁坏文物古迹外貌。在文物古迹的地域只有经有关部门的批准，许可机关才能颁发建设许可证或拆迁许可证。3.8、其他因素在城市道路线位选择过程中还会碰到以上几点以外的其他种种因素，就需综合权衡、有所侧重，在保证项目可行的前提下比选出最优的线位作为推荐线位推动项目的建设。4、结论看似简单的线位比选其实蕴藏着很大的学问。以上所讲之要点，在城市道路线位选择时不一定都遇到，但是也有可能遇到更多更复杂的情况，这些问题常常是矛盾和冲突的：兼顾了水资源保护，可能就会增加拆迁量；考虑了保护环境，又增加了工程投资。因此经过多方面、多层次的比较，结合当地社会各方面的意见，最终确定可行的方案是个艰苦的复杂的比选过程，作为有责任心的道路设计者必须综合考虑这些方面，择其优者而用之。82